EnglSTCV2 PDF

Maritime University of Constanta
Faculty Electromechanics
Specialisation Electromechanics
I-st year
2-nd term
Students Coursebook
1
Contents Page
UNIT 1. TYPES OF VESSELS 4

Objectives of Unit 1 5
1.1 Introduction 5
1.2 Transportation 5
1.3 Assistance and service 9
1.4 Relative adverbs 11
Self-assessment test 11
Progress test 11
Answers to self-assessment test 12
References 12
UNIT 2. TYPES OF VESSELS: TASKS 13
2.1 Idioms 14
2.2 Purpose and design 17
Progress test 21
References 22
UNIT 3. GENERAL ARRANGEMENT PLAN 23
3.1 Spaces and separations 24
3.2 The upper deck 25
Progress test 26
References 26
UNIT 4. GENERAL ARRANGEMENT PLAN: TASKS 27
4.1 Idioms 28
4.2 Spaces and separations 29
4.3 Sentence-ending prepositions 30
Progress test 31
References 32
UNIT 5. SHIP MEASUREMENT 33
5.1 Ship characteristics 34
5.2 Dimensions 35
5.3 Binomials 37
Progress test 38
References 39
UNIT 6. SHIP MEASUREMENT: TASKS 40
6.1 Idioms 41
6.2 Matching 42
6.3 Idioms connected with problematic situations 44
Progress test 45
2
References 46
UNIT 7. SHIPBUILDING 47
7.1 Classification 48
7.2 Building the ship 48
7.3 Propellers 50
7.4 Rudders 51
7.5 Stability 52
Progress test 53
References 54
UNIT 8. SHIPBUILDING: TASKS 55
8.1 Idioms 56
8.2 Classification 60
8.3 Propellers: applied terminology, advantages and disadvantages 61
8.4 Survey report 62
Progress test 64
References 64
3
Unit 1
TYPES OF VESSELS
Objectives of Unit 1
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Transportation
1.3 Assistance and service
1.4 Relative adverbs
Self-assessment test
Progress test
Answers to self-assessment test
References
4
OBJECTIVES OF UNIT 1
The main objectives are:

understand the differences in ship operation
identify types of ships
classify ships according to their use
use adverbs instead of pronouns in relative clauses
1.1 Introduction
Generally speaking a vessel can be classified according to the purpose she serves. The most
common purposes are:
1) transportation of cargo or/and passengers;
2) assistance and service (by so called "special purpose vessels");
3) the catching of fish (fishermen);
4) peace keeping (warships).
Furthermore we can make the distinction between sea-going vessels and vessels for coastal
trade and/or inland waterways.
1. Transportation
Liners and tramps
Vessels that have been designed to transport cargo or/and passengers are called merchant
ships. They may be classified as liners or tramps.
A liner carries cargoes between two fixed destinations.
Her sailing schedule has been prearranged - she has a fixed homeport, port of
destination and port(s) of call, and fixed ETA's and ETD's (Estimated Times of Arrival
and Estimated Times of Departure). A liner-vessel is allowed to carry up to 12 passengers.
Freighters that carry cargoes according to schedules that are not fixed are called tramps.
Homeports, ports of destination, ports of call, ETAs and ETD's differ with every voyage.
Merchant ships may carry general cargoes, bulk cargoes, refrigerated cargoes, heavy
cargoes, timber, and many more.
1.2 Transportation
General cargo is cargo that has been packed incrates, boxes or bags, or cargo coming in
pieces (unpacked cargo items). Cargo is loaded and discharged by the vessel's own derricks
or by shore based cranes.
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General cargo ships
The conventional general cargo ship has several tweendecks, so that the cargoes for the
various destinations can be reached and discharged without having to remove cargo
for other destinations first. Under the influence of cargo-palletization the "open freighter"
was fitted with two or even three hatches side by side.
Both types of vessels, the general cargo ship and the open freighter, are becoming rather
obsolete, since general cargo is more and more transported by vessels that have been
designed to carry general cargo in containers.
Bulk Carriers
Bulk cargo is unpacked cargo of one commodity. Dry bulk cargo,

such as grain, ore, fertilizers, etc. is carried in specially designed
vessels with holds that have been divided into compartments by
longitudinal and transverse separations, so that the ship's
stability will not be affected by a full cargo.
The holds of these ships are often constructed in such a way that
they are self-trimming; this means that the surface of the cargo is
constantly made equal by special pumps in rolling
circumstances or when the vessel has a list. Dry bulk cargo is
loaded and discharged by cranes with grabs or by pumps.
Liquid cargoes such as crude oil, petroleum, edible oils, etc. are LPG-Carrier
carried in tankers, for example in Very Large Crude Carriers
(VLCC's), chemical tankers, such as Liquefied Petroleum Gas
tankers (LPG carriers) or Liquefied Natural Gas tankers (LNG
carriers).Product tankers are small tankers that carry different
sorts of oils.For safety reasons tankers must be fitted with double
bottoms. These spaces also provide storage for fuel, lubricating
oil and waters.Tankers are divided into compartments by
longitudinal and transverse bulkheads.
Cofferdams are empty spaces between the tanks and in the

double bottom. They serve as separations to prevent liquids from
leaking from one tank into the other. Cofferdams often serve as
pump-rooms.
Pumps for loading and discharging the cargo may be installed in VLCC
these compartments. Tankers are often loaded and discharged in
the offing by means of flexible pipes.
This system of wet bulk handling reduces the number of laydays.
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Container ships
Cargo that has been containerized is carried by container ships.
Containers are most often measured in Twenty Feet Equivalent
Units (TEU's) and are stowed in a cellular arrangement in
Rows, Bays and Tiers.
The rows run abeam, or athwartship; the bays run fore to aft
and the tiers are horizontal layers. The three-figure code on
each container refers to this stowage system. Thus, each
container can easily be found. Bays, Rows and Tiers
Container ships are sometimes equipped with their own gantry on a Container Ship
cranes that load and discharge the containers. Container ships
may carry general cargoes, liquid cargoes or refrigerated
cargoes.
The advantages of carrying cargo in containers are: short lay
time because of efficient and rapid cargo handling; few
stevedores are required; less pilferage because the cargo has
been stored in locked
containers.
Roll-on / Roll-off ships (Ro / Ro ships)
On a Ro / Ro ship cargo is rolled on and rolled off by lorries or

trailers.
The great advantage of this system is that no cargo handling
equipment is required.
The loaded vehicles are driven aboard via ramps through
special stem and bow doors and are properly secured for the
passage. Upon arrival in the port of discharge, the vehicles are
released and driven ashore to their destinations.
Coasters
A coaster carries cargo along the coast or on sea-voyages. Trans-Atlantic voyages are quite
common.
A coaster is of limited length and tonnage.
Her engine room is situated aft. Often there are no tweendecks

and the cargo spaces have no obstacles, so that a variety of
cargo can be handled.
Hatches are very broad and cover most of the main deck
surface. Because of her limited length she will hardly
experience any problems related to longitudinal stresses.
However, due to the broad hatchways, transverse
strengthenings are necessary to avoid difficulties caused by
transverse stresses.
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Refrigerated-cargo vessels (Reefers)
Refrigerated-cargo vessels are ships that carry perishable cargoes, such as meat or fruit.
These cargoes require cooling and must be stored in spaces that have precise temperature-
and humidity controls during the voyage.
Reefers, as these ships are also called, are equipped with refrigerating plants.
Lash-vessels
"Lash stands for "Lighter Aboard Ship". A Lash-vessel has a main deck that is flat and
without any obstacles. A lighter is a container that floats in the water. The containers may
be hoisted on board by the vessel's own heavy derricks that stack them on board.
Another way of loading the containers on board is by submerging the vessel first (for this
she must be equipped with a powerful pumping-system), then have tugs or push boats tow
or push the lighters over the Lash-vessel, after which the vessel will emerge again and will
"pick up" the lighters. This type of vessel is also referred to as a "Seabee".
Heavy-load vessel
Heavy-load vessels have been designed to lift and carry extremely heavy
cargo on the main deck.
Their most prominent features are very heavy derricks ("booms"), masts
and lifting-blocks.
Their cargoes, such as drilling platforms, engines, yachts, trains, derelicts
and wrecks, are loaded onto the main deck, which is flat and free from any
obstacles. Heavy-load vessel
A special way of loading and carrying heavy cargo is performed by
submerging the ship and have the cargo-module float over it. She must be
equipped with a powerful pumping-system.
After pumping the ship empty the vessel will emerge again and will pick up the cargo.
Timber Carriers
Timber is a raw material from which wood-products are
manufactured.
Vessels that carry timber can easily be recognised by their tall
derricks.
A timber carrier has been designed in such a way that she can carry a
tall deck cargo.
Her Plimsoll Mark is provided with a special timber Load-line that indicates the maximum
draft to which she is allowed to be loaded under certain circumstances and in different
seasons.
Multi-Purpose Vessels
Cargo ships that carry both general cargo, bulk cargo and containerised cargo are called multi-
purpose (or multi-loads) vessels. These ships are equipped with a variety of cargo handling gears to
load and discharge the different types of cargoes.
An OBO-ship has been designed to carry oil/bulk/ore. She has been subdivided in such a way that
oil can be carried in the largest compartments and ore can be carried in the smaller compartments.
8
Passenger Ships
Passenger ships, such as cross-Channel ferries, have been designed to carry passengers and their
vehicles on a prearranged route. Their main features are more or less the same as the features of
the Ro/Ro vessels.

Cruise ships have been especially designed to carry holidaymakers.
1.3 Assistance and service
Vessels that render assistance and service have been designed to perform specific tasks, for
example assisting other vessels, or providing special services to navigation.
A tug is a vessel that assists other vessels with entering or leaving the port, tows an oil rig to its
position or assists with a salvage operation.
There are sea-going tugs and harbour tugs. Their engines must be capable to develop enormous
powers.
Seagoing tug
The largest and most powerful tugs are often fitted with Controllable Pitch Propellers (C.P.P.)
that have adjustable blades.
Their manoeuvrability will be enhanced even more by bow thrusters and stem thrusters.
One of the main features is that the aft deck of a towing vessel is kept clear of all obstructions
that may interfere with the towing-line.
A salvage vessel is a vessel that rescues other ships and their cargoes from loss at sea.
She must be equipped with heavy derricks to lift wrecks from the seabed.
A buoyage vessel places and maintains buoys. Her aft deck is flat and provides room to carry or
haul in the buoys with her hoisting installation.
A survey vessel performs marine research. She is equipped with oceanographic instruments to
carry out all kinds of measurements and assessments.
A supply boat supplies oil rigs with stores, spare parts and supplies for
domestic use. Her aft deck must be flat.
Additional duties may include the towing of rigs and extinguishing fires,
for which they must be equipped with high-capacity fire-extinguishing
pumps.
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A SAR-vessel performs Search and Rescue when a ship is in distress. She must be capable to
develop high speeds and must be equipped with the most modern communication equipment to
maintain contact with Rescue Co-ordination Centres (RCC).
A Firefloat is a fire fighting vessel. She must have a powerful fire-extinguishing system on board.
A pilot tender (or pilot launch) is a small boat that may be launched from the pilot boat. The
pilot will embark the ship that has requested pilotage from the pilot tender. She is often fitted
with a sheltered aft deck to prevent the pilot from getting wet.
A cable layer lays cables on the bottom of the sea.

She is fitted with a huge horizontal wheel that reels off the cable. This type of
ship is often equipped with a Dynamic Positioning System to keep her in the
exact position when the submarine cable is reeled off.
cable layer
A lightship serves as a beacon for navigation and is anchored in the vicinity

of crowded channels or seaways. She is usually not self-propelled, which means that she has to
be towed to her position.
Icebreakers are designed to ride up the ice and crush a way through for other
ships to follow. This requires a powerful engine and a considerable
strengthening of her stem.
A dredger deepens out harbours and ports, fairways, approaches and

entrances, inland waterways, anchorages, roadsteads, etc. Spoil is discharged into an integrated
hopper or into a hopper that is moored alongside. To keep her in position she is often spudded.
There are bucket dredgers, grab dredgers (or backhoe dredgers) and suction dredgers with drag
heads. A cutterhead is used to disintegrate rocky bottoms.
3) Fisherman
Large and modern fishing vessels (fishermen) are capable of catching

and processing enormous quantities of fish. They may be underway
for weeks before they return to their homeports.
Large refrigerating plants on board provide deep-freezing facilities.
Before the fish are deep-frozen they are often stored in RSW-tanks
(Refrigerated Sea Water Tanks). Powerful winches are used for
hoisting the nets on board.
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1.4 Relative adverbs
A relative adverb can be used instead of a relative pronoun plus preposition. This often makes
the sentence easier to understand.
This is the shop in which I bought my watch.

This is the shop where I bought my watch.
relative adverb meaning use example
when refers to a time

in/on which the day when we met him
expression
where refers to a
in/at which the place where we met him
place
why refers to a
for which the reason why we met him
reason
Self-assessment Test
Choose the correct relative adverb.
1. This is the pub ... I met Angie. (where/when/why)
2. Do you know the reason so many people in the world learn English?
(where/when/why)
3. Braila is the town ... Fanus Neagu was born. (where/when/why)
4. A greengrocer's is a shop ... you can buy vegetables.
(where/when/why)
5. The day ... the ship arrived was very nice. (where/when/why)
6. The noise of the main engine was the reason ... I couldn't sleep last
night.
(where/when/why)
7. This is the church ... Nadia and Bart Conner got married in 1996.
(where/when/why)
Progress test
Answer the following questions:
1. What is bulk cargo?

2. What are the characterristics of a liner?
3. what cargo handling equipment can you find on board ships?
4. what are the advantages of containerization?
5. What are cofferdams?
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6. What do reefers carry?
7. what is a multi porpose vesel?
8. What is a lightship?

Choose the correct relative adverb.
1. This is the pub ... I met Angie. (where)
2. Do you know the reason ... so many people in the world learn English?
(why)
3. Braila is the town ... Fanus Neagu was born. (where)
4. A greengrocer's is a shop ... you can buy vegetables. (where)
5. The day ... the ship arrived was very nice. (when)
6. The noise of the main engine was the reason ... I couldn't sleep last night. (why)
7. This is the church ... Nadia and Bart Conner got married in 1996. (where)
References
1. Van Kluijven, P.C. The International Maritime Language
Programme, Alk & Heijnen Publishers, Alkmaar, 2005.
2. Logie, Vivers, Nisbet, Marlins Study Pack 2 (book and two audio
cassettes). Edinburgh, Marlins, 1998 (ISBN 09531748 1 6)
3. Murphy, R. Essential Grammar In Use. 1st ed. Cambridge,
Cambridge University Press, 1990 (ISBN 0 521 35770 5)
4. http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/relative-
clauses/exercises?11
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Unit 2
Types of Vessels: Tasks
2.1 Idioms
2.2 Purpose and design
Progress test
References
13

translate maritime vocabulary
develop a personalized glossary of maritime terms
express purpose
match words and their definitions
2.1 Idioms
Find out what they mean and learn them by heart.
abeam bow thruster consignee
according to broken stowage contrary to
adjustable blades Bulk Cargo control
advantage bulkhead CPP
aft buoy crude oil
agreement buoyage vessel derelict
anchor cargo derrick
anchorage cargo items design
approach cargo handling equipment destination
assess channel develop
assessment circumstances discharge
athwartship coastal trade disembark
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avoid cofferdam disintegrate
bays, rows and tiers commodity. distress
beacon compare divide
division fertilisers inland waterways.
draft / draught fire fighting vessel intermediate
due to firefloat LASH
e.g. fore to aft launch
edible oils freight rates laydays
embark freighter layer
emerge General Cargo limited length
enhance grab liner
entrance grain liquid
equal harbour tug list
equipped with a hatch LNG carrier

refrigerating plant.
hatchways Load-lines
ETA and ETD Heavy-lift ship. loading and discharging
experienced hoist loading gear
extinguish a fire home port longitudinal and transverse separations
fairlead humidity controls
fairway in the offing lorry
15
features influence LPG carrier
main deck port of call request
maintain prearranged require
marine research prevent roadstead
measure purpose rolling and pitching
measurements quarterdeck sailing schedule
merchant vessels ramp salvage vessel
moored alongside raw material sea-going vessel
multi-loads RCC Search and Rescue
navigation reach seasons
obsolete recognise secure
occur reduce self-propelled
ore reel off shipbroker
perishable cargoes refer to shipowners
petroleum refrigerated cargo shipper
pilferage refrigerated hold shore gang
pilot tender release spoil
port of discharge remove stem
port of destination render assistance stern thruster
stevedores thus tyres
stored tide upon arrival
16
strengthening timber vehicle
sub-marine cable to empty vicinity
submerging trailer VLCC
survey vessel tramp voyage charter
surveyor transfer vulnerable
TEU transverse
three-figure code tweendeck
2.2 Purpose and design
Fill in .....
"Purpose she serves": give a short description of the purpose that the vessel serves.
Begin your answers with "To". In this way a verb will be used to indicate the
vessel's purpose.
Example: 'To transport...."; "To assist...."
"Feature(s) of design": give a short description of particular details of the vessel.
Type of vessel Purpose she serves Feature(s) of design
1) General Cargo Carrier/ To
"Open Freighter"
2) Dry Bulk Carrier To
3)Tanker To
4) Container ship To
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5) Ro/Ro ship To
6) Coaster To
7) Reefer To
8) Lash-vessel To
9) Heavy-load vessel To
10) Timber Carrier To
11) Multi-loads vessel To
12) Tug To
13) Salvage vessel To
18
14) Buoyage vessel To
15) Survey ship To
16) Supply vessel To
17)SAR-vessel To
18) Firefloat To
19) Pilot tender To
20) Cable layer To
21) Icebreaker To
22) Dredger To
23) Fisherman To
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Matching
Match the words in the first column with those in the second column by linking the number to the letter
in the third column (example: A -19). Every expression can only be used once!
A - Merchant ships. 1 - Fore-to-aft container group. A-

B - Semi-submersible heavy-load ship. 2 - Layer. B-
C - Tramp. 3 - Submerging and emerging. C-
D - General cargo. 4 - Beacon. D-

E - Bulk cargo. 5 - Maximum draft. E-
F - Dry Bulk carrier. 6 - Embarkation at sea. F-
G - Tankers. 7 - Placing and maintenance. G-
H - Bay. 8 - Disintegrate. H-
I - Tier. 9 - Spud system. I-
J - Ro/Ro. 10 - No fixed schedule. J-
K - Heavy-Lift ship. 11 - Riding up. K-
L - Plimsoll Mark. 12 - No cargo handling equipment. L-
M - Multi-Purpose vessel. 13 - Booms. M-
N - Passenger ship. 14 - Different types of cargo. N-
0 -CPP. 15 - Transportation of fertilisers. 0-

P - Buoyage vessel. 16 - Cross Channel ferry. P-
Q - Survey ship. 17- Crates, boxes, bags and pieces. Q-

R - Search and Rescue vessel. 18 - Marine research. R-
S - Pilot tender. 19 - Liners and tramps. S-

T - Lightship. 20 - Adjustable blades. T-
U - Icebreaker. 21 - Carries crude oil or edible oil U-
V- Dredger. 22 -RCC. V-
W-Cutterhead. 23 - One commodity. W-
4) What do the following abbreviations stand for?
"VLCC" ______________________________
"LPG" ____________________________
"LNG" ____________________________
"Ro/Ro" ____________________________
"Lash" ____________________________
"OBO" ____________________________
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"CPP"____________________________
"SAR"____________________________
"RSW-tank"____________________________
Match the words in the first column with those in the second column.
1. liner a. double bottom
2. open freighter b. rows, bays and tiers
3. tankers c. regular route
4. cofferdam d. pump room
5. container ships e. no cargo handling equipment
6. ro/ro ships f. two or more hatches very close to each other
Progress test
Match the words with their definitions:
1. bulkhead a. the front of a vessel.
2. athwartship b. a direction across the width of a

vessel.
3. board c. to gain access to a vessel.
4. bow d. any void or empty space in a

vessel or container not occupied
by cargo.
5. broken stowage e. a partition separating one part of

a ship from another part.

1. liner a. regular route
2. open freighter b. two or more hatches very close to each other
3. tankers c. double bottom
4. cofferdam d. pump room
5. container ships e. rows, bays and tiers
6. ro/ro ships f. no cargo handling equipment
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References
1. Logie, Vivers, Nisbet Marlins Study Pack 2 (book and two audio
2. Van Kluijven, P.C. The International Maritime Language Programme,
Alk & Heijnen Publishers, Alkmaar, 2005.
3. Murphy, R. Essential Grammar In Use. 1st ed. Cambridge, Cambridge
University Press, 1990 (ISBN 0 521 35770 5)
4. http://www.marad.dot.gov/documents/Glossary_final.pdf
22
Unit 3
General Arrangement Plan
3.1 Spaces and separations
3.2 The upper deck
Progress test
References
23

name some important parts of a vessels
identify spaces and separations
describe the upper deck
Spaces and separations
The general arrangement plan shows the division of a vessel into compartments in cross sections and
longitudinal sections.
The compartments are formed by vertical separations

(longitudinal and transverse bulkheads) and horizontal
separations (decks).
These compartments and spaces serve as storage spaces

for cargoes, stores, equipment, spare parts, liquids, etc.,
as accommodation spaces for passengers and members
of the crew, and as "domestic spaces", such as galley,
pantries, dispensary, etc.
The extreme fore end of the vessel is called stem. The Longitudinal section with spaces and separations
extreme aft end is the stern.
The upper deck, or main deck (a), is often the deck that is exposed to sea and weather. That is why the
main deck is also called the "weather deck". In fact, it provides a "shelter" for all the contents of the
vessel.
The foremost part of the upper deck is called the forecastle (b - pronounced as [foksl]). Its bulwark is
called the vauxhall. The anchor winches are situated on this deck.
The tweendeck (c) is the intermediate deck between upper deck (a) and the inside bottom of the vessel,
called tank top (d). The tweendeck divides the vessel into separate holds.
The upper holds and lower holds (e) are the spaces that contain the cargoes.
Spaces for liquid cargoes are called tanks. Access to a hold can be obtained through hatches. On freighters
these hatches must be sufficiently broad for grabs to be lowered into the holds.
The foremost and aftermost spaces of the vessel are the peak tanks (f).
They may serve as storage spaces for ballast water and are capable of "absorbing" a part of the impact-
forces that are released in case of a collision. The anchor chain is stored in the chain locker (g). It is
situated over the forepeak tank. The upper part of the fore peaktank is called the boatswain's (or bosun's)
locker (h), where ropes, paint and dunnage are kept.
Bulkheads are the vertical separations between holds and spaces.
The fore peak bulkhead and after peak bulkhead (i) are the so-called collision bulkheads. These transverse
bulkheads are watertight and prevent the vessel from flooding in case the vessel collides with another
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vessel. Collision bulkheads are also fire-retarding or even fireproof. Apart from transverse bulkheads
tankers are also fitted with 2 longitudinal bulkheads that divide the vessel into starboard- and port wing
tanks and a centre tank.
The engine room (j) is a watertight machinery space that contains the vessel's propulsion plant.
The steering engine room (k) must also be a watertight compartment and is very often situated over the
after peaktank (f). Due to large stresses that occur under the engine room and peak tanks, additional
strengthenings are often inserted. The double bottom (I) provides strength and storage space for fuel,
lubricating oil, fresh water, salt (ballast) water and potable water.
To prevent liquids from leaking from one double bottom tank into the other, longitudinal and transverse
separations are used between the tanks. These separations, which are in fact empty spaces, are called
cofferdams (m).
On the main deck we find the so-called superstructure (n) with the accommodation for the crew and
passengers, the messroom, the galley and the pantry.
The navigating bridge contains the wheelhouse with the control station, the chartroom where charts, pilot
books and publications are kept, and the radio room. There are the instruments for navigation, such as
the Radar, the log, the echo sounder, the steering compass and repeater compass.
The master compass is usually situated on the monkey island, a small deck or platform over the
wheelhouse.
3.2 The upper deck
The imaginary line from stem to stern is called the fore-and-aft line. It divides the vessel into a starboard-
and portside (when facing forward). "Abeam" is used to indicate direction at a right angle to the fore-and-
aft line.
The terms used to indicate directions in which the vessel can proceed are: ahead and astern, starboard
and port. The upper deck, or main deck, is divided into the foremost deck (a), called "forecastle", the
centre deck, called "midships" (b), and the aft deck, called "quarterdeck"(c). A raised quarterdeck is called
"poop deck".
The foremost part of the vessel is divided into the starboard bow and port bow (d).
The quarterdeck is divided into the starboard quarter and port quarter (e).
Exercise. Match the two columns:
a. The imaginary line from stem to 1. the fore-and-aft line.
stern is called
b. The forecastle is 2. the foremost deck
c. Cofferdams are 3. empty spaces.
d. Spaces for liquid cargoes 4. are called tanks.
e. Decks are 5. horizontal separations
f. The master compass is situated 6. on the monkey island
25
Progress test
Exercise. Choose the right answer:
1.The forepeak bulkhead is called ... (a. collision bulkhead; b. bosuns
locker; c. foremost deck.)
2. The quarterdeck is situated ... (a. forward; b. aft; c. amidships)
3. The monkey island is a small ... (a. island; b. hold; c. deck)
4. Access to a hold can be obtained through ... (a. tweendecks; b.
doors; c. hatches)

Exercise. Match the two columns:
a. The imaginary line from stem to stern is called 1. the fore-and-aft line.
b. The forecastle is 2. the foremost deck
c. Cofferdams are 3. empty spaces.
d. Spaces for liquid cargoes 4. are called tanks.
e. Decks are 5. horizontal separations
f. The master compass is situated 6. on the monkey island
References
2. Logie, Vivers, Nisbet Marlins Study Pack 2 (book and 2 audio
26
Unit 4
General Arrangement Plan: Tasks
4.1 Idioms
4.3 Sentence-ending prepositions
Progress test
References
27

identify parts of ship
define words and phrases
explain the difference from spaces and separations
make sentences ending with a preposition
4.1 Idioms
Find out what they mean and learn them by heart.
abeam collide fore peak bulkhead
access collision fore-and-aft line
additional control station forecastle
ahead cross section foremost
anchor dispensary freighter
angle division fresh water
astern due to fuel
boatswain's locker dunnage galley
bow e.g. general cargo
bulkhead engine room General Arrangement Plan
bulwark equipment hatch
cabin extreme fore end i.e.
chain locker fire retarding insert
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chartroom flood. intermediate
cofferdam Forepeak tank longitudinal section
lower deck propulsion plant stresses
lower hold provide sufficient
lubricating oil purpose superstructure
main deck quarterdeck thus
master compass repeater compass transverse
messroom segregate tweendeck
monkey island separate upper deck
obtain spare parts upper hold
pantry starboard vauxhall
peak tank steering engine room watertight
port stem wheelhouse
potable water stern wing tank
prevent stores
proceed strengthening
Fill in the name, indicate whether it is a space (sp) or a separation (sep), and describe its function:
29
Names -sp. or sep. Functions
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
k)
1)
m)
n)
4.3 Sentence-ending prepositions
A preposition is a word that creates a relationship between other words. It is said that ending a
sentence with a preposition is a serious breach of grammatical etiquette. Here's an example of a
sentence that can end with a preposition: What did you step on? A key point is that the sentence
doesn't work if you leave off the preposition. You can't say, What did you step? You need to
say, What did you step on? to make a grammatical sentence.
Although it is often easy to remedy the offending preposition, sometimes it isn't, and repair efforts
sometimes result in a clumsy sentence. "Indicate the book you are quoting from" is not greatly
improved with "Indicate from which book you are quoting."
30
English has a type of verb called a phrasal verb. These are verbs made up of multiple words, and
one is always a preposition. Cheer up, run over, log on, and leave off are all examples of
phrasal verbs, and often sentences that use phrasal verbs end with a preposition:
I wish he would cheer up.
You should leave it off.
The folowing sentences are correct, but nobody uses them. Change them.
1. She displayed the good humor for which shes known.

2. I want to know from where he came.
3. To where are you going?
4. Ending a sentence with a preposition is something up with which we will
not put.
5. She is in which department?
6. What for do you need to go to the store?
Progress test
Put in the missing prepositions:
.. a Monday evening ..... September 1931, .. about eight

oclock, the ship Voyager sank. The ship had been sailing .. the end
of September, when she left London, and was on her way .. England
.. Australia. The only survivor was an Englishman called William
Batty, who saved himself .. swimming two miles. He spent three years
.. an island . the middle of the Indian Ocean.
The island was quite small, and he could walk ..... the whole of it ..
an hour. He climbed .. the one hill and put a flag .... it .. a
signal. . night Batty slept .. a cave, where he felt quite ..
home .. the day, he often fished ..... a home-made net. He cooked
the fish .. a wood fire.
Batty stayed .. the island ... almost three years. .. August

1934, a ship was sailing . the island, and the captain saw Battys
signal. The sailors found a man .. a long blue coat .. dark hair and
a beard, looking rather ..... a gorilla. Batty was soon home, and a few
years later he finally arrived in Australia .. air .

1. She displayed the good humor shes known for.
2. I want to know where he came from.
3. Where are you going to?
4. Ending a sentence with a preposition is something we will not put up with.
5. Which department is she in?
6. What do you need to go to the store for?
31
References
4.http://www.scritube.com/literatura-romana/gramatica/ Prepositions-
Compound-Preposit82369.php
32
Unit 5
Ship Measurement
5.1 Ship characteristics
5.2 Dimensions
5.3 Binomials
Progress test
References
33

understand what ships displacement is
name weights and volumes
use different types of tonnage
Identify the binominals and explain them
5.1 Ship characteristics
Tonnage
The tonnage of a vessel indicates the measurement of her weight, size or capacity.
A very common way of measuring a vessel is by means of a displacement-indication.
Merchant vessels are also measured by their gross tonnage or deadweight tonnage.
Displacement
By displacement is understood the amount of water that is "displaced" by the body of the vessel as she is
floating in the water.

Displacement is indicated by the word "ton" ( or "tonne").
According to Archimedes' Principle a vessel displaces a weight of water that is equal to its own weight.
Therefore a vessel will experience an upthrust that is equal to the weight of the displaced mass of water.
So, by displacement is understood the total weight of the vessel and her contents, or the weight of the
displaced water mass.
A vessel will float when buoyancy (B) is equal to gravity (G).
So, when buoyancy is less than gravity, the vessel will sink.
When buoyancy is greater than gravity, the vessel will fly.
Therefore "G" cannot possibly be less than B.
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Maritime English
Weights and volumes
Manners are often confused as to the exact meaning of the word "ton", because it may indicate
weight, but it may also indicate volume.
As a weight 1 ton equals 1000 kg. The "long ton" equals 1016 kg. The obsolete "short ton" equals 907
kg.
As a volume 1 ton equals one cubic metre, or, according to the English avoirdupois-system (avdp), 1
ton equals 2.83 cubic metres, which is equal to 100 cubic feet.
Since "volume" is a very important aspect in mercantile affairs, merchant ships are often measured by
volume, contrary to warships, which are measured by displacement, which indicates weight.
We distinguish several kinds of tonnages.
Gross Register Tonnage = the entire volume of the enclosed spaces of the vessel that can be used for
cargo, stores and accommodation.
Net Tonnage = volume that can be used to carry cargo. It is calculated by deducting the spaces that
are not used for cargo from the gross tonnage.
Net tonnage is often used to calculate harbour dues that must be paid to municipal port authorities
for the use of all the port facilities.
Deadweight Tonnage = the weight of all the contents a vessel is capable of carrying when loaded to
summer mark. The contents of a merchant vessel are cargo, stores, equipment, fresh water, potable
water, lubricating oil and fuel.
By Cargo Carrying Capacity is understood the amount of cargo that a vessel is capable of carrying.
Cargo spaces
By Bale Space is meant the volume of the cargo holds that can be used to carry general cargo.
By Grain Space is understood the volume of the cargo holds that can be used to carry dry bulk cargo.
By Oil Space is understood 98% of the total volume of the wet bulk tanks.
The remaining 2% are used as ullage. This is the empty space on top of the liquid level that will
prevent a tank from overflowing when the oil expands due to heat.
5.2 Dimensions
Moulded Breadth
By moulded breadth is understood the horizontal distance between the insides of the moulds. In
other words, it is the inside breadth (or width) of the vessel.
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It is used to determine the vessel's cargo carrying capacity in relation to her stability.
Moulded Depth
By moulded depth is understood the vertical distance between the insides of the moulds (including
the double bottom). It indicates the inside height of the vessel. It is used to determine the vessel's
cargo carrying capacity in relation to her stability.
Beam
By beam is understood the extreme breadth of the vessel. In restricted, narrow fairways (e.g. the
Panama Canal) the vessel's beam is an important factor to obtain a clearance to proceed.
Length Over All (L.O.A.).
By Length over all (A - B) is understood the distance between the extreme fore-end and the extreme
aft-end of the vessel. Before a berth along an embankment is allocated, the port authorities will have to
know the total length of the ship.
Length Between Perpendiculars (LPP)
Length Between Perpendiculars (C - D) is measured between the fore-perpendicular (FPP) and the aft-
perpendicular (APP). It is used to determine the vessel's stability.
The Construction Waterline is the line to which the ship may be loaded in summer.
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Maritime English
The fore-perpendicular is the vertical line through the point where the Construction Waterline and
the stem intersect. The aft perpendicular goes through the rudderstock.
Draft, air draft, freeboard and underkeel clearance
By draft is understood the distance from the bottom of the keel to the surface of the water. A
distinction must be made between loaded draft and light draft, as well as salt-water draft and fresh-
water draft.
Due to the salinity of seawater, the draft in seawater is less than draft in fresh- water, because
seawater has a higher specific gravity.
By air draft is understood the distance from the waterline to the highest point of the vessel. When
proceeding through a channel that is spanned by a bridge, the air draft should of course be less than
the vertical clearance of the bridge. When a vessel's air draft is greater than the vertical clearance will
allow, we speak of a top-hampered vessel.
By Freeboard is understood the distance between deck line and waterline.
By Underkeel Clearance (UKC) is understood the distance between keel and seabed.
5.3 Binomials
Binomials are expressions (often idiomatic) where two words are joined by a conjunction (usually
'and'). The order of the words is usually fixed. It is best to use them only in informal situations, with
one or two exceptions.
odds and ends: small, unimportant things, e.g. Let's get the main things packed; we can do the odds
and ends later,
give and take: a spirit of compromise, e.g. Every relationship needs a bit of give and take to be
successful.
You can often tell something is a binomial because of the sound pattern.
Tears are part and parcel of growing up. [part of / belong to]
The boss was ranting and raving at us. [shouting / very angry]
The old cottage has gone to rack and ruin, [ruined/decayed]
He's so prim and proper at work, [rather formal and fussy]
The hotel was a bit rough and ready, [poor standard]
She has to wine and dine important clients, [entertain]
Other times, the clue is that the words are near-synonyms.

You can pick and choose; it's up to you. [have a wide choice]
My English is progressing in leaps and bounds, [big jumps]
It's nice to have some peace and quiet, [peace/calm]
The doctor recommended some rest and recreation, [relaxation]
First and foremost, you must work hard, [first / most importantly]
Many grammar words combine to form binomials.
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Maritime English
Maritime English
There are cafes here and there, [scattered round]

We've had meetings on and off. [occasionally]
I've been running back and forth all day. [to and from somewhere]
To and fro can be used just like back and forth.
He is unemployed and down and out. [without a home or money]
She's better now, and out and about again, [going out]
She ran up and down the street, [in both directions]
Exercise. Identify the binomials and explain their meaning:

A black and white film, please.
Ladies and gentlemen, your attention, please!
She ran back and forth.
There was hot and cold water in every room.
Match the two columns:
Draft the entire volume of the enclosed spaces
of the vessel
Freeboard the distance from the bottom of the keel to
to the surface of the water
Length over all extreme breadth of the vessel
Ullage empty space on top of the liquid level
Gross register tonnage distance between deck line and waterline.
Beam distance between the extreme fore-end and
the extreme aft-end of the vessel.
Progress test
Here are some jumbled binomials. Using similarities in sound, join them
with and. Then check opposite or in a dictionary that you have the word
order right, and that you know the meaning.
prim dine high ruin

rough dry rack ready proper
sound sate wine
Now use them to fill the gaps in these sentences.
1.I was left and with no-one to help me.

2.The room's a bit and , but you're welcome to stay as long as
you like.
3.I'm glad you're and after such a dangerous journey.
4.My hosts and me at the best restaurants.
5.Our old house in the country has just gone to and .; nobody
looks after it now.
6.The secretary is always so terribly and ...; the whole
atmosphere always seems so very formal.
38
Maritime English
Maritime English

Match the two columns:
Draft the distance from the bottom of the keel to
to the surface of the water
Freeboard distance between deck line and waterline.
Length over all distance between the extreme fore-end and
the extreme aft-end of the vessel.
Ullage empty space on top of the liquid level
Gross register tonnage the entire volume of the enclosed spaces
of the vessel
Beam extreme breadth of the vessel
References
4. http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/vocabulary/
39
Maritime English
Maritime English
Unit 6
Ship Measurement: Tasks
6.1 Idioms
6.2 Matching
6.3 Idioms connected with problematic situations
Progress test
References
40
Maritime English
Maritime English

Define maritime words and phrases
Match words belonging to the same area of a ship
name idioms used in problematic situations
6.1 Idioms
The italicized words in the text are given below in alphabetical order. Find out what they mean as
they appear in the text and learn them by heart.
accommodation distinguish liquid level
air draft draft loaded draft
bale space due to lubricating oil
beam dues mariner
breadth equal measure
buoyancy equipment mercantile fleet
cargo carrying capacity experience moulded breadth
channel fairway moulded depth
clearance fresh water moulds
contents fuel municipal
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Maritime English
Maritime English
contrary to grain space narrow
deadweight tonnage gravity Net Tonnage
determine Gross Tonnage obtain
displacement indicate potable water
distance light draft proceed
remain span top hamper
restricted specific gravity ullage
salinity stores upthrust
salt-water stowage factor vertical clearance
seabed summer freeboard width
6.2 Matching
Match the expressions to the explanations. Expressions
1. Displacement 6. Deadweight 11. Ullage Space 16. Draft 21.UKC
2 . Upthrust 7. Cargo Carrying 12. Loaded draft 17. Summer 22.Length

Capacity Freeboard Over All
3. Buoyancy 8. Bale Space 13. Moulded 18. Salt-water 23. The Fore
Breadth Draft Perpendicular
4. Gross Register 9. Grain Space 14. Moulded 19. Air Draft 24. The Aft
Tonnage Depth Perpendicular
5. Net Tonnage 10. Oil Space 15.Beam 20. Freeboard 25.LPP
42
Maritime English
Maritime English
Explanations (fill in the expressions)
1 is the entire volume of all the enclosed spaces.
2 is the total weight of all the cargo that can be

carried.
3 is used to calculate how much harbour dues must be

paid.
4 is the volume of the spaces used to carry general

cargo.
5 the volume of the spaces used to carry dry bulk

cargo.
6 is the weight of cargo, stores, equipment, oils and

waters.
7. is equal to the weight of the displaced mass of

water.
8. is the draft of the vessel in laden condition.
9. is the empty space on top of a liquid.
10. is 98% of the volume of the tanks.
11. When is less than gravity the vessel will sink.
12. indicates the height of the cargo holds, including the

d.b.
13. indicates the inside breadth of the cargo holds.
14. indicates the greatest distance between starboard-

and port sides.
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Maritime English
Maritime English
15. is the distance between deckline and the surface of

the water.
16. is the distance between FPP and APP.
17. is the distance from bottom of the ship to the

waterline.
18. is the length between the stem and the stern.
19. is the vertical line through the rudderstock.
20. is less than fresh water draught because of the

salinity.
21. is the distance between the vessel's keel and the

bottom of the sea.
22. is the highest point of the ship measured from the

waterline.
23. is the line through the intersection of stem and

waterline.
24. indicates maximum draft in summer.
25. is the mass of water that is moved out of its place

by the ship
6.3 Idioms connected with problematic situations
Problems and difficulties
to be in a fix = be in difficulty
to be in a tight corner = be in a situation that is hard to get out of
to be in a muddle = be confused/mixed up
(these three go together as all having be + in + a)
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Maritime English
Reacting in situations
Three pairs of more or less opposite idioms.
to take a back seat to take the bull by the horns

[not do anything; let others act instead] [act positively to face and attack the problem]
to stir things up to keep one's cards close to one's chest
[do/say things that make matters worse] [hold back information]
to pour oil on troubled waters to lay one's cards on the table
[do/say things that calm the situation down] [be very open, state exactly what your position is]
Some idioms connected with easing the situation :
bury the hatchet [make peace / stop fighting each other]

sweep under the carpet [ignore /deliberately forget, without solving it]
Match the idioms with their meaning:
1. to be confused:
2. to be in a difficult situation:
3. to have a problem that is difficult to solve [(be) in a mess]:
4. to accept a less important position than someone or something else:
5. to tell people what your plans and intentions are in a clear, honest way:
a. He's a good man to have around if ever you're in a tight corner.

b. I'm in such a muddle, I'd completely forgotten you were coming today.
c. If you can't agree with them, then take a back seat and let others have
their way on this occasion.
d. We're going to be in a real fix if we miss that bus.
e. What I'd like us to do is put our cards on the table and discuss the situation
in a rational manner.
Progress test
Try to figure out the meaning of the following idioms:
the tide has turned against us to have advantage

a dead end hopeless
the tables are turned troubles are ahead
we can see light at the end of the talk nonsense
tunnel
to reach a turning point hope
to be/act like a bull in a china shop be very clumsy
to talk a load of bull to have changes
45
Maritime English
Maritime English

Exercise. Match the idioms with their meaning
to have a problem that is difficult to solve [(be) in a mess]: We're going to be in a real fix if we miss that
bus.
to be in a difficult situation: He's a good man to have around if ever you're in a tight corner.
to be confused: I'm in such a muddle, I'd completely forgotten you were coming today.
to accept a less important position than someone or something else: If you can't agree with them, then
take a back seat and let others have their way on this occasion.
to tell people what your plans and intentions are in a clear, honest way: What I'd like us to do is put our
cards on the table and discuss the situation in a rational manner.
References
3. http://memorize.com/idioms-connected-with-problematic-situations
46
Maritime English
Maritime English
Unit 7
Shipbuilding
7.1 Classification
7.2 Building Ship
7.3 Propellers
7.4 Rudders
7.5 Stability
Progress test self-assessment test
Answers to
References
47
Maritime English
Maritime English

understand the role of the classification societies
differentiate between types of stresses
use specific vocabulary
name the types of propellers
explain the principles of manoeuvrability
7.1 Classification
Before a shipyard will start the building of a ship, the final construction plan must be
approved by a classification society.
The classification will serve as a guide during the whole period of building.
Classification Societies are the authorities with the most profound influence on shipbuilding,
merchant ship design and ship safety.
Among the most important are Lloyd's Register of Shipping, det Norske Veritas, the American
Bureau of Shipping, Bureau Veritas, Registro Italiano, Germanischer Lloyd and Nippon Kaiji
Kyokai.
Of all these famous societies Lloyd's of London is the most famous and respected.
Lloyd 's Register of Shipping is concerned with the maintenance of proper technical
standards in ship-construction and the classification of ships, i.e. the record of all relevant
technical details and the assurance that the ship will meet the required standards.
Vessels that are classed with Lloyd 's Register are awarded the classification +100 A1.
The cross (+) indicates that the ship has been built under the supervision of surveyors
from Lloyd's Register, while "100 A" indicates that the vessel has been built in
accordance with the recommended standards. "1" indicates that the safety equipment, anchors
and cabins are as required.
Surveys at regular intervals are carried out by the Society's surveyors to ensure that the vessel is
still complying with the standards. The Society is also empowered to allot leadline certificates to
determine and assess tonnage measurements and to ensure compliance with safety regulations.
Surveyors all over the world carry out these required surveys and report to headquarters in London
and other national centres. A ship failing to meet the standards will lose her classification and
become a burden to the owners.
7.2 Building the ship
The designing, construction and fitting out of a vessel are a very complicated matter.
When designing a ship the naval architect must take into consideration not only the purpose
for which the ship will be built, but also the enormous stresses the ship will be exposed to when
sailing in adverse weather and rough seas.
Deformations of the ship's hull due to hogging and sagging must be avoided by
implementing additional strengthenings that will
also provide support.
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Maritime English
These strengthenings are called stiffeners, or stringers. They may consist of beams, girders,
keelsons and stanchions.
The backbone of a ship is her keel. It is a longitudinal beam located at the very bottom of the
ship and extending from stem to stern.
Frames
The ship is given her rounded shape by a series of symmetrically curved frames.
Frames can be compared to the ribs in a human body. They are fastened
to the keel, providing support and giving shape to the hull.
The frames that are in the middle are larger than those at the sides and
are known as floors.
The frames are held in position by longitudinal stringers. Additional
bracing is provided by beams extending across the width of the ship.
Deck-beam brackets serve as joints between deck beams and the transverse frames.
The rows of steel platings in the metal hull are called strakes.
Nowadays ships are built in sections, composed of welded plates and frames.
In the old days rivets were used to put the parts together.
The ship is divided into watertight compartments by decks and longitudinal and
transverse bulkheads. These bulkheads provide strengthening and are fire proof or fire-
retarding.The foremost bulkhead is the forepeak bulkhead, or collision bulkhead.
49
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Maritime English
The forepeak is a watertight compartment that will ensure that the

vessel will have sufficient buoyancy to remain afloat after a collision.
The aftermost bulkhead is the afterpeak bulkhead, through which the
stern tube runs.
The a.p. bulkhead is constructed in such a way that it will prevent water
from entering the ship through the stern tube in case of leakage.
Engine room and steering engine room must also be separated from
other compartments by watertight bulkheads, so that in case of a
disaster her engines will remain operational. strakes
When all the sections have been put together, the shell plating is sandblasted and then painted with a
primer and an anti-fouling paint.
Now the fitting-out of the ship will commence. This means that the engines, auxiliary engines, steering
engine, navigation means, domestic installations and equipment, cargo handling equipment, life saving
equipment, stores and spares, electrical and hydraulic installations, berthing and anchoring gear, etc.
are installed.
Before the vessel is launched and ready for her maiden trip, engine trials and sea trials must prove that
the vessel is seaworthy, that in fact she is "a Good Ship", as she will be referred to in documents.
7.3 Propellers
The screw-propeller "screws" its way through the water, driving water aft and the ship ahead.
Some propellers have adjustable blades instead of fixed blades.
If a propeller turns clockwise when viewed from aft, it is said to be right-handed; a left-handed
propeller turns anti-clockwise. In a twin-screw ship the starboard propeller is usually right-handed and
the port propeller left-handed. They are outward-turning, which reduces cavitation.
The "face" of the propeller blade is the surface seen from aft. The other surface of the blade is called
the "back". The "leading edge" of the blade is that edge that thrusts through the water when producing
a head thrust. The other edge is called the "trailing edge".
The Controllable Pitch Propeller, or CPP, is fitted with
adjustable blades. By turning (adjusting) the blades, the thrust
that is being developed can be varied whilst maintaining constant
shaft-revolutions. In this way the vessel's pitch can be controlled
by changing the position of the propeller blades.
50
Maritime English
Maritime English
By pitch is understood the distance that the propeller will travel after one revolution. The blades can
even be put in a position that will produce an astern-thrust while still rotating in the same direction.
The vessel's manoeuvrability is increased considerably. The greatest advantage of the CPP, however,
is that engine-wear is reduced because a constant RPM can be maintained while proceeding at any
speed.
Limitations of the CPP include the power that can be satisfactorily transmitted (installations for more
than 25,000 bhp are uncommon). Another disadvantage of the CPP is the complicated mechanism
controlling the blade-angle. Furthermore, the boss is enlarged to house bearings for the blades.
This increased boss-size reduces the maximum efficiency that can be obtained.
CPP's are mostly used in vessels that have variable rated capacities.
The Voith Schneider Propeller, or Vertical Axis Propeller, consists

of a horizontal disc rotating around a vertical axis.
Projecting vertically down from this disc are a number of blades
whose positions can be varied. By doing so a thrust can be produced
in any desired direction. An obvious advantage of such a propeller is
that it offers a high manoeuvrability for vessels that require to be
highly manoeuvrable. The horizontal driving shaft, however,
necessitates the introduction of a bevel gear, with consequential
limitations on the maximum power that can be produced.
The Shrouded Propeller, or Ducted Propeller, is integrated into a

"tunnel", or duct. Enlargement of the tail-race and the thrust that can
be produced is achieved by shaping of the duct, as is often done with
heavily loaded propellers (e.g. with tugs).
Other advantages of the duct are: it protects the propeller from fouling
and reduces propeller noise. However, the system is quite costly.
Jet propulsion is achieved by drawing water into the ship and then thrusting it out at by means of a
pump. In this way the vessel is "jet-propelled". It's an attractive means of propulsion where it is
desirable to have no moving parts outside the hull of the ship, where a protected screw is desired, and
for small vessels with high rating capacities.
Therefore it is widely employed in Ultra-Shallow-Draught (USD) Vessels.
Jet propulsion involves higher speeds and outstanding manoeuvrability because the duct is movable.
However, because of the resistance caused by the flow of the water through the duct, its efficiency is
lower than that of the ordinary screw-propeller.
7.4 Rudders
The choice of the type of rudder that is used will largely depend on the shape of the stern, the size of
the vessel and the capacity of the steering gear.
The Balanced Spade rudder (or balanced rudder) is used for vessels with a
long "sharp" stem. Not much strength is applied to the rudder stock and the
steering gear can be made quite compact.
Because of the large rudder area it offers good manoeuvrability.
The Semi-Balanced rudder (or Gnomon Rudder) is used where the size of
the rudder requires that it is supported at an additional point to the rudder
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Maritime English
bearing, but where it is still desired to reduce the size of the steering gear.
This type of rudder offers a high manoeuvrability.
The Unbalanced Rudder is used in vessels whose stern-shape is not fit to carry a balanced rudder.
Furthermore these rudders are usually fitted on smaller ships of relatively deep draught.
The number of pintles fitted will depend on the required strength. There are single-pintle rudders and
multi-pintle rudders.
The rudderstock must be able to endure large stresses.
The Flap Rudder has at its rear end a "flap" that can move at a greater
angle than the main portion of the rudder.
It is used in vessels that require considerable manoeuvrability.
The complicated linkage system between the flap-portion and the main
portion is vulnerable and often the source of malfunction.
7.5 Stability
Most travellers take it for granted that their ship will float the right way up.
This it will only do if it has been correctly designed and constructed.
A ship will experience many forces that will try to turn it over.
The ship must of course be capable to resist these forces by what is commonly known as stability.
Too much stability is undesirable because this may cause unpleasant motions and can be costly due to
a high fuel consumption.
Too little stability will make the ship heel over easily and capsize.
Thus, as with so many other features of design, stability is a compromise.
A body is said to be in a state of equilibrium when the resultant of all the forces that act on it is zero and
the resultant moment of the forces is also zero.
If a body, subject to a small disturbance, from a state of equilibrium tends to return to that state, it is said
to possess a positive stability - it is in a state of equilibrium.
If, following the disturbance, the equilibrium is reduced even more, then the body is said to be in a state
of unstable equilibrium - it has a negative stability.
To reach the state of equilibrium, buoyancy and the gravity (weight) must be equal and the two forces
must act along the same line.
Another term for buoyancy is upthrust, which of course is related to Archimedes' Law (or Archimedes'
Principle), which says that when a body is immersed'in a liquid it will experience an upthrust that is equal
to the weight of the displaced liquid.
For conventional ships the longitudinal stability is always high. This is not always the case for offshore
drilling barges and other less conventional vessels.
Unless a ship is stable it will not float upright, because, although in the upright position it is in equilibrium,
there will always be disturbances - from the sea, air or movement within the ship - which will force it out
of the upright position.
An "unstable"ship will not return to this position. And even if it does not actually capsize, it would be
unpleasant to be in a ship that lolls to one side constantly.
Circumstances that will cause a ship to heel may be external or internal.
External influences are:
- the action of the wind, which will be most influential with ships with high freeboards and large
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superstructures;
- the action of waves, causing the rolling and pitching, heaving, surging, swaying and yawing of vessels
in rough seas;
- water properties, such as
1) density (or specific gravity). The density of the water in which a vessel floats will affect her draft and
trim. Density will mainly depend upon the temperature and the salinity of the water;
2) kinematic viscosity. This is particularly relevant to the frictional resistance a ship will experience when
proceeding through the water.
3) salinity. Values for samples of seawater will vary from area to area and will depend, among other
things, upon the salinity. Many objects will float in the Dead Sea, but would sink in fresh water.
Internal influences mostly relate to the human element, or, as it is often called, the Human Factor (HF).
Examples are:
- the action of the rudder when a ship is being manoeuvred;
- loading and discharging cargoes: if the stowage plan has been drawn up badly the vessel
will soon heel over to port or starboard.
Answer the questions:
1. Who approves the construction plan?
2. What does the +100 A1classification mean?
3. Why are surveys carried out?
4. Which is the backbone of a ship?
5. What is the equivalent of the human ribs?
6. What is the difference between beams and stringers?
7. How are the metal parts put together?
Progress test
Match the colums:
1. The propeller "screws" its way through the water.
2.The balanced rudder is used for a servo-system
3. Too much stability is undesirable because this may cause unpleasant
motions.
4. Some propellers have upthrust.
5. Another term for buoyancy is adjustable blades.
6. The rudder acts as vessels with a long "sharp" stem.

1. Who approves the construction plan? (classification society)
2. What does the +100 A1classification mean? (The cross (+) indicates that the ship has been built under
the supervision of surveyors from Lloyd's Register, while "100 A" indicates that the vessel has been
built in accordance with the recommended standards. "1" indicates that the safety equipment, anchors and
cabins are as required.)
3. Why are surveys carried out? (to ensure that the vessel is still complying with the standards)
4. Which is the backbone of a ship? (the hull)
5. What is the equivalent of the human ribs? (the keel)
6. What is the difference between beams and stringers? (stringers are longitudinal while the beams extend
across the width of the ship)
7. How are the metal parts put together? (by welding)
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References
1.Van Kluijven, P.C., The International Maritime Language Programme, Alk
& Heijnen Publishers, Alkmaar, 2005.
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Unit 8
SHIPBUILDING: TASKS
UNIT 8.
8.1 Idioms
8.2 Classification
8.3 Propellers
8.4 Survey report
Progress test
References
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understand and use idioms in onboard situatrions
explain the role of the classification societies
enumerate construction elements
describe types of propellers
understand the contents of a survey report
8.1 Idioms
The italicized words in the text are given below in alphabetical order.
Find out what they mean as they appear in the text and learn them by heart.
The italicized words in the text are given below in alphabetical order.
Find out what they mean as they appear in the text and learn them by heart.
accordance (in - with) apply to boss
achieve approve brace
additional strengthening assess bracket
adjust auxiliary engine bulkhead
adjustable blades avoid buoyancy
advantage award cargo handling
adverse weather axis cause
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affect balance rudder cavitation
afterpeak beam centre of gravity
aids bearing circumstances
allot berthing clockwise
anchoring gear bevel collision bulkhead
anti-clockwise bevel wheel commence
anti-cyclone bhp comply with
anti-fouling paint blade angle consideration
consist of draft floor
control duct forepeak
curved ducted propeller frame
deck beam edge freeboard
deep draft efficiency frictional resistance
deformation endure fuel consumption
density engine trial gale
depend on enlarge(ment) girder
derrick ensure "Good Ship"
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design equilibrium gravity
determine equipment heaving
develop execute heel over
disadvantage experience hogging
disaster exposed to horizontal plane
disc extend hull
distance travelled face immerse
disturbance fire retarding implement
domestic fitting out increase
indicate maintenance propulsion
influence manoeuvrability rated capacities
integrate means rear end
intermediary measurement recommend
interval merchant ship record
joint movable reduce
keel naval architecture remain
keelson obtainable requirements
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lateral force operational resistance
launch perpendicular revolution
leakage pintle rivet
life saving equipment pitch rolling
limitation pitching rudder stock
linkage pivoting point safety
loll power sagging
longitudinal primer sample
maiden trip proceed sandblast
maintain properties sea trial
seaworthy stiffener swaying
shaft stores thrust
shape stowage plan trailing edge
shell plating strake transverse
shrouded propeller stresses tripping girder
spares stringer twin-screw ship
specific gravity subject to uncommon
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stanchion superstructure upthrust
standard surging value
stem survey weld
stern tube surveyor yawing
8.2 Classification
Sirrus Shipyard Ldt. has accepted the order to build a new 80,000-tonnes crude-oil carrier for account
of Johanson-Line Shipping Company, Great Britain.
Lloyd's Register of Shipping, London, is the classification society that will accompany the building of the
vessel in a pre-construction stage, during construction and upon and after completion of
construction.
Match the following parts of sentences with the sentences in the appropriate categories below;
write down each sentence in full.
A- carry out surveys at regular intervals.
B- the vessel has been classed with Lloyd 's Register.
C- standards according to which classification will take place.
D- the required standards.
E- allot load line certificates, assess tonnage and ensure compliance with safety
regulations.
F- the ship has been built under the supervision of surveyors from Lloyd's Register.
G- proper technical standards during the construction.
H- the safety equipment, anchors and cabins are as required.
I - the vessel will comply with the standards.
J- the final construction plan.
K- the vessel will continue to comply with the standards.
L -.. ..the vessel has been built in accordance with the recommended standards.
Pre-construction stage
The Society has made up ...

The Society approves ...
The Society ensures that ...
During construction
The Society checks the maintenance of

The Society assures that the ship will meet
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8.3 Propellers: applications, advantages and dsiadvantages
Fill in the applications, advantages and disadvantages of the various types of propellers.
Propellers Application Advantage(s) Disadvantage(s)
Controllable Pitch Propeller
Voith Schneider Propeller
Ducted Propeller
Rudders: applications, advantages and disadvantages
Fill in the applications, advantages and disadvantages of the various types of rudders.
Rudders Application Advantage(s) and/or

disadvantage(s)
Balanced rudder
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Semi-balanced rudder
Unbalanced rudder
Flap rudder
8.4 Survey report
May 10, 20 SURVEY

REPORT MV Garland
We, the Undersigned, held survey this date on the above named vessel while lying afloat at Jacksonville
Shipyard Corp., in order to ascertain the nature and extent and necessary repairs to damage alleged to
have been sustained as a consequence of main engine breakdown due to crew negligence, resulting in a
collision with MV Christina, after which MV Garland was beached to prevent sinking.
General recommendations:
We have found it necessary to drydock the vessel for repairs. Staging, fire lines and electricity
will be provided. Shifting berth by means of her own propulsion is not possible.
The vessel had been gas freed prior to the accident with MV Christina, but a certificate was not issued.
The cost of refilling the vessel's CO2-system will be included in the agreed total sum from the repair-
contractor.
Dock trial, proving engine satisfactory, will be carried out upon completion of repairs. All
debris associated with damage and repairs will be removed from vessel and dock.
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Specific recommendations regarding construction and mechanical parts:
FOUND:
a) plating of sheer strake (first and second strake below sheer) fractured transversely for approx. 16',
with crack-stopper hole drilled in second strake below sheer;
b) main deck stringer plate fractured transversely for approx. 12 ';
c) shell plating (nos. 2 and 3) heavily set and buckled;
d) "B"-strake (plate no.2) indented slightly along lower seam. Welded seam has cracked open.
e) second strake below sheer, after 8' from first plate aft of bow nosing, badly set in;
f) fractured welding at hawse pipe;
g) three hawse pipe brackets torn.
h) internal shell frames nos. 48 to 60 distorted badly;
i) bulwark around stern buckled (brackets and railings crushed);
j) deck plating at stern badly buckled and torn over an area of approximately 48 square ft.;
k) mast bent just above boat deck;
I) hull bottom coating scuffed and abraded.
Number of weather working days: 42 days.
We estimate and agree the cost of the foregoing repairs to be the sum of 1,125,750-
Surveyors signed without prejudice,

H. Hanson - representing owners;
A. Holliday - representing underwriters;
W. Sharp - representing Robbins Drydock.
Match the parts with the functions - fill in A, B, C, etc, or a combination.
Parts Functions
1 Beam A Strengthening:
2 - Bracket B Shaping: 7
3 - Brace C Plating:
4 - Bulkhead D Separation:
5 - Deck E Support:
6 - Floor
7 - Frame
8 Girder
9 Keelson
10 -Shell
11 Stanchion
12 Stiffener
13- Strake
14 Stringer
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Progress test
Complete the following sentences:
The Society awards "+100 A1" to indicate that ...

The Society awards "+" to indicate that ...
The Society awards "1OOA" to indicate that ...
The Society awards "1" to indicate that ...
The Society's surveyors ...
The Society ensures that. ...
The Society is empowered to

A Strengthening: 12, 14, 1, 8, 9, 11
B Shaping: 7
C Plating: 10, 13
D Separation: 4, 5
E Support: 3, 2
References
1. Van Kluijven, P.C. The International Maritime Language Programme, Alk
& Heijnen Publishers, Alkmaar, 2005.

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Maritime University of Constanta

UNIT 1. TYPES OF VESSELS 4

The main objectives are:

Liners and tramps

A liner carries cargoes between two fixed destinations.

Bulk cargo is unpacked cargo of one commodity. Dry bulk cargo,

Cofferdams are empty spaces between the tanks and in the

This system of wet bulk handling reduces the number of laydays.

Roll-on / Roll-off ships (Ro / Ro ships)

On a Ro / Ro ship cargo is rolled on and rolled off by lorries or

Her engine room is situated aft. Often there are no tweendecks

the Ro/Ro vessels.

1.3 Assistance and service

A cable layer lays cables on the bottom of the sea.

A lightship serves as a beacon for navigation and is anchored in the vicinity

A dredger deepens out harbours and ports, fairways, approaches and

Large and modern fishing vessels (fishermen) are capable of catching

This is the shop in which I bought my watch.

relative adverb meaning use example

when refers to a time

1. What is bulk cargo?

Answers to self-assessment test

Types of Vessels: Tasks

The main objectives are:

Find out what they mean and learn them by heart.

abeam bow thruster consignee

according to broken stowage contrary to

adjustable blades Bulk Cargo control

advantage bulkhead CPP

aft buoy crude oil

agreement buoyage vessel derelict

anchor cargo derrick

anchorage cargo items design

approach cargo handling equipment destination

assess channel develop

assessment circumstances discharge

athwartship coastal trade disembark

bays, rows and tiers commodity. distress

beacon compare divide

division fertilisers inland waterways.

draft / draught fire fighting vessel intermediate

due to firefloat LASH

e.g. fore to aft launch

edible oils freight rates laydays

embark freighter layer

emerge General Cargo limited length

enhance grab liner

entrance grain liquid

equal harbour tug list

equipped with a hatch LNG carrier

ETA and ETD Heavy-lift ship. loading and discharging

experienced hoist loading gear

extinguish a fire home port longitudinal and transverse separations

fairlead humidity controls

fairway in the offing lorry

main deck port of call request

maintain prearranged require

marine research prevent roadstead

measure purpose rolling and pitching

measurements quarterdeck sailing schedule

merchant vessels ramp salvage vessel

moored alongside raw material sea-going vessel

multi-loads RCC Search and Rescue