ANALOGY-> An analogy is a comparison in which an idea or a thing is compared to another

thing that is quite different from it. It aims at explaining that idea or thing by comparing it to something
that is familiar.

EXAMPLES:

1.Life is like a race. The one who keeps running wins the race and the one who stops to catch a breath
loses.

2.Just as a sword is the weapon of a warrior, a pen is the weapon of a writer.

3.How a doctor diagnoses diseases is like how a detective investigates crimes.

4.Just as a caterpillar comes out of its cocoon, so we must come out of our comfort zone.

5.You are as annoying as nails on a chalkboard.

ALLEGORY-> Allegory is a figure of speech in which abstract ideas and principles are
described in terms of characters, figures and events.

EXAMPLES:
1. Animal Farm, written by George Orwell, is an allegory that uses animals on a farm to describe the
overthrow of the last of the Russian Tsar Nicholas II and the Communist Revolution of Russia before WW I.
The actions of the animals on the farm are used to expose the greed and corruption of the revolution. It
also describes how powerful people can change the ideology of a society. One of the cardinal rules on the
farm for the animals is:

All animals are equal but a few are more equal than others.

The animals on the farm represent different sections of Russian society after the revolution.

For instance, the pigs represent those who came to power following the revolution; Mr. Jones the owner
of the farm represents the overthrown Tsar Nicholas II; while Boxer the horse, represents the laborer
class etc. The use of allegory in the novel allows Orwell to make his position clear about the Russian
Revolution and expose its evils.

2. Faerie Queen, a masterpiece of Edmund Spenser, is a moral and religious allegory.

The good characters of book stand for the various virtues, while the bad characters represent vices. The
Red-Cross Knight represents holiness while Lady Una represents truth, wisdom and goodness. Her
parents symbolize the human race. The Dragon which has imprisoned them stands for evil. The mission
of holiness is to help the truth, fight evil, and thus regain its rightful place in the hearts of human beings.
The Red-Cross Knight in this poem also represents the reformed church of England fighting against the
Dragon which stands for the Papacy or the Catholic Church.

3. John Bunyans Pilgrims Progress is an example of spiritual allegory. The ordinary sinner Christian
leaves the City of Destruction and travels towards Celestial City, where God resides, for salvation. He
finds Faithful, a companion who helps him on his way to the City. On many instances, many characters
Hypocrisy, Apollyon, Mr. Worldy Wiseman and Obstinate and Pliable try to discourage or stop him
from achieving his aim. Finally, he reaches the Celestial City carried by Hopefuls faith.

The moral learnt through this allegory is that the road to Heaven is not easy and it is full of obstacles. A
Christian has to be willing to pay any price to achieve salvation. A man is full of sins, but this does not
stop him from achieving glory.

CAESURA-> Everyone speaks, and everyone breathes too. While speaking, everyone breathes.
For instance, when you say, Maria has taken breaks, you take breath before further saying that, But
Adam did not, then again you take a little breath and say, He fell on his ankle. Such pauses come from
natural rhythm of your speech. Poetry also uses pauses in the lines. One of such pauses is known as
caesura, which is a rhythmical pause in a poetic line or a sentence. It often occurs in the middle of a line,
or sometimes at the beginning and the end. At times, it occurs with punctuation; however, at other times it
does not. Poets indicate it with a parallel symbol thus: ||. Caesura can be medial (occurring in the middle
of line), initial (occurring at the beginning of poetic line), or terminal (occurring at the end of a poetic
line).

EXAMPLES:
Feminine Caesura

Feminine caesural pause occurs after a non-stressed and short syllable in a poetic line. This is little softer
and less abrupt. For instance:

I hear lake water lapping || with low sounds by the shore

(The Lake Isle of Innisfree by William Butler Yeats)

It has two subdivisions,

Epic Caesura

Lyric Caesura

Masculine caesura

Masculine pause occurs after a long or accented syllable in a line. It creates staccato effect in the poem,
such as:

of reeds and stalk-crickets, || fiddling the dank air,

lacing his boots with vines, || steering glazed beetles

DEUS EX MACHINA-> The term deus ex machina refers to the circumstance where
an implausible concept or a divine character is introduced into a storyline for the purpose of resolving
its conflict and procuring an interesting outcome.

EXAMPLES:
Medea: When Medea is shown in the chariot of the sun god Helios, the god himself isnt present. From her
vantage point in the chariot she watches the grieving Jason. The argument goes about that this specific
scene is an illustration of the employment of the device within the plot of the tragedy.

Hippolytus: There are three deities present in this play: the jealous Aphrodite, Artemis the object of
Hippolytus affection, and vengeful Poseidon. However it is only Artemis who appears. She explains to
Theseus that Hippolytus was innocent all along and that it was Aphrodite who had sinned and caused all
the grief. Artemis also promises to destroy any man Aphrodite ever loves.

Andromache: In the end of the play, Thetis the sea goddess appears to Peleus. She comes to take Peleus
back with her to her ocean home. The play ends with Peleus going with Thetis his wife, into the ocean.

Helen: Theoclymenos is furious when Helen and Menelaus trick him and run away together .In
consequence, he tries to murder his sister for not telling him that Menelaus was not dead. The demi-gods
Castor and Polydeuces, Helens brothers and sons of Zeus and Leda, appear astonishingly to interrupt.

Orestes: Apollo appears on stage to bring things in order. Apollo clears the situation by informing that
Helen had been put amongst the stars and therefore Menelaus should return to Sparta. He also orders
Orestes to travel to Athens to stand trial in their court and ensures him of his subsequent acquittal.
Further, Apollo states that Orestes will marry Hermione and that Pylades and Electra will also marry.