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Mathematics (2-Unit) Revision Half Yearly 2008

Basic Arithmetic Chapter 1

Rounding Off
> When a number is exactly halfway between two other numbers, you round to the
larger number e.g. 150 rounds to 200 not 100.
> To round off to a certain number of significant figures, you count from the first non-
zero digit e.g. 0.0245 to 1 significant figure is 0.02.
> Zeros become significant if they are between non-zero digits numbers e.g. 1.034 to
3 significant figures is 1.03.

Conversions
> Fraction to decimal = divide denominator into numerator.
> Decimal to fraction = put decimal over 100 and simplify.
> Fraction to percentage = change fraction to decimal and multiply by 100.
> Percentage to fraction = divide by 100 and simplify.
> Decimal to percentage = multiply by 100.
> Percentage to decimal = divide by 100 and divide denominator into numerator.
> Recurring decimals to fractions = let n = recurring decimal, the number of recurring
decimal will be the number of 0s e.g. 2 recurring decimals means 100n. Subtract this
number from n to get xn = terminating number. Solve as an equation.

Order of Operations (BODMAS)


1. Brackets: do calculations inside grouping symbols first (e.g. fraction line,
square root sign, absolute value signs all act as grouping symbols).
2. To the power Of: powers come next.
3. Division and multiplication from left to right.
4. Addition and subtraction from left to right.

Index Laws
a^m * a^n = a^(m + n)
a^m / a^n = a^(m n)
(a^m)^n = a^mn
(ab)^n = a^n*b^n
(a/b)^n = (a^n)/(b^n)
x^0 = 1
x^-n = 1/x^n
x^(1/n) = nth root (x)
x^(m/n) = nth root of x to the power of m

Scientific Notation (Standard form)


> Number in scientific notation is written as a number between 1 and 10 multiplied by
a power of 10.

Surds
root a * root b = root a*b
root a / root b = root (a/b)
Absolute Value
If a < 0 then |a| = -a
If a > 0 then |a| = a
If a = 0 then |a| = 0
|a*b| = |a| * |b|
|a|^2 = a^2
|a+b| < |a| + |b|

Algebra and Surds Chapter 2

Addition and Subtration: you can only add and subtract like terms (the same
pronumerals).
Multiplication and Division: use cancelling and index laws to simplify these.
a(b+c) = ab + ac
(a+b)(x+y) = ax + ay + bx + by
(a+b)(x+y+z) = ax + ay + az +bx + by +bz
(a+b)(a-b) = a^2 b^2
(a+b)^2 = a^2 + 2ab + b^2
(a-b)^2 = a^2 2ab + b^2
ax + bx = x(a+b)
ax + bx + ay + by = (a+b)(x+y)
x^2 + (a+b)x + ab = (x+a)(x+b)
a^3 + b^3 = (a+b)(a^2 ab + b^2)
a^3 b^3 = (a-b)(a^2 + ab + b^2)
Add (p/2)^2 to complete the square on a^2 + pa
a root b * c root d = ac root bd
root a * root a = a
a/root b = a root b / b
[a / (root x + root y)] * [(root x root y) / (root x root y)]
= [a (root x root y)] / (x y)

Equations Chapter 3

If a number is added, subtract it both sides


If a number is subtracted, add it to both sides
If a number is multiplied, divide it from both sides
If a number is divided, multiply it from both sides
If a > b then a+c > b+c for all c
If a > b then a-c > b-c for all c
If a > b then ac > bc for all c > 0
If a > b then ac < bc for all c < 0
If a > b then a / c > b / c for all c > 0
If a > b then a / c < b / c for all c < 0
If a > b then (1/a < 1/b) for all positive numbers a and b
The inequality sign reverses when multiplying by a negative, dividing by a
negative, taking the reciprocal of both sides or changing the numbers on the
left to the right and right to the left.
When solving absolute value equations, you take the positive and negative
cases.
When solving exponential equations, you can equate the powers when the base
for each side is the same.
When solving quadratics, you can solve by factorisation, completing the
square or by the quadratic formula.
Quadratic formula: x = (-b {+ or } root (b^2 4ac)) / 2a
When solving quadratic inequations you use the same methods as solving a
quadratic equation but you need to check your answers on a number line or
something of the equivalent.
When solving simultaneous equations, you can use the substitution or
elimination method.

Functions and Graphs Chapter 5

A relation is a set of ordered pairs.


A function is a special type of relation where for every x value there is only 1
y value.
If a vertical line cuts a graph once anywhere along the graph, the graph is a
function.
If y is a function of x, then y = f(x) (function notation).
For even functions, f(x) = f(-x).
For odd functions, f(-x) = -f(x).
To find the x-intercepts, put y = 0.
To find the y-intercepts, put x = 0.
The domain is the set of all possible x-values.
The range is the set of all possible y-values.
Straight line graphs: ax + by + c = 0 or y = mx + b
For the straight line ax + by + c = 0 the domain is all real x and the range is all
real y.
Parabola: y = ax^2 + bx + c
The domain of the parabola y = ax^2 + bx + c is all real x. To find the range of
a parabola, use the fact that x^2 > 0 for all x, or find the minimum or
maximum point on the graph.
The circle (is not a function) is a graph whose equation is
x^2 + ax + y^2 + by + c = 0.
The equation of a circle with radius r and centre of (0, 0) is x^2 + y^2 = r^2
The equation of a circle with radius r and centre (a, b) is given by
(x a)^2 + (y b)^2 = r^2.
y = root (r^2 x^2) describes the semi-circle above the x-axis (y > 0)
y = root (r^2 x^2) describes the semi-circle below the x-axis (y < 0)
When graphing absolute values, you can use either a table of values or the
absolute value definition.
The exponential graph is of the form y = a^x.
If in doubt when graphing, use a table of values.
For finding limits, factorise if possible and then sub in the value the limit is
approaching.
If a curve is discontinuous, you use limits to find the value that curve
approaches at the point.
The hyperbola is a function with its equation in the form xy = a or y = a/x.
For regions, if the line is included in the region, draw it as an unbroken line (>
or <). If it is not included in the region, draw it as a broken line (< or >).

Trigonometry Chapter 6

Sine x = opposite / hypotenuse


Cosine x = adjacent / hypotenuse
Tangent x = opposite / adjacent
Cosecant x = 1 / sin x = hypotenuse / opposite
Secant x = 1 / cos x = hypotenuse / adjacent
Cotangent x = 1 / tan x = adjacent / opposite
Sin x = cos (90 x)
Cos x = sin (90 x)
Sec x = cosec (90 x)
Cosec x = sec (90 x)
Tan x = cot (90 x)
Cot x = tan (90 x)
60 minutes = 1 degree
60 seconds = 1 minute
The angle of elevation is the angle measured when looking from the ground up
to the top of the object. We assume that the ground is horizontal.
The angle of depression is the angle measured when looking down from the
horizontal to an object below.
True bearings measure angles clockwise from north.
Sin 45 = 1/ root 2
Cos 45 = 1/ root 2
Tan 45 = 1
Sin 60 = root 3/ 2
Cos 60 =
Tan 60 = root 3
Sin 30 =
Cos 60 = root 3 / 2
Tan 30 = 1/ root 3
Quadrant 1 = sin, cos and tan are all positive.
Quadrant 2 = sin is positive, cos and tan are negative.
Quadrant 3 = tan is positive, sin and cos are negative.
Quadrant 4 = cos is positive, sin and tan are negative.
Sin (180 x) = sin x
Cos (180 x) = - cos x
Tan (180 x) = - tan x
Sin (180 + x) = - sin x
Cos (180 + x) = - cos x
Sin (360 x) = - sin x
Cos (360 x) = cos x
Tan (360 x) = - tan x
All Stations To Central
Sin 0 = 0
Sin 90 = 1
Sin 180 = 0
Sin 270 = -1
Sin 360 = 0
Cos 0 = 1
Cos 90 = 0
Cos 180 = -1
Cos 270 = 0
Cos 360 = 1
Tan 0 = 0
Tan 90 = undefined
Tan 180 = 0
Tan 270 = undefined
Tan 360 = 0
Tan x = sin x / cos x
Cot x = cos x / sin x
Sin^2 x + cos^2 x = 1
1 + cot^2 x = cosec^2 x
tan^2 x + 1 = sec^2 x
sin A / a = sin B / b = sin C / c
a / sin A = b / sin B = c / sin C
a^2 = b^2 + c^2 2bc cos A
cos A = (b^2 + c^2 a^2) / 2bc
A = ab sin C

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