Introduction

(An Overview)

Presentation Outline
Introduction
Ocean Engineering Department at glance
Scope of studies
Specific Research and Interest
Bachelor Thesis
Snapshot of Enviromental Problems in Indonesia
Background of study purposes
Previous and recents research about sub- surface water in Indonesia

Department of Ocean Engineering is one of the oldest engineering departments

in
Indonesia

Areas of expertise :
Offshore Engineering
Offshore structure engineering
Offshore Hydrodynamics
Design and Production of Offshore Structure

Structural concept design of offshore platform structure

-design loads and condition
-deck structure (longitudinal and transverse strength)
-turbular joint of offshore structure
-materials and materials grade selection
-standards and regulations
-in place anaysis (static condition)
- dynamic condition (seismic analysis, load out analysis, fatigue analysis)
-Instalation of offshore structure
Coastal Engineering
Ocean Energy and Enviromental
Disaster Prevention (Storm Surges, Waves,

Beach Erosion, Earthquake, Tsunami, and

Tsunami Inundation )
Coastal disaster risk and reduction plan
Man made adaptation for climate change hazards

Coastal Hydrodynamics
-Water Wave Mechanics
-Meteorology and Wave Climate
-Estimation of Nearshore Waves
-Surfzone Hydrodynamics
-Hydrodynamics of Tidal Inlet

Coastal Planning and Design

-Integrated of Coastal Planning and Manaegement
-Planning and design process of ports
-site characterization
-shore protection projects
-sediment managements at inlets

Specific research and interest

Coastal Disaster Prevention and Reduction Plan
Sea level rise -> Inundation of lowland and wetland
--> coastal erosion
-> salt intrusion into river and groundwater
-> change in sediment deposition
Tsunami simulation
Change of Cyclone -> storn and surge flooding
-> changes in tide and wave
->Change of precipitation and hydrological pattern
-> Soil liquifaction potential assessment

Internship project
Tsunami simulation in East Indonesia
Date and Place
July- August 2014,
BBPT (Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology) Yogyakarta,
Indonesia

Background :
- The meeting point of active tectonic plates.
-Earthquake frequencies in Indonesia = 10x in USA lies between ring of fire,
13% of active volcanoes in the world
Input and Data
Bottom deformation due to the fault motion
The location of the fault
The width of the fault
The direction of the fault axis from North
The dip angle
The slip angle
Vertical displacement of the fault
Focal depth
Bathymetry data : GEBCO (General Bathimetry chart of the Oceans)
Topography data adalah SRTM ( NASA Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission)
Elevation profile (example)
Results
1. Deform parameter input
2. Tsunami source and propagation (example for Sumba Megathrust)

Sudden sinking of soil mass in reclaimed area

Simplified picture illustrating the problem under discussion

Standing in unsaturated zone

Unstable and dangerous for sudden sinking

Beside soil grain and compaction,

wave and tidal fluctuation should responsible for the sudden collapse of soil
mass
1D analysis of tidally induced groundwater level fluctuation
Solution (Carslaw&Jaeger,1959) :
e xsin 0 t x
a parametric study
1

2

2C

The transfer coefficient C :

kd
C
n (Unconfined aquifer)

k
C
mv w (Confined
aquifer)
Essential aspects: Amplitude decay and phase lag with increasing distance x
from shoreline

Parameters Unconfined aquifer Confined aquifer

Amplitude of diurnal tide (m) 0.5

Aquifer depth, d (m) 8

Soil porosity, n 0.4

Coefficient of volume change, 1.05x10-6 1.31x10-

mv (m2/N) 8

Transfer coefficient, C (m2/s) 0.0335 0.19 15.22

Characteristic wave number, l

0.033 0.014 0.002
(m-1)
Patterns of amplitude decay in wave- or tidally induced groundwater level
fluctuations in unconfined or confined aquifers.
The effects of drying-wetting cycles in collapsing soil body is not well understood
yet !
Seawater Intrusion in Coastal Area
Shoreline :
70,709 km

Water depth:
5 135 m

Topography:
15% Low-land and 85% mountainous (Karst and lime-stone)
- Measurements of TDS (total dissolved solids) and EC (electro conductivity) in
groundwater
Shallow groundwater level are found in most of studied area
Measurements of TDS in the water
Measurements of EC in groundwater
Location of seawater / freshwater interval
 1 Q 2
x x2 z 2
k

2
Q Q
h 2 x 2
k k
Q Q f
xo ho
2 k k s f
2Q
z 0 x
k

Only consider hydrodynamics balance.

Advection-Diffusion processes are NOT CONSIDERED
Bachelor Thesis
In this study, temporal variation in significant wave height are studied using ERA-
Interim reanalysis data from ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range
Weather Forecasts) for 34 years period from 1980-2014

A statistical analysis of wave and wind time series data has been performed to
test the significance of trend during 35 years period. Mann-Kendall test is used to
evaluate the trend of time series data in terms of mean value.
Problem
Background
Indonesia has tremendous development potential in coastal and marine
resources to help the nation to recover its ongoing economic crisis.
However, the high population growth rate, together with the economic activities,
have led to coastal environmental degradation.

S : Significant

NS : Non significant
While at the same time, coastal disaster such as tsunamis, climate change,
floods, coastal erosion, etc. also worsened the condition.
In recent 5 years, the economic losses due to coastal disaster including climate
change is estimated more US$ 10 billion.
Problems
Floods in Padang (March 2016)
As much as 370 mm of rain was recorded in Padang in 24 hours between 21 and
22 March 2016. The heavy rain resulted in the Batang Arau river overflowing.

Pasuruan (July 2016)

As many a 8 districts in Pasuruan Regency (Bangil, Beji, Kraton, Pohjentrek, Grati,
Rejoso, Winongan, Gempol) have reported flooding. Indonesias National Disaster
Management Authority (Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana BNPB) say
that around 14,000 homes have been flooded or were at risk of flooding.
Surabaya (May 2016)
A number of regions in Surabaya have been inundated with flood water following
heavy rain for three hours in 3 days. Flood water has not only inundated several
streets, but also residential houses
Landslide in Sumedang (September 2016)

An official from the Indonesias National Disaster Management Authority (BNPB)

said that a period of heavy rain that began during the evening of 20 September
triggered the landslides and floods in the regencies of Garut and Sumedang.
Many environmental and hazard-related problems
Background
Drinking water and irrigation requirements in rural area
- Approximately 80 % of the Indonesia population live in rural area (Indonesia
Statistics Bureau, 2015)
- Drinking water demand in rural areas +- 100 L / person/ day
- The utilization of groundwater (dugwell or drivel wells) is roughly estimated
about 70% of total resources
-Groundwater irrigation purpose was utilized since 1970 in Java and its use for
large scale irrigation

Drinking water and industrial requirements in urban area

-Drinking water demand in urban areas +- 200 L/person/day
-Less than 30% of the population in large cities (Jakarta, Bandung, Surabaya,
Medan, Ujung Pandang, etc) use fresh water from the city water supply (the
remaining still rely on groundwater)

-High PCB's PBDEs and HBCDs were widely detected in sediments samples from
the aquatic environment of Surabaya City (Ilyas et al, 2011)

Irrigation by grounwater in Indonesia (Haryadi, 2009)

Total number of well and groundwater abstraction in Jakarta
Focus and Interest
Impact of Groundwater Exploitation
Degradation on grounwater Quantity

- Lowering gropundwater level and cone of depression -> Lowering land

elevation -> expansion of flooded area-> infrastructure damage
Degradation on groundwater quality
-Groundwater polution cause by potable water
-Decreasing of groundwater quality
Recent research on water quality

Jakarta
The water sources in 1990s were recorded that at least 70% of Jakarta
Metropolitan together with industrial areas of JABOTABEK, are relying
their water demands (about 21.44 m3/second) from surface and ground
water. Out of this amount, about 85% or about 18.30 m3/second from
ground water, and only 15% or about 3.11 m3/second from surface water
(Gany, 2010)
Monitoring conducted by National Environmental Management Institution
in 75 wells in 2004-2005 was reported that groundwater surrounding
Jakarta had high organic and inorganic pollutants. As a result,
groundwater in Jakarta had no longer appropriate with water quality
standard, especially for drinking water.
- Most of houses are adjacent to one another where the septic systems
are certainly near the neighbors wells. Moreover, the former land use in
Jakartasub-district were mostly swamp, rice field, and garden where were
assumed causing in pollution problem in groundwater by inorganic
compounds.
Land subsidence in Jakarta has been observed using several geodetic
techniques and has been widely reported for many years (Rismianto and
Mak, 1993; Murdohardono and Sudarsono, 1998; Purnomo et al., 1999;
Rajiyowiryono, 1999; Abidin et al., 2001, 2004, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2013;
Koudogbo et al., 2012; Ng et al., 2012; Chaussard et al., 2013).
According to those studies, land subsidence in Jakarta has spatial and
temporal variations with typical rates of about 3 to 10 cmyear1.
Several locations however, can have higher rates at certain time period
and location. Jakarta has historically experienced many flooding,
especially during the rainy season, both riverine and coastal flooding
(Caljouw and Nas, 2005; Texier, 2008; Hurford and Leito, 2010). Major
flooding that have been reported was in 1654, 1699 (caused mainly by
Salak volcano eruption), 1711, 1714, 1854, 1873, 1918, 1942, 1976,
1979, 1996, 2002, 2007, 2008, 2013, and 2014. Flooding in Jakarta is
usually occured during the rainy season (December to February), and
caused by several factors that are directly and indirectly working
together.
Semarang
Spatial and temporal land subsidence occurs in Semarang City. In Coastal
Lowlands area,the subsidence is about 38 mm/years (Kuehn et al., 2010).
Groundwater abstraction is evaluated more than 81,546 m3/months and it is
attributed mainly to seven industrial and commercial activities on an area of 8.01
km2 surrounding Tanjung Mas Harbor, Semarang City (Ministry of Public Works,
2008). Faster land subsidence result to a faster groundwater level drop (Qi-yan et
al., 2008).
Surabaya
Land use in Surabaya consists both urban and rural activities. Urban land use
consists of housing, commercial, industrial, offices and public service building,
while rural consists of a few agricultural field and fish pond.

Surabaya is located in low-lying land in coastal area, and surrounded by

extensive land use conversion that can increase the discharge of rivers that
entering the city.

Every year, several parts of Surabaya, especially in squatters and slums, suffers
from a flood and affected a lot of people who already been in a poor conditions.
In general, there are two factors that caused high flood risk in Surabaya.

-Firstly, Surabaya has a very high rainfall rate, with yearly average rainfall
around 141.1 mm. Rainfall above 200 mm occurs in February, March, April,
November, and December (Ferita 2006).
-Secondly, the presence of Surabaya River, that runs through the city. This river
is a branch from the Kali Brantas River, the second largest river in Java Island.
Research Options
Surabaya : Flood hazard management in Surabaya, not only the one caused by
changes of Brantas River System, but also problems caused by natural events,
such as storm and constant increase of sea tide
Semarang : . The prediction and calculation the area of specific landuse types
that fall within a certain elevation class for the year 2010, 2015, and 2020,
respectively, will be necessary. The monitoring of the land subsidence through
DEM data analysis using the GIS technology provides valuable data for the
prediction of the future subsidence (rate and the spatial distribution) since there
are limited data from other techniques, i.e., leveling and GPS survey.
Jakarta : It is however understood that there is a strong linkage between land
subsidence and urban development process in Jakarta. Land subsidence itself will
theoretically have direct and indirect affects with the flooding in Jakarta, both in
coastal or inland areas.
In general, from this study it can be concluded that qualitatively there is certain
spatial correlation between land subsidences affected areas with flooded
(inundated) areas in Jakarta. The exact mechanism of the two phenomena
relation is however still not yet fully revealed; and still needs to be figured out.
Several activities are required, such as: detail mapping of the spatial and
temporal rates and impacts of land subsidence, detail mapping of ooded
(inundated) area during the ooding events, and detail ood risk modelling for
Jakarta
Available Data