Physics Lab.

Report
For Pharmacy Students
Heat Experiments

1- Joules law of heating

2- Latent heat of fusion

Date: Name:

ID: Group:

Grades:
Data Collection: /10
Data Calculation: /10
Behaviour & Participation: /5
Conclusion: /5

Total: /30

T.A. Signature
 1-Joules law of heating

Results and calculations

Cc (Stainless Steel) = 0.3 cal / g o C

Cw = 1 cal / g o C
Joule's constant in literature (4.18 J/cal)

mc (g) mw (g) V (V) I (A) t (s) T

Calculations

Conclusions:

2
 2-Latent Heat of Fusion of ICE

Results and calculations

M1 (g) M2 (g) T1 T2 M3 (g)

Calculations:

Conclusions:

3
 Physics Lab. Manual
For Pharmacy Students
Heat Experiments

1- Joules law of heating

2- Latent heat of fusion

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 1-Joules law of heating
Objectives
Determine mechanical equivalent of heat (J) by converting electrical energy into
heat energy.
Apparatus
Calorimeter, power supply (A.C.), Thermometer, scale, Thermal resistance,
Voltmeter, Ammeter, water, wires.
Theory
According to Joules law of heating, when a mechanical (or electrical energy W)
is converted into heat energy H, the heat produced is directly proportional to
mechanical energy.

W H
W = J H (1)
J: is the constant of proportionality and it is called the mechanical equivalent of
heat or joules constant, its unit is (J/cal)

In this experiment the mechanical energy (W) is obtained by allowing a current

(I) to pass for a time (t) in a resistor (heater). The energy is given by

W = V I t (2)
Where V: is the potential difference across the resistor during the heating
process.

(Figure 1)

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This energy is converted into heat energy (H) that is absorbed by a quantity of
water of mass (mw) in a calorimeter of mass (mc). So that it produces a change in
temperature T, so

H = (mw Cw+ mc Cc)T(3)

Where
Cw : specific heat of water
CC : specific heat of calorimeter.

Using (2) and (3) in (1) we get

VIt
J= (J/cal) (*)
(m w C w m cal C cal )
By which we can calculate the Joules constant.

Procedures

(1) Weigh the calorimeter empty to get its mass mc (g).

(2) Put 100 ml of water in the calorimeter.
(3) Weigh the calorimeter and water to get the mass of water mw=m-mc.
(4) Put the calorimeter in its insulating envelope then insert the heating
element into the calorimeter, and then put a thermometer inside the
calorimeter.
(5) Connect the circuit as shown in figure (1).
(6) Measure the temperature of water and calorimeter.
(7) Switch the power supply on and the stopwatch on.
(8) Measure the time needed for the temperature of water and calorimeter to
increase by 5 oC.
(9) When the temperature rises by 5 oC, take the reading of Voltmeter (V) and
the Ammeter (I).
(10) Use the values of V, I, t, mw, mc, Cw, Cc and T=5 oC in equation (*) to
calculate the value of J.
(11) Compute the percentage of error comparing the calculated and the
standard values of J (4.18 J/cal).

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Results and calculations

Cc (StainlessSteel) = 0.3 cal / g o C

Cw = 1 cal / g o C
Joule's constant in literature (4.18 J/cal)

mc (g) mw (g) V (V) I (A) t (s) T

Calculations

Conclusions:

7
 2-Latent Heat of Fusion of ICE

Objectives
Determine the latent heat of fusion of ice.

Apparatus:
Calorimeter, weighing scale, thermometer, ice cubes, beaker, and paper towels.

Theory:
When a substance changes state (e.g., solid - liquid - gas), it absorbs or liberates a
large quantity of heat, but during the change of state, the temperature remains
constant. The quantity of heat required to change unit mass of substance from
solid to liquid state without change of temperature is called the latent heat of
fusion. The latent heat of vaporization of a substance is defined as the quantity of
heat required to change unit mass of a substance from liquid to the vapor state,
without change in temperature. the latent heat is measured in BTU/lb (British
Thermal Unit /pound ) or calories/gram.
In the determination of heat of fusion by the method of mixtures, ice that has
been dried is placed in a known quantity of warm water in a calorimeter. After
complete melting of the ice, the equilibrium temperature is measured. the mass
of ice is obtained by weighing the mixture. The heat equation is solved for the
heat of fusion of ice.
Heat of fusion is computed as follows:

Mass of calorimeter and stirrer: M1 g

Mass of warm water: M2 g

Temperature of warm water and calorimeter: T1 C
Equilibrium temperature of water + ice mixture: T2 C

Mass of the ice added to warm water: Mice g

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 Let L denote latent heat of fusion. Then for determining L, heat lost by warm water
and calorimeter is equated to the heat gained by ice and ice-water.

Heat lost = M1Cc (T1 - T2) + M2 (T1 - T2)

= (M1Cc + M2) (T1 - T2)

Heat gained = M3L + M3(T2 - 0)

Thus, M3L + M3T2 = (M1 Cc + M2) (T1 - T2)

This equation is used to compute L. Here Cc denotes the specific heat of calorimeter.

Procedure:
1. Weigh the calorimeter and stirrer (M1).
2. Fill the calorimeter about half-full with warm water (about 10 C above room
temperature), heat the water if necessary.
3. Weigh the calorimeter, and warm water. Find the mass of the warm water (M2).
4. Stir the water carefully and record the temperature of the warm water and colorimeter
(T1).
5. Then immediately add 2-4 cubes of melting ice that have been dried with paper
towels.
6. Continue stirring slowly until all ice has melted. Record the temperature of the ice-
water mixture (T2). This temperature should be about 10 C below room temperature.
Add more ice cubes if necessary to bring temperature down 10 C below room
temperature.
7. Obtain the mass of the added ice by weighing the mixture.
8. Use these data to calculate the latent heat of fusion.
9. Compute the percent error by comparing the calculated with the standard value of the
latent heat of fusion of ice 80 cal/g.

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Results and calculations

M1 (g) M2 (g) T1 T2 M3 (g)

Calculations:

Conclusions:

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