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and Measurement of RF
Amplifiers
Modeling a n amplifier's linear response (gain and input match) is common, as is
measurement of the finished circuit using vector network anabzers. Howevel; it is now
practical to simulate compression, distortion and other nonlinear efects in the design
phase, and find them in close agreement with the measurements made when the
amplifier is later built.
A libraly of components and their detailed In this example a broadband PCB amplifier is
equivalent circuits makes possible such precise designed. While normally limited at the low fre-
modeling that their frequency use limits are quency to 50 MHz, this design approach extended
extended. the low end to 300 kHz by adding a second feedback
loop. Careful modeling and component selection
ensured that the high frequency response was un-
Linear and nonlincar simulation may include compromised by this extension. The harmonies and
varying device parameters and bias points. Sweep- power compression were modeled and measured
ing variables such as bias point, transistor beta, and with remarkable agreement.
input power generate data sheet-like curves from R F circuit design bridges the gap between low
the model of the device. This allows analysis of frequency analog and digital circuits, and high fre-
nonlinear performance over a range of device proc- quency microwave circuits. Components are often
ess and circuit variations. The simulation and anal- PC board mounted like a lumped circuit, but dis-
tributed effects require the application of micro- resistors and inductors was simulated as a starting
wave techniques. point for the design. An initial simulation of the
The key to the amplifier circuit is the packaged amplifier IC with only a bias resistor was per-
silicon IC. The data sheet for this amplifier shows formed. Then, a simple feedback circuit consisting
linear characteristics such as gain and input match, of a series inductor and resistor was added to con-
DC characteristics such as voltage versus current, trol the low-frequency gain and the simulation re-
and some nonlinear characteristics such as output peated. The results (Figure 1) reveal that the feed-
power compression. But others, such as harmonics back extends the response uniformly to 300kHz, as
at given input or output power are not shown. Fi- desired, when the feedback network consists of
nally, the frequency range indicated by the data ideal elements having no package parasitics. How-
sheet as readily available when the IC is used alone ever the surface-mount components do have para-
was much less extensive than we desired. The IC sitic~,as will be seen, and these too must be accom-
has an excess gain from DC to about 50 MHz. We modated in the design.
wish to have flat gain starting as low as 300 kHz. The response of the amplifier IC shows a large
However, the published data for the IC does in- gain increase below 50 MHz. Reference to the pub-
clude extensive modeling information including lished data indicates that is caused by the limited
packaging effects, linear models and SPICE mod- frequency response of an internal feedback capaci-
els. Using the HP R F Design System, we were able tor. When a low frequency feedback path is added,
to evaluate designs for the low frequency extension, with the inductor to remove the second path when
as well as evaluate the design for harmonics versus the internal feedback takes over, the low frequency
output power. gain inherent in the IC chip is regained. ~ v e nto
If the simulation matches measured results for obtain these simple, ideal circuit responses, a com-
power compression and harmonic distortion, then plete model of the IC amplifier, including both the
we may have some confidence that the power per- IC chip and its package parasitics is needed (Figure
formance measured from the device is predictable. 2)
Once the modeling is verified, changes to the model
such as might occur due to processing variation can
be investigated to determine if acceptable circuit
performance will be maintained over the expected
variation in components. In this design, it was
desired that the amplifier deliver at least + 7 dBm
with better than -25 dBc harmonic distortion.
A circuit using the IC amplifier along with ideal
h
rn
In this amplifier, the linear model may be used Figure 3. Complete amplifier with surface mount parts for
for the transistors. There are two transistors of dif- feedback and bias.
ferent sizes in the IC. We make only one model and
pass in the scaling factor for the capacitances and
resistance depending on the transistor. This model Surface-Mount Models
works well for linear simulations, but cannot be The models of the surface-mount parts are key to
used for DC or harmonic generation simulations. the successful simulation of the circuit. Models for
However, for nonlinear analysis it is only necessary a wide range of surface-mount parts were devel-
to replace the linear transistor model with a nonlin- oped using network analyzer data to match the
ear model, developed next. characteristics to lumped circuit models. The parts
The nonlinear model for the transistor includes are used by specifying the part value, which is
an ideal SPICE model transistor, surrounded by linked to the particular values needed in the
other elements such as diodes and resistors. The lumped model (Figure 4).
diodes are used to model the nonlinear capacitance The Smith chart response of the actual inductor
effects of the device. The manufacturer's published is shown in Figure 5, as measured on a VNA. Notice
It is clear from the many resonances, which ap-
pear as circles or loops on thc Smith chart, that a
multi-element circuit model must be used to ac-
count for the high frequency response of this sur-
face-mount inductor. Inductors usually require the
most complcx models, but surface-mount capaci-
tors and resistors also exhibit high frequency beha-
viors requiring multi-element equivalent circuits
for accurate high frequency characterization. A li-
brary of commonly used surface-mount parts con-
tained within this design software is used by the
designer to create the complete circuit.