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Adnexal Mass OB-GYN 101 Facts Card 2003 Brookside Press
that may influence management Ultrasound findings that decrease
Sometimes, a small incision is made in choices. the concern for malignancy
the perineum to widen the vaginal
Have the patient use an enema to Thin-walled cyst
opening, reduce the risk of laceration,
cleanse the lower bowel of stool Simple cyst
and speed the delivery.
and then re-examine the patient to No loculations
see if the mass has disappeared. Recent onset
Evaluation of the patient with an Pelvic ultrasound scan to identify Shrinking in size
adnexal mass the sonographic characteristics of Stable in size
The primary goal of this evaluation is to the mass.
distinguish those patients with an Rapidly changing appearance
Serum CA-125 level to see if the
innocent, self-resolving mass from peritoneal surface is being irritated.
those who will need intervention to Ultrasound findings that increase the
CT scan (with contrast) of the concern for malignancy
achieve the best results. abdomen and pelvis to evaluate out Thick-walled cyst
the possibility that the mass from of Solid tumor
Evaluation techniques that may prove a non-gynecologic source, such as
useful include: Mixed cystic and solid mass
a pelvic kidney, diverticular
Internal papillary excrescences
abscess, or colon carcinoma.
Re-examine the patient after the Large amount of free fluid in the
next menstrual flow to see if the Culdocentesis or paracentesis of
pelvis or abdomen
mass has disappeared. ascitic fluid for microscopic
Gradually enlarging
evaluation.
Exam under anesthesia if the
normal exam is equivocal or Laparoscopy to look directly at the
difficult. pelvic mass, with possible
laparoscopic removal
Pregnancy test to rule out ectopic
pregnancy or intrauterine pregnancy Laparotomy to explore the mass
! and remove it.
!
!
Sexual Assault OB-GYN 101 Facts Card 2003 Brookside Associates, Ltc.
Doxycycline 100 mg PO BID x 7
Sexual assault is any sexual act Place 4-5 drops of the patient's blood
days
performed by one person on another (taken from the needle or drawn from
During Pregnancy:
person without that person's consent. one of the red-top tubes) on a piece of
Ceftriaxone or Spectinomycin,
filter paper and let it air-dry. Place the
Evaluate for serious injuries plus
filter paper in an envelope, label it and
(fractures, hemorrhage, etc.) which seal it. Erythromycin 250 mg PO QID x 7
might require immediate treatment. days
Obtain a brief history
The risk of gonorrhea from a sexual Postexposure hepatitis B vaccination
Gather all materials and notify legal assault is approximately 6 to 12% (without HBIG) should adequately
and administrative authorities. (CDC), and the risk of acquiring protect against HBV.
Examine the patient, obtaining chlamydia probably a little higher. The
various specimens. risk of acquiring syphilis is estimated at Emergency Contraception
Offer treatment for STDs, about 3%. The risk of developing AIDS
pregnancy. from a sexual assault is quite low.
Arrange for follow-up care. Children may not have an
appreciation of exactly what
Blood and Urine Tests Standard prophylaxis: happened to them, or may be unable
to express themselves. Some
VDRL or RPR - repeat in 1 month Ceftriaxone 125 mg IM, plus
examiners have the child use dolls to
Hepatitis B - repeat in 1 month Azithromycin 1 g PO once (or
demonstrate what happened. During
HIV - repeat in 1 month and 6 Doxycycline 100 mg PO BID x 7
sexual assault of a prepubertal child,
months days), plus
serious internal injuries may occur,
Pregnancy test - repeat weekly until Metronidazole 2 g PO once including laceration of the vaginal
next menstrual flow Alternative prophylaxis: wall and tearing of the uterus from
Spectinomycin 2 gm IM, plus its' supports at the top of the vagina.
1 extra red-top tube for the Investigator
! Rectal injury may occur.
Bartholin Cyst OB-GYN 101 Facts Card 2003 Brookside Press
more aggressive surgical treatment
The Bartholin glands are located on Should the Bartholin gland become is sometimes used.
each side of the vaginal opening at the infected, it will form an abscess. In this
level of the posterior fourchette. case, the labia majora becomes
Normally, they are neither visible nor excruciatingly painful, red and swollen. Insertion of a "Word Catheter" helps
palpable. These glands produce small Some of these will drain spontaneously keep the drainage tract open long
amounts of secretions that are not and this process may be hastened by enough for the cut skin edges to re-
clinically significant. Their physiologic warm moist dressings or sitz baths. epithelialize to the inside of the cyst.
purpose is not known. Only when they Others will require drainage.
become diseased do they become Marsupialization involes suturing the
clinically apparent. I&D gives immediate relief. skin edge to the cyst wall. This
Give local anesthetic of 1% creates a new opening to allow
Lidocaine over the incision site (thin secretions to escape.
If a duct becomes obstructed (from
area of skin medial to the cyst).
trauma, swelling, infection, etc.), the
Steady the cyst or abscess with one Complete excision of the Bartholin
normal outflow of gland secretions is
hand while directing a scalpel into gland is an option when other,
blocked. The secretions will then
the center of the abscess. simpler procedures have been
gradually build up beneath the skin
surface, forming a Bartholin cyst. Culture purulent drainage for unsuccessful. Excision should result
gonorrhea. in permanent cure, but it technically
Antibiotic therapy is optional but challenging as the tissue planes may
Bartholin cysts are painless swellings usually used, particularly if the
in the labia majora. They are not be scarred from old infection,
patient is febrile, the abscess large, bleeding may be surprisingly brisk,
dangerous, have no malignant or the skin is red or tender.
potential, and may be ignored. and healing more painful and
Alternatively, they can be drained. In a significant minority of patients protracted than you might think.
treated with simple I&D, the abscess or
cyst will re-occur. For this reason,
!
Bleeding OB-GYN 101 Facts Card 2003 Brookside Press
will find bleeding from the uterus
Normal Bleeding coming out through the cervical os. Hormonal Problems
Occurs monthly (Q 26 to 35 days).
Excluding pregnancy, there are really Thyroid disease can be ruled out
Lasts a short of time (3 to 7 days).
only three reasons for abnormal clinically or through laboratory
Does not involve passage of clots. testing (TSH)
Often is preceded by PMS uterine bleeding:
Abnormal Uterine Bleeding Mechanical Problems Adrenal hyperplasia can be ruled out
includes: Hormonal Problems clinically or through laboratory
Malignancy testing (DHEAS, 17
Too frequent periods (>Q 26 days). hydroxyprogesterone, ACTH
Heavy periods (with passage of Mechanical Problems stimulation test)
large clots). Such problems as uterine fibroids or
Any bleeding at the wrong time, polyps are examples of mechanical
problems inside the uterus. Prolactin-secreting pituitary
including spotting or pink-tinged adenoma can be ruled out clinically
vaginal discharge or through laboratory testing (serum
Any bleeding lasting > 7 days. Endometrial polyps can be identified prolactin)
Extremely light periods or no with a fluid-enhanced ultrasound
periods at all (sonohysterography), a simple office
procedure. They can also be identified Hormone-secreting ovarian
Any woman complaining of abnormal during hysteroscopy. neoplasms can be ruled out clinically
vaginal bleeding should be examined. or through laboratory testing
Occasionally, you will find a laceration (ultrasound, estradiol, testosterone)
An endometrial biopsy can be useful in
of the vagina, a bleeding lesion, or ruling out malignancy or premalignant
bleeding from the surface of the cervix changes among women over age 40 Abnormal bleeding from hormonal
due to cervicitis. More commonly, you causes are often treated with OCPs.
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Breast Exam OB-GYN 101 Facts Card 2003 Brookside Press
a dimpling of the skin while she flexes
A breast examination consists of these muscles. Check the supraclavicular area for
inspection and palpation. The breasts palpable masses.
may be examined while the patient is
sitting or reclining. Breast tissue is normally somewhat
nodular or "lumpy," particularly in the Stripping the ducts toward the nipple
upper outer quadrant. You are looking will cause any secretions to be
While generally symmetrical, most for a dominant mass. Some have expressed. This should be done
breasts are slightly asymmetrical in suggested that you are looking for "a firmly, but not so hard as to cause
respect to size, shape, orientation, and marble in a bag of rice." discomfort or pinching. You will
position on the chest wall. Inspect for: almost always be able to bring a
drop or two of breast secretions to
Visible masses (change in contour) Palpate the breast using the proximal the surface. This is normal and the
Skin dimpling and middle phalanges of the fingers. secretions will be clear, milky, or
Nipple retraction Move your hand in a circular motion have a slight greenish tinge.
Redness while pressing into the breast
substance. Making these small circles
Have her raise her arms while you will help you identify mass occupying Bloody discharge is always
continue to watch the breasts. lesions. Cover the entire breast in a considered a danger sign.
systematic fashion, including the tail of
An underlying malignancy can fix Large amounts (many drops) of
the breast that extends up into the
the skin in place. secretions are not considered
axilla.
Raising the arms will accentuate normal and usually require further
these changes. investigation.
Check the axilla for masses or
Have her flex the pectoralis major palpable lymph nodes.
muscles or raise her arms over her
!
head. Suspicious areas will appear as
Breast Screening OB-GYN 101 Facts Card 2003 Brookside Press
a threat, but they are subjected to the U.S., however, as an adjunctive
If there were no such thing as breast biopsy and excision. method to evaluate abnormalities
cancer, there would be little need to palpated by the examiner or
screen individuals for breast disease. identified on mammograms.
Breast cancer is the issue that drives Mammography: The goal is to detect
all breast screening programs. early cancers before they spread, and
is felt to be about 80% effective. Thermography is a means of looking
at the breast with an infrared (heat-
The primary strategy involves a three- sensitive) imaging device. It relies on
armed effort: Periodic (annual) If there is a clinical abnormality,
mammograms can be used to gain the principle that cancers have
professional breast examination, increased metabolic activity,
monthly self-breast examination, and additional information about the
abnormality (a "diagnostic" generating more heat, that can be
mammography at appropriate intervals. detected with a thermographic
mammogram). Many physicians
recommend "screening:" process. While this has some
Breast Examination: Annually, breasts mammograms be performed every theoretical advantages over other
should be evaluated. Professional other year between ages 40 and 50, imaging techniques, in practice,
exams are felt to detect about 80% of and annually thereafter. thermography has not been
breast abnormalities. demonstrated to be effective in early
detection of significant lesions, and
Breast ultrasound is used in some
Self Breast Examination: Monthly, a so is not generally used as a primary
areas to screen for breast cancer. It
woman should examine her own screening technique.
has the advantage that it is relatively
breasts. Critics of self breast exams inexpensive, quick, painless, and uses
believe they may cause more problems no radiation. It is particularly good at
than they solve. By the time a breast detecting cystic masses. In skilled
cancer is large to feel, it is not likely to hands, it does a fair job of detecting
be "early." Most self-discovered breast malignancies.It is commonly used in
!
lumps are benign and do not represent
Breech OB-GYN 101 Facts Card 2003 Brookside Press
Breech presentation: Flexion of the fetal head
Try not to let the head "pop" out of
Buttocks first EFM OK
the birth canal. A slower, controlled
One leg first Progress in labor delivery is less traumatic.
Both legs first.
Spontaneous breech: Mother pushes
Frank breech: buttocks are presenting the baby out with the normal bearing
and legs are along the fetal chest. The down
fetal feet are next to the fetal face.
Safest position for breech delivery. Assisted breech: Spontaneous to the
umbilicus, then sweep legs out, arms
out, and suprapubic pressure to deliver
Footling breech risks: the head.
Umbilical cord prolapse
Delivery of the feet through an Breech Extraction: Reaching up into
incompletely dilated cervix, leading the birth canal to find the legs and
to arm or head entrapment. bring them down.
Warts are not dangerous and have While warts are not considered
!
virtually no malignant potential. Clinical dangerous, HPV infection is
Condyloma Lata OB-GYN 101 Facts Card 2003 Brookside Press
Condyloma accuminata are bulky
The word "condyloma" comes from the During pregnancy, it is important that
while, condyloma lata are flat.
Greek word meaning "knob." Any sufficient antibiotic gets across the
knob-like or warty growth on the Surface scrapings of condyloma lata placenta and to the fetus.
genitals is known as a condyloma. under darkfield microscopy will show
Venereal warts caused by human spirochetes. Serologic test for syphilis Within 24 hours of treatment, you
papilloma virus are known as (VDRL, RPR) will be positive. may observe the Jarisch-Herxheimer
"condyloma accuminata" (venereal reaction in patients. This reaction
warts). Optimal treatment is: consists of fever, muscle aches and
headache and may be improved by
The skin lesions caused by Molitor Benzathine penicillin G 2.4 million concurrent treatment with antipyretic
hominus are known as "condyloma units IM in a single dose medication.
subcutaneum" (molluscum But for those allergic to penicillin, you
contagiosum). The skin lesions may substitute: Both the patient and her sexual
associated with secondary syphilis are partner(s) need treatment.
called "condyloma lata." They have in Doxycycline 100 mg orally twice a
common with veneral warts the fact day for 2 weeks, or Long term followup is needed to
that they are both raised lesions on the Tetracycline 500 mg orally four make sure that the syphilis is
vulva (or penis), but there ends the times a day for 2 weeks. completely gone from the patient
similarity. Ceftriaxone 1 gram daily either IM and her sexual partner(s). The
or IV for 8--10 days (possibly means to do that is complicated and
Condyloma accuminata are
effective). current CDC recommendations are
cauliflower-like, while condyloma
Azithromycin 2 grams PO once best followed.
lata are smooth.
(possibly effective).
Condyloma accuminata are dry,
while condyloma lata are moist.
!
Delivery OB-GYN 101 Facts Card 2003 Brookside Press
Expulsion (shoulders and torso of
Delivery is the second stage of labor, After the fetal head delivers, allow
the baby are delivered.)
beginning with complete dilatation and time for the fetal shoulders to rotate
ending when the baby is completely As the fetal head descends below 0 and descend through the birth canal.
out of the mother. station, the mother will perceive a This allows the birth canal to
sensation of pressure in the rectal squeeze amniotic fluid out of the
As the fetal head passes through the area, similar to the sensation of an fetal chest.
birth canal, it normally demonstrates, in imminent bowel movement. At this time
sequence, the "cardinal movements of she will feel the urge to bear down, After 15-30 seconds, have the
labor." These include: holding her breath and performing a woman bear down again, delivering
Valsalva, to try to expel the baby. This the shoulders and torso of the baby.
Engagement (fetal head reaches 0 is called "pushing." The maternal
station.) pushing efforts assist in speeding the Leave the umbilical cord alone until
Descent (fetal head descends past delivery. the baby is dried, breathing well and
0 station.)
starts to pink up. During this time,
Flexion (head is flexed with the For women having their first baby, the keep the baby level with the placenta
chin to its' chest.) second stage will typically take an hour still inside the mother.
Internal Rotation (head rotates or two.
from occiput transverse to occiput
anterior.) Once the baby is breathing, put two
The fetal head emerges through the clamps on the umbilical cord, about
Extension (head extends with vaginal opening, usually facing toward an inch (3 cm) from the baby's
crowning, passing through the the woman's rectum. Support the abdomen. Cut between the clamps.
vulva.) perineum to reduce the risk of perineal
External Rotation (head returns to laceration from uncontrolled, rapid
its' occiput transverse orientation) While the cord remains intact,
delivery. elevation of the fetus above the level
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Diagnosis of Pregnancy OB-GYN 101 2003
Softening of the cervix situation, a confirmatory HCG is
Pregnancy may be suspected in
(Goodell's sign) not necessary.
any sexually active woman, of
childbearing age, whose Softening of the uterus (Ladin's
menstrual period is delayed, sign and Hegar's sign)
particularly if combined with Darkening of the nipples
symptoms of early pregnancy, Unexplained pelvic or
such as: abdominal mass
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Urinary Frequency, Odor OB-GYN 101 Facts Card 2003 Brookside Press
bladder wont recover its tone in 48
Urinary Frequency Bad Urinary Odor is usually a hours, so wait 5 days.
The overwhelming number of patients symptom of either a urinary tract
complaining of urinary frequency will infection (cystitis) or a vaginal infection.
have one of the following problems: Try to determine why the patient
couldn't void. She may have recent
Certain foods are associated with an trauma to the perineum or vagina,
Bladder infection (accompanied by
unusual odor in the urine (asparagus), which caused swelling in the area of
dysuria).
as are certain antibiotics (ampicillin). the bladder or urethra, obstructing
Excessive fluid intake (particularly
just before bedtime). flow. She may have a pelvic mass
Increased stress. If the patient cannot urinate at all, she (ovarian cyst, uterine fibroids,
Some pelvic mass which is pressing will be in extreme distress with a pregnancy, etc.) which has distorted
on the bladder distended, tender bladder. the anatomy and functionally
blocked the urethra. She may have
Blood in the Urine Insert a Foley catheter and allow the herpes and cannot urinate because
In women of child-bearing age, not urine to begin draining. After the first of the severe pain, which is caused
postpartum and not menstruating, the 500 cc, clamp the Foley to temporarily by urine flowing over open ulcers.
most frequent cause is cystitis. stop draining for 5-10 minutes before
allowing another 500 cc to drain. Outside of postpartum or post-
Following antibiotics, If all symptoms Continue to drain urine in 500 cc surgical circumstances, being
resolve and the hematuria does not increments until empty. Severe bladder unable to urinate is very rare in
return, no further evaluation is cramps may occur if the entire bladder women, and not a good sign. Urinary
necessary. is drained at one time. Leave the Foley retention is a common presentation
in place for a day or two to allow the of MS. If it does not respond to 5
bladder's muscular wall to regain its' days of Foley placement, urologic
normal tone. If truly overstretched, the consultation/evaluation is needed.
!
Group B Strep OB-GYN 101 Facts Card 2003 Brookside Press
vaginal/rectal culture for strep.
Group B Strep (GBS) is a source of Delivery at <37 weeks gestation
Those who are positive are treated
significant morbidity and sometimes Ruptured membranes 18 hours or as above... those who are negative
mortality. Many women are longer (some say 12 hours or are not treated.
asymptomatic carriers. longer)
Hepatitis B Screen
Rubella Titer
Atypical antibody screen
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Serologic test for syphilis (RPR or
! VDRL)
Labor OB-GYN 101 Facts Card 2003 Brookside Press
Regular, frequent contractions the past, labor is generally quicker,
Labor consists of regular, frequent, lasting about 6-8 hours.
that may or may not be painful.
uterine contractions which lead to
Contractions wax and wane
progressive dilatation of the cervix.
Dilate only very slowly Dilatation and effacement occur for
Can talk or laugh during Ctx. mechanical and biochemical
Braxton-Hicks contractions occur prior reasons.
Lasts hours to days.
to the onset of labor. These innocent
contractions can be painful, regular, Active phase labor shows rapid change
and frequent, but usually are not. Descent means that the fetal head
in dilatation, effacement, and station.
descends through the birth canal.
The "station" of the fetal head
The cause of labor is not known but Active phase labor lasts until the cervix describes how far it has descended
may include both maternal and fetal is completely dilated: through the birth canal.
factors.
Are at least 4 cm dilated.
Regular, frequent contractions This station is determined relative to
The first stage of labor is that portion the maternal ischial spines, bony
leading up to complete dilatation. The are usually moderately painful.
Progressive cervical dilatation of prominences on each side of the
first stage can be divided functionally maternal pelvic sidewalls.
into two phases: the latent phase and at least 1.2-1.5 cm per hour.
the active phase. Not talking or laughing during
their contractions. "0 Station" ("Zero Station") means
that the top of the fetal head has
Latent phase labor precedes the active Progress of Labor descended through the birth canal
phase of labor. Characteristics of For a woman experiencing her first just to the level of the maternal
women in latent phase labor: baby, labor usually lasts about 12-14 ischial spines. +1 and -1 are cm
hours. If she has delivered a baby in above and below the spines.
< 4 cm dilated.
!
Lactation OB-GYN 101 Facts Card 2003 Brookside Press
avoiding any manual stimulation will Galactosemia in the newborn
The alveoli of the breast secrete milk facilitate this resolution. Maternal HIV
into the glandular lumen. Each
alveolus is surrounded by smooth Untreated tuberculosis
muscle that, when contracted, After delivery, a small amount of dark- Illegal drug users
squeezes the milk out of the alveolus yellow liquid can be expressed from Excessive alcohol intake
and into the duct system that ultimately the breasts. This is the precursor of Active herpes on the breast
leads to the nipple. This milk ejection milk, is rich in minerals and protein, but Hepatitis B carriers
system is triggered by the release of has less sugar and fat than mature Cytomegalovirus
maternal oxytocin from the anterior milk. It also contains antibodies that Maternal exposure to
pituitary. Nipple stimulation provokes are helpful in protecting the newborn. radioisotopes
this response, as can a variety of other
stimuli (e.g. sound of a crying baby). Milk OCPs
After several days, the colostrum The AAP has determined that OCPs
becomes whiter with production of are compatible with breastfeeding.
Each act of nursing reinforces They are often started around 6
lactation. Women who do not breast mature milk. This has the same
mineral and protein content as weeks PP, but may be started as
feed will notice breast engorgement early as discharge from the hospital.
during the first few days following colostrum, but has increased amounts
delivery. They will produce some milk of fat and carbohydrates. Nursing
and may experience some breast mothers will produce > 600 ml/day. As a general rule, medications that
discomfort. So long as the breasts are are OK during pregnancy are OK
not stimulated (by emptying the milk or Breastfeeding is convenient, free, and while breastfeeding.
stimulating the nipples), this provides considerable satisfaction to
engorgement will gradually resolve and most mothers and babies Little other than normal cleanliness
milk secretion will stop. Wearing a well- is required to care for the lactating
fitting bra, the use of ice packs, and Contraindications to Breast Feeding breast.
!
Lichen Sclerosis OB-GYN 101 Facts Card 2003 Brookside Press
report complete remission of
Lichen sclerosis is one form of vulvar Lichen sclerosis can occur in any age symptoms.
dystrophy. With lichen sclerosis, the group, is not related to lack of
skin of the vulva is too thin. estrogen, and its' cause is not known.
Traditional therapy consists of
Clinically, women with lichen sclerosis As a general rule, topical steroids give
complain of chronic vulvar itching and only very limited relief and if used for 2% testosterone propionate in
irritation. Tissues may be fragile, tear any length of time (more than 2 weeks) petroleum jelly, applied 3 times a
easily and result in superficial bleeding. can make the condition worse because day for 3 to 6 months or until the
Using only casual observation, the they tend to thin the skin even more. symptoms are relieved. Then the
vulva may appear normal, but closer The important exception to this rule is applications are gradually reduced to
inspection will reveal a whitish the topical synthetic fluorinated a level of one or two applications per
discoloration and loss of anatomic corticosteroid, Clobetasol, which has week.
differentiation of the vulvar structures. been very effective in eliminating
symptoms and restoring the normal
It may be difficult, without a vulvar anatomy of the vulva.
biopsy, to distinguish lichen sclerosis
from the other forms of vulvar 0.05% clobetasol propionate cream is
dystrophy (hypertrophic vulvar applied to the vulva twice daily for one
dystrophy and mixed dystrophy). For month, than at bedtime for one month
this reason, women suspected of and then twice a week for three
having lichen sclerosis usually undergo months. It is then used as needed one
vulvar biopsy to confirm the diagnosis. or two times per week. Using this
approach, 95% of patients will notice
! significant improvement and 75% will
!
Breast Pain OB-GYN 101 Facts Card 2003 Brookside Press
clinically bothersome, it is called
Among the common causes of non- A second common area for chest wall cyclic breast pain or mastodynia.
cyclic breast pain are trauma, infection, pain is along the costal margin. Direct
and chest wall pain underlying the pressure on the costochondral
breast tissue (muscle strain or overuse cartilage, without compressing breast If examined during this time, these
of the pectoralis major muscle). Breast tissue, will duplicate the pain. women also often have significantly
cancer rarely causes breast pain in the Compressing the chest wall with your enhanced nodularity of the breast
early stages and is not usually hands placed laterally to the breasts tissue. the combination of cyclic
suspected unless the symptoms will also duplicate the pain. breast pain and symmetrically
persist. Hormonal causes include thickened nodularity of the breast
functional ovarian cysts and tissue is often called fibrocystic
Trauma can include vigorous coughing disease (misnamed because it's not
pregnancy. or vomiting. The resulting strong, really a disease) or fibrocystic breast
sustained contractions of the changes.
Pain or soreness in the pectoralis intercostal muscles can lead to chest
major muscle is frequently found wall tenderness that may be perceived
among women who have recently by the patient as breast pain. Some women reducing caffeine
engaged in strenuous physical activity, (coffee, tea, cola drinks) and taking
and it represents a muscle strain. Vitamin E supplements (400 IU
Cyclic Breast Pain daily) has improvde their symptoms
Chest wall pain does not involve the During the days leading up to the
nipple or areola, while cyclic breast menstrual flow, the breasts normally
tenderness usually does. Treatment is are somewhat engorged and may be Any pharmacologic approach that
symptomatic, with rest, some somewhat tender. Following the onset suppresses ovulation will be very
stretching exercises, and non-steroidal of menstrual flow, these changes helpful, including OCPs, DMPA,
anti-inflammatory medication such as spontaneously resolve. If the Lupron, or Danocrine
ibuprofen or naproxen. tenderness is more than mild or is
!
Medications During Pregnancy OB-GYN 101 2003
Drug Categories Metronidazole is safe after 14 Miconazole is safe
A, B, C, D and X weeks gestation. Safety prior to Clotrimazole is safe
14 weeks hasn't been Quinacrine is probably safe
Generalizations established. during pregnancy
Acetaminophen is safe Tetracyclines are unsafe at any Chloroquine may cause
Pseudoephedrine is safe time during pregnancy congenital defects with
Guaifenesin is safe Aminoglycosides are basically prolonged or high doses
Diphenhydramine is safe safe during pregnancy, but Pyrimethamine is safe after
Local anesthetics (Xylocaine) is renal and ototoxicity are 1st trimester. Add folic acid
safe, but epinephrine may potential problems if the dose is supplement.
have unpredictable effects on high or prolonged. Trimethoprim is safe after 1st
the maternal CV system Clindamycin is safe trimester. Add folic acid
ASA should not be taken. Chloramphenicol is probably supplement.
Codeine, Demerol, Morphine safe prior to 28 weeks Primaquine may cause
and other narcotics are safe, Sulfa drugs are safe prior to 34 hemolytic anemia in the
but the addictive potential weeks. After that, babies may presence of G6PD deficiency.
should be recognized. develop jaundice if exposed to You may use it if needed.
Penicillins are safe sulfa.
Cephalosporins are safe Quinine is only to be used in
Erythromycin is safe life-threatening, chloroquine-
resistant P. Falciparum
Azithromycin is safe
! infections
Menopause OB-GYN 101 Facts Card 2003 Brookside Press
Menopause is estrogen-
Menopause is the physiologic Menopause rapidly accelerates bone
deficiency.
cessation of ovarian function (and loss, resulting in osteopenia or
Creates annoying problems,
menstrual flows) that occurs with osteoporosis. Increased risk factors for
largely corrected through ERT.
advancing age. Average age is 51. osteoporosis include:
We should treat with estrogen to
Slender build restore them to normal,
Ovarian function consists of ovulation,
Tobacco
estrogen production, progesterone Estrogen Replacement Therapy
production, and androgen (primarily Caucasian
testosterone) production. Sedentary life style
Chronic glucocorticoid use Eliminates hot flashes/ sweats
Bone density studies (Dexa Scan) Moderate protection of bones
At menopause, the ovaries stop Eliminate vaginal dryness
T-value of -2.5 = osteoporosis.
responding to FSH and LH. A Improvse sleep, memory
osteopenic T-values of -1.0 to -2.5.
menopausal woman will have high
CV risk +/- or sl. Increased.
levels of FSH and LH, but low levels of Naturalist philosophy: No overall change in cancer risk.
estrogen (estradiol) in her
bloodstream. Menopause is natural. Increased breast Ca risk
After ~ age 50 women should be Decreased colon Ca risk
without any estrogen. Death risk not affected.
Symptoms include:
The role of medication is to help Extra calcium (1000-1500 grams of
Hot flashes / night sweats adjust to not having any estrogen. elemental calcium/day). Regular
Vaginal / skin dryness Smallest amount of estrogen for the weight-bearing exercise is helpful,
Diminished memory (forgetfulness) shortest period of time. but only to a limited extent.
Mood changes Bisphosphonates, SERMs
Estrogen Deficiency philosophy:
Sleeplessness
!
Cessation of menstrual flows
!
Nausea and Vomiting OB-GYN 101 Facts Card 2003 Brookside Press
"stretchy" and will tolerate such rapid (Scopolamine), Compazine,
These are common during pregnancy infusions well. Phenergan, and others have all been
but may be aggravated by strong used to good advantage in these
smells (food, garbage, machine oil, situations.
etc.) and motion. Symptoms appear After IV therapy, the woman is
quite early and are usually mild, generally feeling much better and can
requiring no treatment, disappearing by return to her duties. If this rehydration
the 16th week or sooner. Occasionally, is insufficient to suppress her
these symptoms are severe and symptoms, then a more prolonged
require intervention. course of therapy is recommended.
This is a frequent occurrence during During labor, the only indication of If you can easily slip the cord
delivery. Nearly half of babies have the umbilical cord being wrapped over the baby's head, go ahead
the umbilical cord wrapped around around the baby may be variable and do that.
something (neck, shoulder, arm, fetal heart decelerations on the fetal
etc.), and this generally poses no monitor. These are generally timed If the cord is relatively loose,
particular problem for them. with contractions as that is the time and allows the baby to be born
the cord is stretched more tightly. with the cord around its' neck,
go ahead and do that.
In a few cases, the cord
will be wrapped so If the cord is tight and disallows
tightly around the any manipulation, double clamp
baby's neck (after the cord and cut between the
delivery of the head but clamps. This will free the cord.
before the shoulders With this approach, prompt
are delivered) that you delivery of the rest of the baby is
cannot get the rest of important as you have just cut
the baby out without off all blood flow in and out of
risk of tearing the the baby.
umbilical cord.
!
Nutrition OB-GYN 101 Facts Card 2003 Brookside Press
constipation). Further increases of
A pregnant woman should eat a 200-300 calories/day are desirable as
normal, balanced diet for one person. a general rule.
During pregnancy, the GI tract Large doses of vitamins are not only
becomes much more efficient at unnecessary, they may be dangerous
extracting nutrients. The positive effect to the mother and fetus. Take only a
of this is that even if the pregnant single multivitamin and possibly some
woman eats the same food as she did additional iron or folic acid, if medically
prior to the pregnancy, nature provides indicated.
for improved nutrition and results in
some increased weight. (The negative
!
effect is a tendency toward
Obtaining a Pap Smear OB-GYN 101 Facts Card 2003 Brookside Press
Position the Patient Insert the speculum into the vagina, Make a Thin Smear and spray
Position the patient with her buttocks letting the speculum follow the path of Immediately
just at the edge or just over the edge of least resistance. Open the speculum
the exam table. If she is not down far and usually the cervix is immediately Next, use a "Cytobrush" to sample
enough, inserting the speculum can be visible. Lock the blades in the open the endocervical canal. Push the
more difficult for you and position, wide enough apart to allow cytobrush into the canal, no deeper
uncomfortable for her. complete visualization of the cervix but than the length of the brush (1.5 cm
not to far open as to be uncomfortable - 2.0 cm). Rotate the brush 180
Inspect the Vulva for the patient. degrees (half a circle) and pull the
Skin lesions
cytobrush straight out.
Masses
The Ayer spatula is specially designed
Drainage for obtaining Pap smears. The concave
Discolorations of the skin Allow the slides to dry completely
end (curving inward) fits against the before placing them in the Pap
Signs of trauma cervix, while the convex end (curving smear container.
Pubic hair distribution (triangular = outward) is used for scraping vaginal
normal) lesions or sampling the "vaginal pool,"
Insect movement (pubic lice) within Use a broom for liquid-based media.
the collection of vaginal secretions just
the pubic hair Insert the broom's long, central
below the cervix.
fibers into the endocervical canal.
Warm the vaginal speculum with warm The rotate the broom in a complete
water. Never use K-Y Jelly(r), Sample the SQJ circle, five times. Place it in the liquid
Surgilube(r), petroleum jelly or other In obtaining the Pap smear, it is media. The broom can also be used
lubricant to moisten the speculum as it important to sample the "Squamo- for conventional glass-slide Pap
may render your Pap smears columnar Junction." smears.
unreadable under the microscope.
!
Oligohydramnios OB-GYN 101 Facts Card 2003 Brookside Press
reflect decreased (or absent) fetal
Oligohydramnios means too little renal output, congenital anomaly, or Amniotic fluid index (AFI) of <7
amniotic fluid. abnormal membrane fluid transport. (or <6, or <5). AFI is the sum of
Regardless of it's cause, the single deepest pocket of
Amniotic fluid volume increases with oligohydramnios presents a threat to amniotic fluid in each of the 4
the duration of pregnancy, with about the fetus because the umbilical cord quadrants, in cm.
200 cc at 16 weeks to about a liter may be compressed more easily,
between 28 and 36 weeks. Then it falls resulting in impaired blood flow to the When present in a woman not in
slightly with approaching term, to about fetus. labor, consideration is given to
800 cc at 40 weeks. After 40 weeks, inducing labor early, depending on
the volume drops further. Several means of identifying the clinical situation. During labor,
oligohydramnios are used, and they oligohydramnios is sometimes
Amniotic fluid is removed by the fetal are not in complete agreement. The treated with amnioinfusion, a deposit
membranes, swallowed by the fetus, concept of oligohydramnios is of sterile fluid into the amniotic sac
and in the presence of ruptured universally accepted. The specific to expand the AF volume. This is
membranes, may leak out through the definition of oligohydramnios is not. most frequently done to relieve fetal
vagina. It is deposited in the amniotic Definitions have included: heart rate decelerations thought to
sac by the fetal membranes and by be due to umbilical cord
fetal urination. Any disturbance in the compresssion, or to try to clear
Visibly reduced AFV on ultrasound some thick meconium that may be
normal equilibrium of fetal swallowing,
urinating, or amniotic membrane fluid present.
transport can result in No vertical pocket of AF >2 cm
oligohydramnios.
No two-dimensional pocket of AF >
Oligohydramnios is both a symptom 2 x 2 cm
!
and a threat. As a symptom, it can
Operative Delivery OB-GYN 101 Facts Card 2003 Brookside Press
Any condition that increases the
Operative delivery means the use of maternal risk for pushing, including:
obstetrical forceps or cesarean section
Stroke
to achieve the delivery. Operative
Cerebral aneurism
delivery is indicated any time it
becomes safer to delivery the baby Eclampsia
immediately than to allow pregnancy to
continue. Fetal malpresentation or malposition,
including:
Indications for operative delivery are Fetal transverse lie
many, but a partial list includes: Breech
Maternal hemorrhage Deep transverse arrest
Uterine rupture Face presentation, particularly
Unremediable fetal distress mentum posterior
Fetal intolerance of labor
These indications are sometimes
Maternal exhaustion
relative, not absolute, and clinical
Failure to progress in labor
judgment must be applied in any
Failure of descent in labor individual clinical situation to determine
Arrest of labor whether operative delivery is a good
Uterine inertia idea or not. Other aspects of clinical
Placenta previa judgment are the specific form of
Placental abruption operative delivery (forceps vs.
Previous cesarean section cesarean section) and the timing of the
Previous perineal repair for operative delivery.
incontinence
! Fetal malformation
Ovarian Neoplasms OB-GYN 101 Facts Card 2003 Brookside Press
Clear cell carcinoma (usually the mid-60s. Ovarian cancer among
Ovarian neoplasms may benign or younger women is rare. Prior to age
malignant)
malignant. Some produce hormones. 30, the incidence is 5/100,000.
Adneocarcinoma (malignant)
Endometrioid Carcinoma
Primarily Cystic (malignant) Detection
Mucinous cystadenoma (benign, Ovarian cancer can be difficult to
sometimes grow quite large) Dermoid tumors contain dermal detect. Unlike uterine cancer (that
Serous cystadenoma (benign) element, incl. teeth, hair, sebaceous tends to cause visible bleeding at a
Adenocarcinoma (malignant) glands, and thyroid cells. Usually relatively early stage), ovarian
benign, occasionally malignant. cancer usually remains symptomless
Primarily Solid Bilaterality is common. until fairly late in the disease
Fibroma (benign)
process. Symptoms associated with
Brenner tumor (usually benign) Ovarian Cancer ovarian cancer include pelvic
Granulosa Cell tumor (malignant, The life-time risk is about 1%. OCPs discomfort and bloating.
produces estrogen) decreases the, as does pregnancy, Unfortunately, these symptoms are
Thecoma (benign, produces tubal ligation or hysterectomy. so non-specific as to be nearly
estrogen, occasionally androgens) useless in evaluating a patient for
Sertoli-Leydig Cell tumors Fertility-enhancing may increase the possible ovarian cancer. Further, by
(Generally benign, may produce risk of ovarian cancer. A family history the time a patient develops these
androgens and/or estrogen) of breast or ovarian cancer increases symptoms, the ovarian cancer has
Dysgerminoma (malignant, but the patient's. BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene frequently spread to distant sites.
usually good prognosis) increases the lifetime risk to about 1/3.
Mixed Blood tests are of limited value.
Dermoid (teratoma, usually benign, The incidence of ovarian cancer Serum CA-125 increases in the
steadily increases with age, peaking in presence of most ovarian epithelial
! may produce thyroid hormone)
Pain Relief During Labor OB-GYN 101 Facts Card 2003 Brookside Press
Some women have virtually no pain 5 minutes after injection, the patient is Inhalation of 50% nitrous oxide with
and do not need any analgesia. pain free. The block will last 60-90 50% oxygen, can give very effective
minutes and can be repeated. Cant pain relief during labor and is safe
The majority will have moderate use with compromised fetus. for the mother and baby. Safest
discomfort, particularly toward the end. when self-administered by the
Local infiltration of 1% lidocaine gives mother. If she feels dizzy or starts to
excellent anesthesia for perinuem. achieve anesthetic levels of the
Some will experience severe pain.
nitrous, she will naturally release the
The injection is just below the skin, mask, reversing the effects of the
Analgesics prior to active labor (4 cm raising a small weal. nitrous oxide.
dilatation) will usually slow the labor No need to infiltrate as there are
process, but in a prolonged latent very few nerves there. Less commonly used is a self-
phase), it may speed up labor. Watch total dose of lidocaine. Max administered volatilized gas of
safe limit for 1% is 50 cc. methoxyflurane. It is capable of
Narcotics can be highly effective. achieving anesthetic levels and so
Generally safe for the baby, but better A pudendal block provides excellent
anesthesia to an area about the size of must be very closely monitored.
to avoid large doses at the endavoid
respiratory depression in the newborn. a dinner plate, centered on the vagina.
Continuous Lumbar Epidural is
Perineum is innervated by the commonly used, a major anesthetic,
Keep antagonist (naloxone or Narcan) highly effective and safe. Inhibits
available to treat resp. depression. pudendal nerves that originate from
S3-S4, and pass close to the ischial maternal movement and may inhibit
spine as it traverses the pelvic pushing.
Labor pain can be blocked by
sidewall.
interrupting nerves as they pass close Spinal used only during delivery but
to the cervix with a paracervical block.
! is very effective and safe.
Pap Smears OB-GYN 101 Facts Card 2003 Brookside Press
specimen onto a glass slide, which is HIV positive,
In the 1940's, Dr. Papanicolaou then processed and read by a immunocompromised, or DES
developed a technique for sampling cytotechnologist. Newer techniques daughters, continue annual
the cells of the cervix (Pap smear) to involve changes in specimen handling screening.
screen patients for cancer of the (fluid medium) and computer-assisted Screening may stop following a
cervix. This technique very effective at screening, to improve accuracy. total hysterectomy (including the
detecting cancer, and pre-cancerous,
cervix), if the the patient is at low
reversible changes that lead to cancer.
Frequency of Pap Smears risk, and has had three
Until recently, most experts consecutive normal Pap smears
While not originally designed to detect recommended annual screening with within the last 10 years.
anything other than cancer, the Pap Pap smears for adult women. Some High risk patients, incl: history of
smear is useful in identifying other, newer recommendations have evolved, cervical cancer, DES exposure in-
unsuspected problems: to improve the economic and medical utero, HIV positive,
90% of cervical cancers, efficiency of Pap smear screening. immunocompromised, and those
50% of uterine cancers. and These recommendations (ACS): tested positive for HPV, continue
screening indefinitely.
10% of ovarian cancers Begin no later than age 21. Screening may stop after age 70,
Because the Pap smear is a screening < 21 if patient sexually active. (3 if patient low risk, and has had
test, it can have both false positive and years after initial intercourse.) three normal Paps over last 10
false negative results. So perform test Once initiated, perform annually if years.
regularly glass-slide technique is used. If May be omitted in the case of life-
liquid medium used, may be threatening or other serious
performed Q other year. illness.
A number of forms of Pap smears have
evolved. The standard, traditional Pap > 30, after 3 consecutive, normal
technique involves smearing the Paps, may be reduced to every two
! to three years.
PID OB-GYN 101 Facts Card 2003 Brookside Press
generalized haziness due to edema. In T>100.4 , lassitude, and headache.
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) is a advanced cases, hydrosalpinx may be Symptoms more after the onset or
bacterial inflammation of the fallopian seen with ultrasound, CT or MRI. completion of menses.
tubes, ovaries, uterus and cervix.
From a clinical management point of Excruciating cervical motion pain is
Initial infections caused by STDs, such view, there are two forms of PID: Mild, characteristic. Hypoactive bowel
as gonorrhea or chlamydia. Secondary and Moderate to Severe. sounds, purulent cervical discharge,
infections often caused by multiple and abdominal dissension are often
non-STD organisms. Most have no present. Pelvic and abdominal
long-term adverse effects, but some Mild PID
Gradual onset of mild bilateral pelvic tenderness is always bilateral except
result in infertility, tubo-ovarian in the presence of an IUD.
abscess, and sepsis Iincreased risk for pain with purulent vaginal discharge,
tubal ectopic pregnancy. T<100.4, deep dyspareunia common.
Gram-negative diplococci in cervical
Moderate pain on cervical motion, discharge or positive chlamydia
Symptoms vary from trivial pelvic culture may or may not be present.
discomfort and vaginal discharge to purulent/mucopurulent cervical
discharge. Gram-neg diplococci or WBC and ESR are elevated.
incapacitating abdominal pain with
nausea and vomiting. Leukocytosis, positive chlamydia culture variable.
like fever, is variable. The Dx can be WBC may be sl. elevated or normal. These more serious infections
based on imprecise findings (uterine These cases are treated aggressively, require more aggressive
and adnexal tenderness without other usually with PO meds. Prompt management, often consisting of
explanation), or precise findings response. Sex partners treated. bedrest, IV fluids, IV antibiotics, and
(laparoscopic visualization of inflamed NG suction if ileus is present. A
tubes). Cervical cultures may or may Moderate to Severe PID more gradual recovery is expected
not be positive. Ultrasound findings Moderate to severe bilateral pelvic pain and it may be several weeks before
may be normal or may include a with purulent vaginal discharge, the patient is feeling normal.
!
Placenta Previa OB-GYN 101 Facts Card 2003 Brookside Press
head can be palpated. If it is deeply
Normally, the placenta is attached to Clinically, these patients present after engaged in the pelvis, it is basically
the uterus in an area remote from the 20 weeks with painless vaginal impossible for a placenta previa to
cervix. Sometimes, the placenta is bleeding, usually mild. An old rule of be present because there is not
located in such a way that it covers the thumb is that the first bleed from a enough room in the birth canal for
cervix. This is called a placenta previa. placenta previa is not very heavy. For both the fetal head and a placenta
this reason, the first bleed is previa. An x-ray of the pelvis
There are degrees of placenta previa: sometimes called a "sentinel bleed." (pelvimetry) can likewise rule out a
placenta previa, but only if the fetal
A complete placenta previa means the Later episodes of bleeding can be very head is deeply engaged. Otherwise,
entire cervix is covered. This substantial and very dangerous. an x-ray will usually not show the
positioning makes it impossible for the Because a pelvic exam may provoke location of the placenta.
fetus to pass through the birth canal further bleeding it is important to avoid
without causing maternal hemorrhage. a vaginal or rectal examination in Patients suspected of having a
This situation can only be resolved pregnant women during the second placenta previa who are not in a
through cesarean section. half of their pregnancy unless you are hospital setting need expeditious
certain there is no placenta previa. transport to a definitive care setting
A marginal placenta previa means that where ultrasound and full obstetrical
only the margin or edge of the placenta The location of the placenta is best services are available.
is covering the cervix. In this condition, established by ultrasound. If ultrasound
it may be possible to achieve a vaginal is not available, one reliable clinical
delivery if the maternal bleeding is not method of ruling out placenta previa is
too great and the fetal head exerts to check for fetal head engagement
enough pressure on the placenta to just above the pubic symphysis. Using
push it out of the way and tamponade a thumb and forefinger and pressing
into the maternal abdomen, the fetal
!
bleeding which may occur.
Placental Abruption OB-GYN 101 Facts Card 2003 Brookside Press
abnormalities seen in complete whole blood transfusion will give
Placental abruption is also known as a abruptions. good results.
premature separation of the placenta.
All placentas normally detach from the
uterus shortly after delivery of the Clinically, an abruption presents after Patients not in a hospital setting who
baby. If any portion of the placenta 20 weeks gestation with abdominal are thought to have at least some
detaches prior to birth of the baby, this cramping, uterine tenderness, degree of placental abruption should
is called a placental abruption. contractions, and usually some vaginal be transferred to a definitive care
bleeding. Mild abruptions may resolve setting. While transporting her, have
with bedrest and observation, but the her lie on her left side, with IV fluid
A placental abruption may be partial or moderate to severe abruptions support.
complete. generally result in rapid labor and
delivery of the baby. If fetal distress is
A complete abruption is a disastrous present (and it sometime is), rapid
event. The fetus will die within 15-20 cesarean section may be needed.
minutes. The mother will die soon
afterward, from either blood loss or the Because so many coagulation factors
coagulation disorder which often are consumed with the internal
occurs. Women with complete hemorrhage, coagulopathy is common.
placental abruptions are generally This means that even after delivery,
desperately ill with severe abdominal the patient may continue to bleed
pain, shock, hemorrhage, a rigid and because she can no longer effectively
unrelaxing uterus. clot. In a hospital setting, this can be
treated with infusions of platelets, fresh
Partial placental abruptions may range frozen plasma and cryoprecipitate. If
!
from insignificant to the striking these products are unavailable, fresh
Polyhydramnios OB-GYN 101 Facts Card 2003 Brookside Press
congenital anomaly, or abnormal polyhydramnios is not. Definitions
Polyhydramnios means too much membrane fluid transport. It is have included:
amniotic fluid. commonly seen in pregnancies among
diabetic women. Visibly increased AFV on
Amniotic fluid volume increases during ultrasound. (Both fetal shoulders
pregnancy, with about 200 cc at 16 normally touch the inside of the
Polyhydramnios presents a threat to
weeks to about a liter between 28 and uterus. If there is so much fluid
the fetus and to the mother. It can lead
36 weeks. After 40 weeks, the volume present that the anterior shoulder
to PROM, premature labor and
drops further. AFV of more than 2 L is no longer touches the anterior
premature delivery. During labor, the
considered polyhydramnios. uterine wall, then polyhydramnios
risk of prolapsed fetal small parts and
is said to exist.
prolapsed umbilical cord is increased.
Amniotic fluid is removed by the fetal Vertical pockets of AF >8 cm (or
For the mother, polyhydramnios may
membranes, swallowed by the fetus, 11 cm)
be severe enough to interfere with
and in the presence of ruptured breathing. In these cases, therapeutic Amniotic fluid index (AFI) of >25.
membranes, may leak out through the amniocentesis can be performed to Clinical palpation of a free-
vagina. It is deposited in the amniotic relieve (temporarily) the maternal floating fetus.
sac by the fetal membranes and by respiratory distress. When present in a woman not in
fetal urination. Any disturbance in the labor, consideration is given to
normal equilibrium of fetal swallowing, Several means of identifying inducing labor early, depending on
urinating, or amniotic membrane fluid polyhydramnios are used, and they are the clinical situation. Therapeutic
transport can result in polyhydramnios not in complete agreement. As with amniocentesis is used to treat
(sometimes called hydramnios).. oligohydramnios, although the concept maternal respiratory distress,
of polyhydramnios is universally although the AF tends to
Polyhydramnios is both a symptom and accepted, the specific definition of reaccumulate within a few days.
a threat. As a symptom, it can reflect
!
decreased (or absent) fetal swallowing,
Postpartum Care OB-GYN 101 Facts Card 2003 Brookside Press
Lochia is vaginal discharge following Bladder distention is common, so void She may shower or bathe freely, but
delivery. Bleeding lasts 3-4 days, early and often prolonged standing in a hot shower
similar to heavy menses (lochia rubra). may lead to dizziness.
Then, it thins and become more pale Aftercramps: common, annoying, not
(lochia serosa). By day#10, is dangerous, disappear in a few days. After 3 weeks, the uterine lining is
white/yellow (lochia alba). Foul odor at normally completely healed and a
any time suggests infection. new endometrium regenerated. At
Oral analgesics for the first few days.
this point, most normal activities can
Check Temp periodically. T>100.4 x 6 be resumed, although strenuous
Swelling of the hands, ankles and face
hours suggests infection. physical activity is usually restricted
is common, particularly with IVs.
until after 6 weeks.
Absent pre-eclampsia, it is of no
Check BP several times 1st day and clinical significance, but may be
periodically thereafter. BP>140/90 can distressing. It resolves spontaneously. Sex can resume whenever she feels
indicate late-onset pre-eclampsia. Low like it. Most won't feel like it for a
BP may indicate hypovolemia. while, and perineal lacerations
Rh negative women who deliver Rh
generally take 4-6 weeks to
positive babies receive Rhogam
For several days, breasts make clear, completely heal. Dysparunia is much
yellow liquid (colostrum) This provides improved with the use of water-
After delivery, the mother needs time soluble lubricants.
nutrition and antibodies to babies.
to rest, sleep, and regain her strength.
Then, breasts engorge with milk
She may eat whatever appeals to her
(contains more calories from fat.) OCPs can be started any time
and can get up and move around
Engorgement can be uncomfortable. during the first few days post partum
whenever she would like. Prolonged
For women not breast-feeding, firm and are compatible with breast
bedrest is neither necessary nor
support of the breasts and ice packs feeding.
desirable.
!
help. Nipples are kept clean and dry.
Postpartum Fever OB-GYN 101 Facts Card 2003 Brookside Press
Maternal febrile morbidity is classically Breast tenderness and redness, Ticarcillin/clavulanic acid 3.1 gm
defined as temperatures exceeding suggesting mastitis IV Q 6 hours
100.4 on at least two occasions, at Perineum tenderness and redness, Cefotetan 1-2 g IV Q 12 hours
least 6 hours apart. with wound infection
The patient will described moderately Kwell lotion or shampoo (1% lindane)
intense itching and may say, "I think I once after showering and left in place
see something moving down there." for 10 minutes before rinsing. This may
be repeated in 7 days if necessary. Do
Ideally, the patient is examined with not use more often or longer than this
good lighting and a magnifying lens. as lindane has neurotoxicity potential.
The lice can be seen moving along the
shafts of the pubic hair. Individual Mechanically removing nits and lice by
"nits" can be seen. These are small, combing the pubic hair with a fine
oval, gray eggs attached to the hairs. toothed comb.
Brown discolorations of the skin, when
closely examined, are seen to contain
Clothing and bed linens should be
lice excrement deposited just beneath
thoroughly washed and dried.
the skin.
! Mattresses should be aired or
Retained Placenta OB-GYN 101 Facts Card 2003 Brookside Press
After delivery, the placenta normally Guide one hand through the introitus Curette the placental bed to
detaches from the inside of the uterus and cervix, into the uterine cavity. reduce bleeding, if necessary.
and is expelled. This takes a few Recovery is usually satisfactory,
minutes, up to an hour. 5. Insert the side of your hand in
between the placenta and the but with > avg. post partum
uterus. You may need to push bleeding.
The 4 signs of placental separation: through the placental membranes to If extensive or complete:
1. Apparent lengthening of the visible accomplish this. Placenta will only come out in torn
portion of the umbilical cord. 6. Using the side of your hand, sweep fragments.
2. Increased bleeding from the vagina. the placenta off the uterus.
7. After most of the placenta is
Bleeding will be considerable.
3. Change in shape of the uterus from
flat (discoid) to round (globular). detached, curl your fingers around Multiple blood transfusions likely
4. The placenta being expelled from the bulk of it and exert gentle Uterine artery ligation or
the vagina. downward and outward traction. hysterectomy may be needed.
8. Pull the placenta through the cervix.
After about 30 minutes of waiting, a If surgery is not immediately
manual removal of the placenta is Be prepared to deal with an abnormally available, tight uterine and/or
undertaken. adherent placenta (placenta accreta or vaginal packing to slow the
placenta percreta). These may be bleeding.
Anesthesia: partial or complete.
Rregional If partial/focal:
General Attachments can be manually
broken and the placenta removed.
! IV narcotics
Scabies OB-GYN 101 Facts Card 2003 Brookside Press
Scabies is a skin infection with small The diagnosis is made by visualizing a Diphenhydramine 25-50 mg PO
(1/2 mm) mites, Sarcoptes scabiei. burrow and confirmed by microscopic every 6 hours will relieve some of
visualization of the mite, ova or fecal the itching, but will make the patient
The mites burrow into the skin, laying pellets in scrapings of the burrow sleepy.
their eggs in a trail behind them. About suspended in oil.
a month after the infection, there is a In severe cases, Prednisone 40 mg
hypersensitivity skin reaction, with Treatment is: PO QD X 2 days, then 20 mg X 2
raised, intensely itchy skin lesions, days, then 10 mg X 2 days will
most noticeable at night. 5% permethrin cream (Nix, Elimite) provide significant relief. This
applied to the skin from the neck down regimen should be used cautiously
The burrows (tunnels) from the mites and left in place for 10 to 14 hours in operational environments as it will
can be seen through the skin as thin, before washing off. Itching may persist suppress the immune system,
serpentine, scaly lines of up to 1 cm in for up to one month and should not be making the patient more vulnerable
length. They are most commonly found viewed as an indicator of failed to other problems.
in the fingerwebs, elbows, axilla, and treatment.
inner surface of the wrists. They are Unlike pubic lice, Sarcoptes scabiei
also seen commonly on the breast If permethrin is not available, 1% do not live long on clothing or bed
areolae of women and along the belt lindane(Kwell lotion or shampoo) once linens.
line and genitals of men. after showering and left in place for 10
minutes before rinsing. This may be
The infection is spread by skin-to-skin repeated in 7 days if necessary. Do not
contact with an infected person. use more often or longer than this as
lindane has neurotoxicity potential.
!
Sciatica OB-GYN 101 Facts Card 2003 Brookside Press
stretching or compression of the In order to maintain this semi-
Sciatica occurs in 30% of pregnant nerves within the pelvis. fetal position comfortably, it is
women and is characterized by sharp
necessary to place a small pillow,
pains in the hip and buttock on one or Treatment of sciatica:
folded blanket or towel between
both sides, shooting down the back of
Avoid standing for long periods of the patient's knees. This will
the thigh. There may also be
time. absorb moisture, separate the
numbness of the anterior thigh on the
When sleeping, assume a semi- legs, minimizing skin-to-skin
effected side.
fetal position, with both knees contact, and provide additional
drawn up and a pillow placed support to the legs. With practice,
The sciatic nerve (tibial and common this position will become very
between the knees.
peroneal nerve bound together) arises comfortable.
from nerve roots exiting the spine When sitting, make sure the knees
are slightly flexed so that the knees When sitting at a desk, posture is
between L4 and S3. Any compression very important.
of these nerve roots can lead to these are at least level with the hips or
symptoms. slightly higher than the hips.
Sleeping with one leg straight and
the other knee drawn up is a bad
Sciatica can occur at any time, but position as far as the back is
pregnancy predisposes towards it: concerned. Torsion is placed on the
Pregnancy causes an accentuated lower spine, aggravating any
lordosis of the spine. pressure on the sciatic nerve that
Pregnancy causes weight gain may be present.
Pregnancy softens the cartilage of Sleeping on the side while pregnant
the sacro-iliac joint, de-stabilizing is a good, idea, but both knees
the pelvic architecture and should be drawn up (flexing the
thighs). Either side will work well.
! increasing the likelihood of
Shoulder Dystocia OB-GYN 101 Facts Card 2003 Brookside Press
Acute obstetrical emergency. o Large Episiotomy: If there is any o Unscrew the shoulders: like a
Head is out, but shoulders stuck. restriction of the soft tissue, light-bulb. Rotate the posterior
If not relieved, fetus will ultimately place an episiotomy large shoulder to the anterior
die. enough to accommodate the position.
May lead to stretching or tearing of fetus youre your hand for any o Cephalic replacement: flex the
the brachial plexus, causing Erbs maneuvers that may be chin to the chest, push the
Palsy or Klumpkes Palsy. necessary. fetus back inside, then C/S.
More common among diabetic o MacRoberts Maneuver: With the
women and large fetuses. woman on her back, push her
Cant be predicted or prevented. legs back against her abdomen.
o Suprapubic Pressure: Have an
Diagnosis: assistant push the fetal shoulder
down and away from the pubic
Turtle Sign (after fetal head
bone while the woman is
delivered, head retracts back
pushing.
against perineum.
o Deliver the posterior arm: Follow
Body of the baby fails to deliver
the posterior arm from the
after the head is already out.
shoulder to the elbow and finally
Double chin on fetus. to the wrist. Grasp the hand and
pullit out toward you.
Treatment o Nudge the shoulders from
Dont pull down forcefully on the vertical (12 and 6) to slightly off
head. This can stretch or tear the axis (11 and 5, or 1 and 7
nerves in the arm. oclock).
!
Maneuvers:
Simple Ovarian Cysts OB-GYN 101 Facts Card 2003 Brookside Press
intercourse. The cyst usually ruptures
An ovarian cyst is a fluid-filled sac within a month. An endometrioma is a form of an
arising from the ovary. ovarian cyst that results from ectopic
endometrial tissue being present in
If the cyst is small, its' rupture usually the ovary. During the normal cyclic
Functional cysts are common and occurs unnoticed. If large, or if there is
generally cause no trouble. During hormonal changes, this ectopic
associated bleeding from the torn endometrium responds with
ovulation a small ovarian cyst (<3.0 edges of the cyst, then cyst rupture
cm)forms. Large cysts (>7.0 cm) are proliferative growth, decidualization,
can be accompanied by pain. The pain and then sloughing, accompanied by
less common and should be followed is initially one-sided and then spreads
clinically or with ultrasound. bleeding. As the blood is trapped
to the entire pelvis. Rarely, surgery is within the ovarian capsule or stroma,
necessary to stop continuing bleeding. it gradually accumulates, forming a
Occasionally, simple cysts may:
chronic hematoma, known as an
Delay menstruation A torsioned ovarian cyst occurs when endometrioma.
Rupture the cyst twists on its' vascular stalk,
Twist disrupting its' blood supply. The most troublesome aspect of
Cause pain endometriomas from a diagnostic
Patients have severe unilateral pain standpoint is that they can mimic
95% of ovarian cysts disappear with signs of peritonitis (rebound any of the ovarian neoplasms.
spontaneously, usually after the next tenderness, rigidity). Treatment is Classically, the endometriomas have
menstrual flow. surgery to remove the necrotic adnexa. a ground-glass, slightly speckled
Mortality rates from this condition appearance on sonar, but may
Unruptured ovarian cys usually cause (without surgery) are in the range of demonstrate both cystic and solid
no symptoms, they can cause pain, 20%. components.
particularly with strenuous exercise or
!
Skenitis OB-GYN 101 Facts Card 2003 Brookside Press
A Skene's gland is on each side of the Good choices for antibiotics would
urethral opening. It is normally neither include those most helpful for treating
seen nor felt, although close inspection urethritis:
will reveal the pinpoint openings of
these periurethral glands. Cefixime 400 mg orally in a single
dose, OR
Ceftriaxone 125 mg IM in a single
When infected, the Skene's gland will
dose, OR
become enlarged and tender.
Ciprofloxacin 500 mg orally in a
single dose, OR
A simple incision and drainage of the Ofloxacin 400 mg orally in a single
gland will generally result in complete dose,
resolution. Topical anesthetic (20%
benzocaine, or "Hurricaine") can be PLUS
applied to the cyst with a cotton-tipped
applicator and allowed to sit for 3-4 Azithromycin 1 g orally in a single
minutes. A single stab wound by a dose, OR
scalpel opens the abscess and allows Doxycycline 100 mg orally twice a
for drainage of the pus. day for 7 days.
The pain is most noticeable during The diagnosis is based on the physical
intercourse and is very consistent, both examination, with persistent areas of
in character and location. tenderness to touch, located in the U-
shaped area surrounding the hymenal
The pain and tenderness is distributed ring. Biopsy is neither necessary nor
in a U-shaped pattern around the often done.
introitus and includes the hymeneal
remnants and up to 1 cm of skin Treatment is problematic. Antibiotics,
exterior to the hymen. Visually, the anti-fungals, anti-virals, estrogens, and
tender areas are reddened and steroids are often used and are often
touching them gently with a cotton- found to be ineffective. Antioxalates
tipped applicator will duplicate the pain (used with the theory that oxalates
they experience during intercourse (a provoke a skin reaction in this area)
positive "Q-Tip Test"). Biopsy of these are promoted by some, but
tender areas will show a generalized randomized studies demonstrate them
inflammatory pattern of non-specific to be no better than placebo.
etiology.
Several studies have demonstrated the
Some women with vestibulitis indicate efficacy of surgical excision of the
!
they have always felt this discomfort
!
Wet Mount OB-GYN 101 Facts Card 2003 Brookside Press
Put a Tiny Amount of Discharge on a After the cell membranes are These clue cells are vaginal
Microscope Slide. Make this as small dissolved, the typical branching and epithelial cells studded with bacteria.
as possible. budding yeast cells can be seen. It resembles a pancake that has
Sometimes, it has the appearance of a fallen into a bowl of poppy seeds,
Add one drop of Normal Saline (0.9% tangled web of threads. At other times, but on a microscopic level.
NaCl) to the drop of discharge. Mix only small branches will be seen.
well on the slide. Make a 2nd slide in A normal vaginal epithelial cell is
the same way, using 10 percent KOH.. Yeast normally live in the vagina, but clear, with recognizable contents,
only in very small numbers. If you and sharp, distinct cell borders.
Place glass coverslips over the slides. visualize any yeast in your sample, it is
Remove excess fluid with tissue paper. considered significant. A clue cell appears smudged, with
indistinct contents and fuzzy, poorly
Wait 2 minutes for the cell membranes Trichomonas is best seen on the defined borders.
to dissolve, or heat the KOH slide to Normal Saline slide. These protozoans
speed the dissolving process. are about the same size as a white
blood cell (a little smaller than a
vaginal epithelial cell), but their violent
Examine the prepared slides under a
motion is striking and unmistakable.
microscope. The lowest power (~ 40X)
works the best.
Bacterial vaginosis (also known as
Gardnerella, hemophilus, or non-
Yeast (Candida, Monilia) is best
specific vaginitis) is characterized by
identified with the KOH slide.
the presence of "clue cells" visible at
both low and medium power.
!
X-ray Exposure OB-GYN 101 Facts Card 2003 Brookside Press
circumstances. There appears to be a
All things being equal (which they threshold for fetal malformation or
never are), it is better to avoid x-rays death of at least 10 Rads, below which,
while pregnant. biologic effects cannot be
demonstrated. Allowing for a 10-fold
If indicated, (chronic cough, possible margin of safety, it does not appear
fracture, etc.), then x-rays are that any exposure below 1 Rad will
acceptable. have any harmful effects.
If you need an x-ray for a pregnant It would take about a thousand chest x-
patient, go ahead and get it, but try to rays to deliver this amount of radiation
shield the baby with a lead apron to to the unshielded maternal pelvis.
minimize the fetal exposure.
At the same time, our knowledge of the
In your zeal to shield the pregnant biologic effects or radiation may be
abdomen, be careful not to shield so incomplete, so it is better for pregnant
much that the value of the x-ray is women, as a rule, to avoid any
diminished. If the shielding is too high unnecessary exposure to ionizing
while obtaining a chest x-ray, you will radiation, and to use appropriate
have to obtain a second x-ray to shielding when it is necessary.
visualize the area shielded during the
first x-ray.