AP Psychology Chapter 13 Personality
Study online at quizlet.com/_129l4
1. Personality an individual's characteristic pattern of
thinking, feeling, and acting
2. Free in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring
Association the unconscious in which the person relaxes
and says whatever comes to mind, no
matter how trivial or embarrassing.
3. Psychoanalysis Freud's theory of personality that attributes
thoughts and actions to unconscious
motives and conflicts; the techniques used
in treating psychological disorders by
seeking to expose and interpret
unconscious tensions
4. Unconscious according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly
unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings,
and memories. According to contemporary
psychologists, information processing of
which we are unaware
5. Preconscious Information that is not conscious but is
retrievable into conscious awareness
6. Id contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic
energy that, according to Freud, strives to
satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives.
The id operates on the pleasure principle,
demanding immediate gratification
7. Pleasure the principle upon which the id operates,
Principle demanding immediate gratification of its
urges
8. Ego the largely conscious, "executive" part of
personality that, according to Freud,
mediates among the demands of the id,
superego, and reality. The ego operates on
the reality principle, satisfying the id's
desires in ways that will realistically bring
pleasure rather than pain
9. Reality tendency of the ego to postpone
Principle gratification until it can find an appropriate
outlet
10. Superego the part of the personality in Freud's theory
that is responsible for making moral choices
11. Psychosexual the childhood stages of development (oral,
Stages anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which,
according to Freud, the id's pleasure-
seeking energies focus on distinct
erogenous zones.
12. Oral Stage Freud, psychosexual stage of development;
age: 0-18 months; focus: oral cavity; task:
transition from bottle/breast to solid food;
conflict: id derives pleasure from
sucking/excepting into mouth; if child fails
to complete tasks, (s)he becomes fixated;
fixations-underindulged oral-suspicious,
sarcastic, pessimistic, trust issues;
overindulged oral-clingy, optimistic,
gullible, needy
13. Anal Stage Freud, psychosexual stage of development;
age: 18 months-3 years; focus: anus-
retention/expulsion of species; task: to
successfully learned toilet training; conflict: id
derives pleasure from retention/expulsion,
whereas ego and superego represents
society the practical/societal pressures to
control bodily functions; if child fails to
complete the task,(s)he becomes fixated;
fixations-anal expulsion-messy, disorganized,
reckless, careless, defiant; anal-retentive-
neat, precise, orderly, stingy, obstinate,
meticulous, passive-aggressive
14. Phallic Stage The third of Freud's psychosexual
development in which genitals are the source
of pleasure and the Oedipus Complex begins
15. Oedipus according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires
Complex toward his mother and feelings of jealousy
and hatred for the rival father.
16. Identification the process by which, according to Freud,
children incorporate their parents' values into
their developing superegos
17. Gender one's sense of being male or female
Identity
18. Latency Freud's fourth stage of psychosexual
Stage development where sexuality is repressed in
the unconscious and children focus on
identifying with their same sex parent and
interact with same sex peers.
19. Genital Freud's last stage of personality development,
Stage from the onset of puberty through adulthood,
during which the sexual conflicts of childhood
resurface (at puberty) and are often resolved
during adolescence).
20. Fixation according to Freud, a lingering focus of
pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier
psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were
unresolved
21. Defense in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective
Mechanisms methods of reducing anxiety by
unconsciously distorting reality. (Myers
Psychology 8e p. 600)
22. Repression in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense
mechanism that banishes from consciousness
anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and
memories
23. Regression psychoanalytic defense mechanism in which
an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a
more infantile psychosexual stage, where
some psychic energy remains fixated
24. Reaction psychoanalytic defense mechanism by 38. Self-Concept central to the person's behavior, consists of a
Formation which the ego unconsciously switches person's beliefs/feelings about himself at any
unacceptable impulses into their opposites. given time
Thus, people may express feelings that are 39. Self-esteem One's feelings of high or low self-worth.
the opposite of their anxiety-arousing
unconscious feelings. 40. Self-serving A readiness to perceive oneself favorably.
Bias
25. Projection psychoanalytic defense mechanism by
which people disguise their own threatening 41. Reciprocal the interacting influences between
impulses by attributing them to others Determinism personality and environmental factors.

26. Rationalization defense mechanism that offers self- 42. Individualism giving priority to one's own goals over group
justifying explanations in place of the real, goals, and defining one's identity in terms of
more threatening, unconscious reasons for personal attributes rather than group
one's actions identifications

27. Displacement psychoanalytic defense mechanism that 43. Collectivism giving priority to the goals of one's group
shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward and defining one's identity accordingly
a more acceptable or less threatening 44. Personal our sense of controlling our environment
object or person, as when redirecting anger Control rather than feeling helpless
toward a safer outlet 45. External the perception that chance or outside forces
28. Sublimation a defense mechanism in which Locus of beyond one's personal control determine
unacceptable energies are directed into Control one's fate
socially admirable outlets, such as art 46. Internal the perception that one controls one's own
29. Collective Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited Locus of fate
Unconscious reservoir of memory traces from our Control
species' history. 47. Learned the hopelessness and passive resignation an
30. Projective a personality test, such as the Rorschach or Helplessness animal or human learns when unable to avoid
Tests TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli to repeated aversive events
trigger projection of one's inner thoughts 48. Positive the scientific study of optimal human
and feelings Psychology functioning; aims to discover and promote
31. Thematic A projective test develped by Henry strengths and virtues that enable individuals
Apperception Murray and his colleagues that involves and communities to thrive
Test (TAT) creating stories about ambiguous scene that 49. Social- Views behavior as influenced by the
can be interpreted in a variety of ways. Cognitive interaction between persons and their social
32. Trait a characteristic pattern of behavior or a Perspective context.
disposition to feel and act, as assessed by 50. Spotlight overestimating others' noticing and evaluating
self-report inventories and peer reports Effect our appearance, performance, and blunders
33. Personality a questionnaire on which people respond to 51. Terror- Proposes that faith in one's worldview and
Inventory items designed to gauge a wide range of management the pursuit of self-esteem provide protection
feelings and behaviors Theory against a deeply rooted fear of death.
34. MMPI the most widely researched and clinically
used of all personality tests. Originally used
to identify emotional disorders, this test is
now used for many other screening
puposes
35. Empirically a test (such as the MMPI) developed by
Derived Test testing a pool of items and then selecting
those that discriminate between groups.
36. Self according to Maslow, the ultimate
Actualization psychological need that arises after basic
physical and psychological needs are met
and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation
to fulfill one's potential.
37. Unconditional according to Rogers, an attitude of total
Positive acceptance toward another person. (Myers
Regard Psychology 8e p. 610)