TIAEIA-222-F Aeprodeced By GLOBAL ‘ENGIWEERONE DOCUMENTS (MR The Priston O18 Under Rory Apvemest TIA/EIA STANDARD ANSI/TIA/EIA-222-F-1996 Approved: March 29, 1996 Structural Standards for Steel Antenna Towers and Antenna Supporting Structures TIA/EIA-222-F (Revision of EIA/TIA-222-E) JUNE 1996 TELECOMMUNICATIONS INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION =oNOTICE TIAEIA Engineering Standards and Publications are designed to serve the public interest through between manufacturers and purchasers, facilitating interchangeability and improvement of products, and assisting the purchaser in selecting and obtaining with minimum delay the proper product for his particular need. Existence of such Standards and Publications shall not in any respect preclude any member or nonmember of TA/EIA from manufacturing or selling’ products not conforming to such Standards and Publications, nor shall the existence of such Standards and Publications preclude their voluntary use by those other than TLA/ELA members, whether the standard is to be used either domestically or internationally Standards and Publications are adopted by TIA/EIA in accordance with the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) patent policy. By such action, TIA/EIA does not assume any liability to any patent owner, nor does it assume any obligation whatever to parties adopting the Standard or Publication. ‘This Standard does not purport to address all safety problems associated with its use or all applicable regulatory requirements. It is the responsibility of the user of this Standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations before its use. (From Standards Proposal No. 3278, formulated under the cognizance of the TR-14.7. Structural Standards for Stee! Antenna Towers and Antenna Supporting Structures Subcommittee Published by (TELECOMMUNICATIONS INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION 1996 Standards and Technology Department 2500 Wilson Boulevard Arlington, VA 22201 PRICE: Please refer to current Catalog of EIA, JEDEC, and TIA STANDARDS and ENGINEERING PUBLICATIONS or call Global Engineering Documents, USA and Canada (1-800-854-7179) International (303-397-7956) All rights reserved Printed in U.S.A. yeLABIA STRUCTURAL STANDARDS FOR STEEL ANTENNA TOWERS ANTENNA SUPPORTING STRUCTURES CONTENTS LOADING 2.1. Definitions 2.2 Nomenclature for Section2 Loading °. 23° Standard... 2.4 References n 3. STRESSES. ul BA Standard eee u 4 MANUFACTURE AND WORKMANSHIP . B 4.1 Standard... 8 5. RACTORY FINISH 18 5.1 Standard... ; 18 6 PLANS, ASSEMBLY TOLERANCES, AND MARKING B 6.1 Standard ... 18 7 FOUNDATIONS AND ANCHORS » 7.0 Definitions st 72 Standard : 2 7.3 Special Conditions ....... 20 74 Foundation Drawings . a 8 SAFETY FACTOR OF GUYS 2 8.1 Definition .. 2 32 Standard 2 9 PRESTRESSING AND PROOF LOADING OF GUYS a 9.1 Definitions a 9.2. Standard . 2CONTENTS (Continued) Section Page Number 10 INITIAL GUY TENSION 2 10.1 Definition pat 2 10.2 Standard ...........2..65 2 10.3 Method Of Measurement ..... 2 11 OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS . na 22 22 3 B 3 13 CLIMBING AND WORKING F 'PACILITIES B 33.1 Definitions ».......,..... B 13.2 Standard ©... .... 6.0... B 14 MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTION wa - 15 ANALYSIS OF EXISTING TOWERS AND STRUCTURES a 15.1 Standard .... uM 16 COUNTY LISTINGS OF MINIMUM BASIC WIND SPEEDS 25 ANNEXES Annex A: — PURCHASER CHECKLIST .... 2.2... .000000eceeceeeteee eee 59 Annex B: DESIGN WIND LOAD ON TYPICAL MICROWAVE ANTENNAS/REFLECTORS .........- 0.000 cee eecee ects enteee 6L Annex,C: TABLE OF ALLOWABLE TWIST AND SWAY VALUES FOR PARABOLIC ANTENNAS, PASSIVE See PERISCOPE SYSTEM REFLECTORS .........--..0-e0e0ceeee 7 AnnexD: DETERMINATION OF ALLOWABLE BEAM ht ‘AND SWAY FOR CROSS-POLARIZATION LIMITED SYSTEMS ............. TN Annex E: TOWER MAINTENANCE AND Teracnisiaol PROCEDURES . 83 AnnexF: CRITERIA FOR THE ANALYSIS OF EXISTING STRUCTURES ... 101 AnnexG: SICONVERSION FACTORS ..................5 ceeeeeeeeees 103 AnnexH: COMMENTARY ON ICE DESIGN CRITERIA FOR COMMUNICATION STRUCTURES .........0.020000s0sesee eee 105 Annex: GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS FOR TOWERS .........-.. 109 Annex J. CORROSION CONTROL OPTIONS FOR GUY ANCHORS: IN DIRECT CONTACT WITH SOIL ...... 00.0. 0esccee eee eeeee ulSTRUCTURAL STANDARDS FOR STEEL ANTENNA TOWERS AND ANTENNA SUPPORTING STRUCTURES OBJECTIVE ‘The objective of these standards is to provide minimum criseria for specifying and designing steel antenna towers and antenne supporting sTucuures. These standards are not intended to replace or supersede applicable codes. The information contained in these standards was obtained from sources as referenced and noted herein and represents, in the judgement of the subcommittee, the _ accepted industry practices for minimum standards for the design of steel antenna supporting structures, It is for general information only. ‘While it is believed to be accurate, this information should not be relied upon for any specific application without competent professionel examination and verification of its accuracy, suitability, and applicability by a licensed professional engineer. ‘These standards usilize wind loading criteria based on an annual probability and are not intended to cover all environmental conditions which could exist at a particular location, ‘These standards apply fo stee! antenna towers and antenna supporting structures forall classes of ‘communications service, such as AM, CATV, FM, Microwave, Cellular, TV, VHF, etc. These standards may be adapted foc international use; however, it is necessary 10 determine the appropriate basic wind speed (fastest-mile) and ice load at the site location in the specific country based on local meteorologicel data Equivalent International System of Units (SD) are given in brackets ] throughout these standards. ‘Sl conversion factors have been provided in Annex G. ‘is the responsibility of the purchaser to provide site-specific data and requirements differing from those contained in these standards. Annex A provides a checklist for assisting the purchaser in specifying the requirements for a specific. structnre when using these standards, The user is cautioned that local conditions of wind and ice, if known, have precedence over the minimim standards deseribed herein, ‘COPE ‘These standards describe the oe a anfenns towers and antenna supporting structures. 1 MATERIAL 11 Sundard 1.1.1 Material shall conform to one of the following standards except as provided in 1.1.2. 1.1.1.1 Structural steel, cast steel, steel forgings, and bolts shall conform to the material ‘specifications listed in the June 1, 1989, American Institute of Steel Construction, “Specification for Structura} Steel Buildings — Allowable Siess Design and Plastic Design”, hereinafter referred to as the AISC specification. 1.1.1.2 Light gauge steel structural members shall be structural quality es defined by the August 19, 1986, American Iron and Stee! Instivute, “Specification for the Design of (Cold-Farmed Steel Structural Members”, inereinafter referred to as the AISI specification. LALL3 Materiel for tubular steel pole structures and components shall conform to section 7.0 of ANSI/NEMA TT1-1983, “Tapered Tubular Steel Structures”.1.1.2. When materials other than those specified herein are used, the supplier must provide ‘certified data conceming mechanical and chemical properties, 1.1.3 Bolts and nut locking devices (excluding guy hardware). 1.13.1 Slip-critical connections and connections subjected to tension where the application of externally applied load results in prying action produced by deformarion of the connected parts shal! be made with high-strength bolts tightened to the minimum bolt tensions specified in the November 13, 1985, AISC, “Specification for Structural Joints Using ASTM A325 or A490 Bolts”. Exception: Where it can be shown that the stiffness of the connected parts is sufficient to reduce prying forces to insignificance, tension connections may be made with high-strength bolts tightened to a snug-tight condition as defined in the AISC specification referred to in 113.1, (Note: Contact surfaces for slip-critical connections shall not be oiled or painted and for galvanized material, the contact surfaces shall be prepared in accordance with the AISC ‘specification referred to in 1.1.3.1.) 1.13.2 Bearing-type connections may be made with bigh-strength bolts tightened to a snug-tight condition as defined in the AISC specification referred to in 1.1:3.1. 1.13.3 Where high-strength bolts are used and tensioned in accordance with the AISC specification referred to in 1.1.3.1, a nut-locking device is not required. 1.13.4 Bolts not covered in 1.1.3.3 require a nut-locking device. 1.1.3.5 Hot-dip galvanized A490 bolts shall not be used. 1.14 Materials other than steel are not within the scope of this section. 2 LOADING. 2.1 Definitions 2.1.1 Dead Load — The weight of the structure, guys, and appurtenances. 2.1.2 Ice Load — The radial thickness of ice applied uniformly around the exposed surfaces of the structure, guys, and appurtenances. 2.1.2.1 Unless otherwise indicated, a specified radial ice thickness shall be considered as 2.12.2 The density of solid ice shall be considered to be 56 Ib/ft (8.8 EN/m3]. 2123 The density of rime ice shall be considered to be 30 Ib/ft? [4.7 kNém?]. 2.1.3 Wind Load — The wind loading requirements specified in 2.3 (see Annex A). 2.13.1 Basic Wind Speed — Fastest-mile wind speed at 33 ft [10 m] above ground corresponding to an annual probability of 0.02 (50-year recurrence interval). 2.1.4 Appurtenances — Items sttached fo the structure such as antennas, transmission lines, conduits, lighting equipment, climbing devices, platforms, signs, anti-climbing devices, etc. 2.14.1 Discrete Appurtenance — An appurtenance whose load can be assumed to be concentrated at a point.22 TIAEIA22-F 2.1.4.2 Linear Appurtenance — An appurtenance whose load can be assumed to be dismibuted over a section of the srucuure. Nomenclature for Section 2 Loading Projected area of « liner appurtenance, Projected area of a discrese appurtenance Effective projected ere of structural camponents in one face Projected area of flat structural components in one face Gross aree of one tower face as if the face were solid Projected area of round structural components in one face ‘Velocity coefficient for tubular pole structure force coefficients Linear or discrete appurtenance force coefficient Guy drag force coefficient Structure force coefficient Guy lift force coefficient Dead weight of the structure, guys, and appurtenances ‘Wind direction factor for flat structural components Average diameter or average least width of a tubular pole structure ‘Wind direction factor for round structural components Horizontal force applied 10 a section of the structure ‘Design wind load on a discrete appurtenance Total drag force on a guy Total lift force on a guy Gust response factor for fastest-mile basic wind speed ‘Weight of ice Exposure coefficient Chord length of guy ‘Reduction factor for round structural components Basic wind speed for the structure location Design wind load on the structure, appurtenances, guys, etc., with radial ice Wo Design wind load on the structure, appurtenances, guys, etc., without ice Diameter of guy strand Solidity ratio aeTIBIA h Total height of structure az Velocity pressure a Ratio of corner diameter to diameter of inscribed circle of a tubular pole structure t Radial thickness of ice Height above average ground level to midpoint of section, appurtenance or guy 6 ‘Clockwise angle from guy chord to wind direction vector 23° Suandard : 2.3.1 Wind and Ice Loads 2.3.1.1 The total design wind load shall include the sum of the horizontal forces applied to the structure in the direction of the wind and the design wind load on guys and discrete appurtenances. = 23.12 This standard does not specifically state an ice requirement. Ice loading, depending on tower height, elevation, and exposure, may be a significant load on the structure in most parts of the United States. If the structure is ta be located where ice accumulation is expected, consideration shall be given to an ice load when specifying the requirements for the structure. (Refer to Annexes A and H.) 2.3.2 The horizontal force (F) applied to each section of the structure shall be calculated from the equation: Fs qzGu [Cp Ag+ (Ca Ag)! (6) IN Not to exceed 2 a7 Ga Ag where Ag = Gross area of one tower face (#2) [m?] (Note: All appurtenances, including antennas, mounts and lines, shall be assurned to remain intact and sttached to the structure regardless of their wind load capscities.) 2.3.3 The velocity pressure (az) and the exposure coefficient (Kz) shall be calculated from the equations (see Annex A): 9z = .00256 Kz V? (lb/ft?) for V in mift or qz = 613 Kz V? [Pal for V in ns Kz = [283] for zin tor Kz = (2/10)? for z in meress 1.00< Kz < 2.58 ‘V = Basic wind speed for the structure location (nif) [rvs] 2 = Height sbove average ground level to midpoint of the section (ft) fm] 2.3.3.1 Unless otherwise specified, the basic wind speed (V) for the structure Jocation shall be determined from section 16.2.3.4 Gust Response Factors 2.3.4.1 For latticed structures, the gust response factor (Gq) shalll be calculated from the equation: Gy = .65 + .60/(h/33)!/7 for b in ft or Gg = .65 + 60/(h/20)!!7 for b in meters 234.2 For tubular pole structures, the gust response factor (Gq) shall be 1.69. 2.3.4.3 One gust response factor shal} apply for the entire structure. 2.3.4.4 When cantilevered wabular or latticed pole structures are mounted on latticed structures, the gustresponse factor for the pole and the latticed structure shall be based on the height of the latticed structure without the pole, The stresses calculated for pole structures ‘and their connections to laticed structures shall be multiplied by 1.25 to compensate for the ‘greater gust response for mounted pole structures. 2.3.5 Structure Force Coefficients 2.3.5.1 For latticed structures, the structure force coefficient (Cp) for each section of the ‘Structure shall be calculated from the equations: Cp 4.0e2- 5.9¢ + 4.0 (Square cross sections) Cp=3.4e2- 4.7e +3.4 (Triangular cross sections) # = Solidity Ratio = (Ar+ ARWAG Ag = Projected area (ft?) {mn} of flat structural components in one face of the section. ‘Ag = Projected area (f?) (ro?) of round structural components in one face of the section and the projected area of ice when specified on flat and round structural components. (Refer to Figure 1). (Note: The projected area of structural components shall include the projected area of connection pistes.)DAMIA.222-F t= Specified radial thickness of ice Figure 1 (Note: Ice, when specified, shal! be assumed to accurnulate uniformly on all surfaces as iMlustrated. The additional projected area caused by the ice accumulation may be considered cylindrical even though the bare projected area is lat. Consideration shall be given to the change in shape from round to flat for closely spaced linear appurtenarices with ice accumulations.) 23.5.2. For cantilevered wbular steel pole structures, the structure force coefficient (Cr) shall be determined fram Table 1. 2.36 The effective projected area of structural components (Ag) for a section shall be calculated from the equation: Ag = Dp Ar+Dp Ag Ra (ft) [m7] ‘Wote: For tubular steel pole structures, Ag shall be the actual projected area based on pole diameter ot overall width.) 2.3.6.1 The wind direction factors, Dp and Dp, shall be determined from Table 2. 2.3.6.2. The reduction factor (Rp) for round structural components shall be calculated from the equation: Re=Sle+57 9 RR< 1.0 23.6.3 Linear appurtenances attached to a face and not extending in width beyond the normal projected area of the face may be considered as structural components when calculating the solidity ratio and wind forces.Force Coefficients (Cp) for Cantilevered Tubular Pole Structures c Round) 16 Sided T6Sided | 12Sided [ 8 Sided (mph ft) 74026 120.26 [es [ae se] 1.20 32068 | 130 Noga. Se} >, 4-0) 720 TEMS DA? * aR {em/s m) 1<0.26 130.26 Peete [sia ee reer) cS] 8 + 1.40r --—= wie Pet 23 312) 72+ A Ne jotes: 1. The above force coefficients apply only to cantilevered tubular pole structures which stand alone or are mounted on the top of a latticed struceure. 2. The force coefficients indicated account for wind load reductions under supercritical flow Conditions and therefore do not apply to appurtenances attached to the structure, Use Table 3 for appropriate force coefficients for appurtenances. 3. For all cross sectional shapes, Crneed not exceed 1.2 for any value of C. 4, Vis the basic wind speed for the loading condition under investigation. O "Tower Cross ‘Square “Triangular Section Wine bases | Read Nom OF aa * Measured fr ‘normal to the face of the structure| 23.7 The force coefficient (Ca) applied to the projected area (f?) [m?] of a lineer appurenance (Aq) not considered as a strucrural component shall be determined from Table 3. “The force coefficient for cylindrical members may be applied to the additionel projected area of radial ice when specified. (Refer to Figure 1.) “Appurtenance Force Coefficients mae CA 2.0 Denese cea | Fa Aspect Ratio = Overall length/width ratio in plane normal to wind direction. (Aspect ratio is nat 12 function of the spacing between support points of a linear eppurtenance, nor the section length jconsidered to have a uniformly distributed force.) Note: Linear interpolation may be used for aspect ratios other than shawn. 2.3.8 Regardless of location, linear appurtenances not considered as structural components in accordance with 2.3.6.3 shall be included in the term J. Ca Aa. 2.3.9 The horizontal force (F) applied to a section of the structure may be assumed to be uniformly distributed based on the wind pressure at the mid-height of the section, 2.3.9.1 For guyed masts, the section considered to have a uniformly distributed force shall not exceed the span between guy levels, 2.3.9.2. For free-standing structures, the section considered to have a uniformly distributed force shall not exceed 60 ft [18 m]. 2.3.9.3 For tubular steel pole structures, the section considered to have a uniformly distributed force shall not exceed 30 ft (9.1 ro]. 2.3.10 In the absence of more accurate data, the design wind lotd (Fc) on a discrete appurtenance such as an ice shield, platform, etc. (excluding microwave ameunas/passive reflectors) shall be calculated from the equation: Fo= az GalZ Ca Ac] Gb) IN] where DC, Acconsiders all elements of the discrete appurtenance including any feed lines, brackets, et., related to the appurtenance. Components of a discrete appurtenance attached directly to a tower face and not projecting away from the face may be considered as structural components when calculating the solidity ratio and wind forces. 2.3.10.1 The velocity pressure (qz) shall be calculated based on the cemesline height of the appurtenance.TIAEIA.222.F 2.3.10.2 The gust response factor (Gy) shall be calculated based on the total height of the structure for latticed structures (see 2.3.4.4) and shall be equal to 1.69 for mubular pole suucares. 2.3.10.3 ‘The design wind load (Fc) shall be applied in e horizontal direction in the direction of the wind. 2.3.10.4 The force coefficient (Ca) applied to the projected area (fi?) [m"] of a discrete appurtenance (Ac) shall be determined from Table 3. The force coefficient for cylindrical ‘members may be applied to the cylindrical portions of the appurtenance and to the additional projected area of ice when specified. (Refer to Figure 1). 2.3.10.5 When an equivalent flat-plate area based on Revision C of this standard (AR + 2/3 Ap) is provided by a manufacturer of an appurtenance, a force coefficient of 2.0 must be applied to the equivalent flat-piate area when determining design wind loads, When the appurtenance is made up of round members only, a force coefficient of 1.8 may be applied. 2.3.11 In the absence of more accurate date, the design wind load on microwave antennas/passive reflectors shall be determined using Annex B. 2.3.12 When the azimuth orientations of antennas located at the same relative elevation on the structnre are not specified, the antennas shall be assumed to radiate symmetrically about the structure, 2.3.13 Shielding of antennas shall not be considered. 2.3.14 The design wind load on guys shall be determined in accordance with Figure 2. The design wind load may be assumed to be uniform based on the velocity pressure (qz) at the midheight of each guy. 2.3.15 The maximurn member stresses and structure reactions shall be determined considering the wind directions resulting in maximum wind forces and twisting moments, Each of the wind directions indicated in Table 2 shall be considered for laticed structures. 2.3.16 Each of the following load combinations shall be investigated when calculating the maximum member smesses and structure reactions (see Annex A): D+Wo D475 Wist (Note; When the basic wind speed is specified as occurring simultaneously with an ice load by the purchaser or local authority, no reduction factor shall be applied to Wi.)TARIAQF Wind Forces on Guys Wind pei ———, e Guy ‘Chord Wind Gay Direction hort Fp =z Gu Cpd Lc= Total drag force (1b) [N] Fy az Gu Cid Lc = Total lift force (Ib) (N} qz = Velocity pressure at mid-height of guy (Ib/ft*) [Pq] (see 2.3.3) ‘Gq = Gust response factor based on total height of structure (see 2.3.4) d= Diameter of guy strand (ft) (m1 ‘Lc = Chord length of guy (ft) fm] © = Clockwise angie from guy chord to wind direction vector (@ < 180°) Cp=12sin0 Cy = 1.2 sin? cos 0 Figure 2TAEIA.2 24 References AASHTO, “Standard Specifications for Structural Supports for Highway Signs, Luminaires and Traffic Signals”, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, ‘Washington, D.C., 1985 with 1988 interim specifications. ASCE, “Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures”, ASCE 7-93, American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, NY, 1993. Diehl, W.S., “Engineering Aerodynamics”, Revised Edition, Ronsld Press Co., New York, NY, 1936. IASSS, “Recommendations for Guyed Masts”, International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures, Working Group Nr 4, 1961. Lou, T., “Force Coefficients for Transmission Towers”, A Master Research Report in Civil Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 1983. Simiu, E., Changery, MJ, and Fillibea, JJ, “Exweme Wind Speeds at 129 Stations in the Contiguous Usited Staves”, Building Science Series Report 118, National Bureau of Standards, ‘Washington, D.C., 1979. 3 STRESSES 3.1 Standard 3.1.1. Unless otherwise noted, structural members shall be designed in accordance with the appropriate AISC os AISI specification. 3.1.1.1 For structures under 700 ft {213m} in height, allowable stresses may be increased 13 for both load combinations defined in 2.3.16. 3.1.1.2. For structures 1200 ft [366 ml or greater in height, allowable stresses shall not be increesed. 3.1.1.3. For structures between 700 ft [213 m} and 1200 f [366 m) in height, allowable stresses may be increased by linear interpolation between 1/3 end 0. (Note: For structures 1200 ft [366m] or greater in height, increases in allowable stresses do ‘not apply due to the uncertainties of the wind effects above this height.) 3.1.1.4 Structure height, for purposes of determining allowable stresses, shall be based on fhe total structure height including tubular ar latticed poles mounted on the structure. 3.1.1.5 Referto2.3.4.4 for stress increases required for cantilevered tubular pole structures ‘mounted on Jaticed structures, 3.12 For guyed structures, the displacement of the mast at each guy level shall be considered when computing stresses. 3.1.3 The end connection and intermittent filler requirements of section B4 of the AISC specification for double angle members need not be satisfied when the slendermess ratio for the buckling mode involving relative deformation between the angles is modified as follows when determining allowable stresses: (8), = (eB + la Iwhere (8) = column slenderness of built-up member acting as a unit about the axis ° involving relative deformation 2 = largest column sleaderness of individual components (#) = modified colunsn slenderness of built-up member a = distance between connectors. 2, = miinirsum radius of gyration of individual component 3.14 Areduction coefficient equal to 75 shall be used when caleulating effective net areas in accordance with section B3 of the AISC specification for angle members and other similar members connected by one leg with one or two fasteners. 3.1.5 The reduction factor of 3.1.4 does not apply to the required investigation of block shear in accordance with section J4 of the AISC specification. Net shear and tension areas shall be based on hole diameters 1/16 inch [1.6 mm} larger than bolt hole diameters. 3.1.6 Bolt holes shall not be considered pin holes, as referred to in section D3 af the AISC ee 3.1.7 Deformation around bolt holes shall be a design consideration for the purposes of calculating allowable bearing stresses in accordance with section J3.7 of the AISC specification. 3.18 Table 33.5 of the AISC specification shall apply except at sheared edges where the minimum edge distance shall be 1.5 times the bolt disneter. 3.1.9 The measured unsupported length of a compression member shall be determined considering the rigidity of the connected parts and the direction of buckling about the axis under consideration, 3.1.10 In computing allowable stresses, when effective length factors are considered less than. 1.00 for leg members or members whose ends are attached by a single bolt, justification of each fagtor must be shown by test or computation, 3.1.11 For a gnyed structure, the stability of the structure between guy levels shall be considered when calculating allowable member stresses. 3.1.12 Limiting values of effective slendemess ratios for compression members shall preferably be 150 for legs, 200 for bracing, and 250 for redundants (members used solely to reduce slenderness of other members). 3.1.13 Bracing end redundants utilized to reduce the slendemness ratio of compression members shall be capable of supporting a force normal to the supported member equal to 1.5 pervent of the supported member's calculated axial load. This force is not to be applied simultaneously with the forces resulting from loads applied directly to the structure. 123.1.14 Structural Steel Single Angle Compression Members 3,114.1 Allowable compression stresses shall be calculated in accordance with the AISC | “Specification for Alloweble Stress Design of Single Angle Members” except that the Alexural-forsional buckling provisions do not apply. 3.1.14.2 Members subjected to lateral loads, which induce bending, shall meet the provisions of section 6 of the AISC specification referred to in 3.1.14.1. 3.1.14.3 Effective length factors shall be calculated in accordance with ANSI/ASCE 10-90, "Design of Latticed Steel Transmission Towers”, hereinafter referred to as ASCE 10, (See Table 4) (Note: ‘The effective length factors established in ASCE 10 have been adopted to adjust the AISC allowable compression stresses for the effects of eccensric axial loading and pertial end restraint.) 3.1.14.4 Effective length factors, other than those specified herein, shall be substantiated by tests. 3.1145 Slendemess ratios (L/R) shown in Figures 3 and 4 shall be utilized as a guide to determine measured and effective slenderess ratios. 3.1.14,6 Members shall be considered fully effective when the ratio of width to thickness (of) is not greater than the Tmiting value specified in ASCE 10, 3114.61 en widh-thickes sor exon the iting valu, lowable srsien shall be reduced in accordance with seelion 4 of the is AIS specification 3.1,14.1 with Q equal to the value calculated for Fer in ASCE 10 divided by fe yield stress of the member. 3.1.14.62 The width w for cold-formed angles shall equal thedistance from bend radius to the extreme fiber but not Jess than the angle widtininus three ts angle thickness. 3.1.14.63 Width-thickness ratios (w/t) shall not exceed 25. rotation of the joim including the effects of gussets. : 3.1.14.8 Where eccentricity at a joint cannot be avoided, due consideration afl be given to the additional stresses introduced in the members. 3.1.15 For tubular pole structures, the secondary bending moments caused bY vertica! Toads shall be considered when computing stresses. 3.1.15.1 Allowable combined bending and axial stresses for polygonal mPUlst steel pole structures shall be determined from Table 5. 3ABIA-222-F Table 4 ANSI/ASCE 10-90 EFFECTIVE SLENDERNESS CURVES CURVE 1 ELL i R R {CONCENTRIC BOTH ENDS) : CURVE 2 CURVE 5 ego 4 5k Le 7 = 304 15% R76 + 7025 ~* (ECCENTRIC ONE END) Curves 5 ees 50K (ECCEhrRic BOTH ENDS) (PARTIAL RESTRAINT ONE END) CURVE 6 Ren 462 + ois (PARTIAL RESTRAINT BOTH ENDS)THAIELA222-F SINGLE ANGLE COMPRESSION MEMBERS SLENDERNESS RATIOS FOR LEG BRACING SYMMETRICAL BRACING ‘CRITICAL MEASURED SLENDERNESS RATIO: & EFFECTIVE SLENDERNESS RATIOS: & hes BS 20 xm > 20 CURVE CURVE 4 STAGGERED BRACING CRITICAL MEASURED SLENDERNESS RATIOS, plete 1+2N\L RR (es Ne EFFECTIVE SLENDERNESS RATIOS: & Max = 120 BMAX > 120 CURVE? ‘CURVES "FOR LEG MEMBERS, MEASURED LENGTH (L) SHALL BE EQUAL TO THE PANEL SPACING MEASURED ALONG THE. AXIS OF THE LEG.REFER TO SECTION 3.1.9 FOR DETERMINATION OF MEASURED LENGTH L. fats 20 E> 20 E> wo CURVE? CURVES _ CURVES Now: For bracing members with welded or two or more bolt connections, measured length (L) ‘shall not be less than the distance between the cenoids of the connections at each end. Properly detailed welded connections may be considered as providing paftial restraint. 463.1.16 The design of reinforced concrete for foundations and guy anchors shall conform to the “Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete” (ACI 318-89) issued by the American ‘Concrete institute. 3.1.16.1 For structures under 700 ft (213 m] in height, the required reinforced concrete strength shall equal 1.3 times the full structure reactions produced by each load combination defined in 23.16. 3.1.16.2 For structures 1200 ft [366 m] or greater in height, the required reinforced concrete strength shall equal 1.7 times the full structure reactions produced by each losd combination. Gefined in 23.16. : 3.1.16.3 For structures between 700 ft [213 m) and 1200 ft [366 m] in height, the required reinforced concrete strength shall be determined by linear interpolation between 1.3 and 1.7 times the strocturt reactions. 3.1.16.4 Structure height, for purposes of determining required reinforced concrete strength, shall be based on the total structure height including wbular or latticed poles ‘mounted on the structure. ‘Allowable Combined Bending and Axial Stresses for Polygonal Tubular Stee! Pole Structures 16 Sided 215 < (Fy wht < 365 Fyin ksi 565 < [Fy wht <958 Fy in MPa By = 852 Fy (1.0 - 0.00137 /Fy wit) ksi 352 Fy (1.0 - 0.000522 /Fy w/t) MPa 12 Sided 240 < /Fywit < 365 Fy in ksi 630 < /Fywh <958 Fy in MPa Fx = 870 Fy (1.0 - 0.00129/Fy w/t) ksi 7 Fp = 870 Fy (1.0- 0.000491 wi) MPa 260 < /Fywit < 365 Fyin ksi 683 < Fy wh <958 Fy in MPa Fa 352 Fy (1.0 - 0.00114/Fy wit) ksi Fp = 852 Fy (1.0-0. (000434 /F, wit) MPa Actual flat side dimension, but not less than dimension calculated using a bend radius equal to 4tTA Ela- 41 5 Sai MANUFACTURE AND WORKMANSHIP Standard 4.1.1 Manufacturing and workmanship shall be in accordance with commonly accepted standards of the structural steel fabricating industry. 4.12 Welding procedures shall be in accordance with the requirements of the appropriate AISC or AISI specifications. FACTORY FINISH Standard 5.11 In the absence of other specific requirements, all materials shall be galvanized (see ‘Annex A). 5.1.1.1 Structural Materials — Structural materials shall be galvanized in accordance with ASTM A123 (hot-dip). Exceptions may be made when galvanizing in accordance with ASTM A123 would be potentially detrimental to the structure or its components. Examples include applications utilizing certain high-stength and/or proprietary steels and weidments. In these cases, an alternative method of corrosion control shalll be specified. $.1.1.2 Hardware — Hardware shall be galvanized in accordance with ASTM A153 (hot-dip) or ASTM B695 Class 50 (mechanical). 5.1.13 Guy Strand — Zinc-coated guy strand shall be galvanized in accordance with ASTM A475 or ASTM A586. PLANS, ASSEMBLY TOLERANCES, AND MARKING Standard 6.1.1 Complete plans, assembly drawings, or other documentation shall be supplied showing the necessary marking and details for the proper assembly and installation of the material, including the design yield strength of the structural members and the grade of structural bolts Fequired. 6.12 Tolerances for the proper layout ard installation of the material; and the foundations and anchors shall be shown on the plans. 6.1.2.1 Plumb — The horizontal distance between the vertical centerlines at any two elevations shall not exceed .25 percent of the vertical distance between the two elevations. 6.12.2. Twist — The twist (angular rotation in the horizontal plane) between any two elevations shall not exceed 0.5° in 10 feet [3 m] and the total twist in the structure shall not exceed 5°, a 6.1 ares with selescoping joint, butt welded or Aanged shaft connections, te overall length of the assembled sracar habe within pus 3 percent or minus 1/2 percent of the specified height. (Note: Horn refiectors and other types of offset-feed antennss have polarization performance requirements, which aré Sensitive to angular displacement from boresight direction. Special consideration must be given to the mount, attachment hardware, installation practice, as well as the support structure, to mizimize all contributing factors 10 initial skew or offset.) 186.1.3 Allstructural members or welded structural assemblies, except for hardware, shall have ‘apartnumber, The part numbers shall correspond with the assembly drawings. The part number is to be permanently attached (stamped, welded lettering, stamped on a plate that is welded to the member, etc.) to the member before all protective coatings (galvanizing, paint, etc.) are applied. ‘Tue part qumber shall bave a minimum character height of 1/2 in. (13 mm}, be legible and clearly visible to an inspector after erection. 7 FOUNDATIONS AND ANCHORS 7.1 Definitions i 7.4.1 Standard Foundations and Anchors ~ Structures designed to support the specified loads defined in Section 2 for normal soil conditions as defined in 7.1.3. Pile construction, roof installations, foundations or anchors designed for submerged soil conditions, etc., are not 10 be considered as standard. 7.1.2 NonStandard Foundations and Anchors — Structures designed to support the specified loads defined in Seotion 2 in accordance with site specific conditions. 7.13 Normal Soil — A cohesive soil with an allowable net vertical bearing capacity of 4000 pounds per square foot [192 kPa] and an allowable net horizontal pressure of 400 pounds per square foot per lineal foot of depth 163 kPa per lineal meter of depth] to a maximum of 4000 pounds per square foot (192 kPa]. (Note: Rock, noncobesive soils, saturated or submerged soils are not to be considered normal soil.) 7.2 Standard 7.2.1 Standard foundations and anchors may be used for bidding purposes and for construction when actual soil parameters equal of exceed normal soil parameters, 7.2.2 When standard foundations and anchors are utilized far final designs, it shall be the responsibility of the purchaser to verify by geotechnical investigation that actual site soil Parameters equal or exceed normal soil parameters. (See Annex A.) 7.23 Foundations and anchors shall be designed for the maximum structure reactions sesulting from the specified loads defined in Section 2 using the following criteria: 7.2.3.1 When standard foundations and anchors are to be used for construction, “nonal soil” parameters from 7.1.3 shal] be used for design. 7.23.2 When nonstandard foundations and anchors are to be used for construction, the soil parameters recommended by the geotechnical engineer should incorporate a minimum factor of safety of 2.0 against ultimate soil strength (see Annexes A and D). 7.24 Uplift 7.2.4.1 Standard foundations, anchors, or drilled and belled piers shall be assumed toresist uplift forces by their own weight plus the weight of earth enclosed within an inverted pyramid or cone witose sides form an angle of 30° with the vertical. The base of the cone shall be the bese of the foundation if an undercut or toe is present of the top of the foundation ‘base in the absence of the foundation undercut. Earth shall be considered to weigh 100 pounds per cubic foot [16 kN/ms] and concrete 150 pounds per cubic foot [24 kN/m3]. 197.2.4.2 Swaight shaft drilled piers for standard foundations shall have an ultimate skin friction of 200 pounds per square foot per lineal foot of depth [31 kPa per lineal meter of depth] to amaximum of 1000 pounds per square foot of shaft surface area (48 kPa] for uplift ‘or download resistance. 7.2.4.3 Nonstandard foundations, anchors, and drilled piers shall be designed in accordance with the recommendations of a geotechnical report (see Annex I). 7.2.44 Foundations, anchors, and drilled piers shall be proportioned in accordance with the following: : (Wr /2.0) + (Wo/1.25)>Up and (WetWoyl5>Up where; Wa = soil resistance from 7.2.4.1, 7.24.2 0 7.2.43 We = weight of concrete Up = maximum uplift reaction 7.245 A mat or slab foundation for a self-supporting structure shall have & minimum, safety factor against overturning of 1.5. 7.2.5 The depth of standard drilled foundations subjected to lateral or overturning loads shall be proportioned in accordance with the following: = Ly > 2.0 + S/3d) +2 (S1180?}+ $2 + MIG3d)]!? (Fr) Lp > -61 + $/(143d) + 2 [S4(41333d2) + $/96 + M/(1434)}!? [m] where: Lp = Depth of drilled foundation below ground leve! (ft) {mn} 4 = Diameter of drilled foundation (ft) (eal S = Shear reaction at ground level (kips) [kN] ‘M_ = Overturning moment at ground level (ft-kips) [m-kN] Reference: Broms, B., “Design of Laterally Loaded Piles”, Journal of the Soil Mechanics send Foundation Division Proceedings of the American Society af Civil Engineers, May, 1965, 7.3 Special Conditions 7.3.1 When supportis to be designed by other than the manufacturer, the manufacturer will be responsible for furnishing the reactions, weights, and interface deus for the purchaser's aginter 10 provide the necessary atach 7.3.2 The effects of the presence of water shall be accounted for in the design of nonstandard foundations. Reduction in the weight of materials due to buoyancy and the effect on soil Properties under submerged conditions shall be considered. 207.4 Foundation Drawings 7.4.1 Foundation drawings shall indicate structure reactions, material strengths, dimensions, seinforcing steel, and embedded anchorage material type, size, and location. Foundations designed for normal soil conditions shall be so noted. (Nowe: Normal soil design parameters and methods are presented to obtain untiform standard foundation and anchor designs for bidding purposes. Design methods for other conditions and ‘other foundation types must be consistent with accepted engineering practices.) 8 SAFETY FACTOR OF GUYS 8.1 Definition 8.1.1 Guy Connection — The guy connection is defined as the hardware or mechanism by which a length of guy strand is connected to the tower, insulator, or guy anchor. The connection ‘may include, but is not limited to, the following: shackles, in-line insulators, thimbles, ‘tumbuckles, twin base clips, u-bolt cable clips, poured socket fitrings, and grip- type dead-end connections. Twin base and u-boit clips used on guy strand through 7/8-in. diameter shall be considered to have amaximum efficiency factor of 90 percent. In all other cases, clips on strand shall be considered to have a maximum efficiency factor of 80 percent. For all other types of end connections, mantfacturer’s recommendations should be followed when determining the connection efficiency factor. 8.1.2 Safety Factor of Guys — The safety factor of guys shall be calculated by dividing the published breaking strength of the guy or guy connection strength, whichever is lower, by the maximum calculated tension design load, 8.2 Standard 8.2.1 For structures under 700 ft [213 m] in height, the safety factor of guys and their connections shall not be less then 2.0. 8.2.2 For structures 1200 ft [366 m) or greater in height, the safety factor of guys and their connections shall not be less than 2.5. 8.2.3. For structures berween 700 t(213 m] and 1200 ft [366 m] in height, the minimum safery factor of guys and their connections shall be determined by linear interpolation between 2.0 and 25. (Note: A 1/3 increase in stress for wind-loading conditions does not apply to the published breaking strength of guys and their connections.) 8.2.4 Structure height, for purposes of determining the required safety factor of all guys and their connections, shall be based on total structure height including tubular or latticed pales mounted on the strucnure. 9 PRESTRESSING AND PROOF LOADING OF GUYS 9.1 Definitions 9.1.1 Prestessing of Guys — The removal of inherent constructional looseness of the guy under a sustained load. 9.12 Proof Loading — The essurance of mechanical swengih of factory assembled end connections. 219.2 Standard 9.2.1 Prestressing and proof loading are not normaily required, When specified, prestressing and proof loading shall be performed in accordance with the recommendations of the guy manufacturer. (Note: For tall, guyed structures, consideration should be given to prestressing and proof loading.) 10 INITIAL GUY TENSION 10.1 Definition 10.1.1 Initial Guy Tension — The specified guy tension in pounds [newtons] under no wind load conditions, at the guy anchor at the specified temperature (see 10.2). 10.2 Standard 10.2.1 Initial tension in the guys, for desiga purposes, is normally 10 percent of thé published breaking strength of the strand with upper and lower limits of 15 and 8 percent respectively. ‘Values of initial tension beyond these limits may be used provided consideration has been given to the sensitivity of the structure to variations in initial tension and, if necessary, to dynamic behavior (see nove below). Consideration shall be given to the site ambient temperature range. in the absence af site specific data, the initial tensions shall be based upon an ambient temperature of 60°F - 06 °C (Note: The stated 8-15 percent initial tension extreme values are provided as recommended guidelines only. Specific site and terrain conditions may necessitate initial tension values outside this range. When using initial tension valves above 15 percent, consideration should be ‘given t0 the possible effects of aeolian vibration. Likewise, when using initial tension values Jess than 8 percent, consideration should be given to the effects of galloping and slack-taut pounding.) 10.3 Method of Measurement 10.3.1 Initiel tension may be measured by vibration frequency, mechanical rensiometers, measurement of guy sag, or by other suitable methods (see Annex E). 1. OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS 11.1 ‘Definitions 11.1.1 Twist — The angular rotation of the antenna beam path in a horizontal plane from the no-wind load position at a specified elevation. 11.1.2 Sway — The angular rotation of the antenna beam path in a vertical plane from the no-wind load position at a specified elevation. 11.13 Displacement — The horizontal translation of a point relative to the no-wind losd Position of the same point at a specified elevation. 11.2 Standard (See Annex A) 11.2.1 The minimum standard shall be based on a condition of no ice and a wind load based on a 50 mph basic wind speed [22.4 m/s} calculated in accordance with 2.3. The operational requirements shall be based on an overall allowable 10 d8 degradation in radio frequency signal level. 2TiaiEIA, 11.2.2 Unless otherwise specified, the operational requirements for microwave anteana/ reflector systems shall be determined using Annexes C and D. 12. PROTECTIVE GROUNDING 12.1 Definitions 12.1.1 Grounding — The means of establishing an electrical connection between the structure and the earth, adequate for lightning, high valtage, or static discharges. 12.1.2 Primary Ground — A conducting connection between the structure and earth or some conducting body, which serves in place of the earth. 12.13 Secondary Ground — A conducting connection between an sppurtenance and the structure, (Note: Ground wire should not be encased in the foundation.) 12.2 Standard (See Annex A) 12.2.1 Structures shall be directly grounded to a primary ground, 12.2.2 A minimum ground shall consist of two 5/8 in. [16 mm] diameter galvanized steel ‘ground rods driven not less than 8 ft [2.5 m] into the ground, 180° apart, adjacemtto the structure base, The ground rods shall be bonded with a lead of not smaller than No. 6 [5 mm] tinned bare copper connected to the nearest leg of to the metal base of the structure. A similar ground rod shall be installed as each guy anchor and similarly connected to each guy at the anchor. 12.2.3 Self-supporting towers exceeding 5 ft [1.5 m] in base width shall have one ground rod per leg installed as above. 12.2.4 All equipment on a structure shall be connected by a secondary ground. 12.2.5 Remote passive reflectors are exempt from the grounding requirements specified herein. 13. CLIMBING AND WORKING FACILITIES 13.1 Definitions 13.1.1 Climbing Facilities — Components specifically designed or provided to permit access, such as fixed ladders, step bolts, or structural members. 43412 Climbing Sefety Devices — Equipment devices other than cages, designed to minimize accidental falls, or to limit the distance of such falls. ‘The devices permit the person to ascend or descend the structure without having to continually manipulate the device ot any part of the device. The climbing safety device usually consists of a carries, sefety sleeves, and safety belts, 13.1.3 Working Fatilities — Work platforms and access runways. 13.1.4 Hand or Guardrails — Horizontal barriers erected along the sides or ends of working facilities to prevent falls. 13.2 Standard 13.2.1 Climbing and working facilities, hand or guardrails, and climbing safery devices shall be. provided when specified by the purchaser. (See Annex A.) 13.22 Climbing facilities shall be designed to support a minimum 250 [1.1 kN] pound concentrated live load. 23,TiAl 22 F 13.2.2.1 When fixed ladders are specified as the climbing facility, they shal} meet the following minimum requirements: a. Side rail spacing — 12 in. [300 mm] minimum clear width. . Rung spacing — 12 in, (300 mm] minimum centes-to-centes, 16 in. [410 mm] maximum. ¢. Rung diameter — 5/8 in. [16 mm] minimum. 13.22.2 When step bolts are specified, they shall meet the following requirements: 8. Clear Width — 4 1/2 in, (110 mm} minimum, b. Spacing — 12 in. minimum (300 mm] center to center, alternately spaced, 18 in. (460 mm] maximum. ¢. Diameter — 5/8 in. {16 mm] minimum. 13.2.3 Climbing safery devices shall meet the design requirements of the American National ‘Standards Institute (ANST) A14.3-1986, “Safety Requirements for Fixed Ladders”, Section 7. 13.2.4 Support structures for working facilities shall be designed to support a uniform live load ‘of 25 Ib/ft? [1.2 kPa}, but in no case shall the support structure be designed for less than s total Tive load of 500 pounds [2.2 KN]. Working surfaces, such as grating, shall be designed to support ‘two 250-pound [1.1 kN] loads, These loads are not to be applied concurrently with wind and ice loads. 13.2.5 Hand or guardrails shall be designed to support a minimum concentrated live load of 150 pounds (0.67 EN], applied in any direction. (Note: 13.2 is intended to provide minimum requirements for new structures. [tis not intended to replace or supersede applicable laws or codes.) 14 MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTION, 14.1 Standard 14.1.1 Maintenance and inspection of stee! antenna towers and antenna supporting structures should be performed by the owner on # routine basis. (Note 1: Itis recommended that all structures be inspected after severe wind and/or ice storms or other extreme loading conditions.) (Note 2: Recommended inspection and maintenance procedures for towers are provided in Annex E.) Note 3: Shorter inspection intervals shouid ve considered for suctures in coastal salt water environments, in corrosive atmospheres, end in areas subject to frequent vandalism) 15 ANALYSIS OF EXISTING TOWERS AND STRUCTURES 15.1 Standard 15.1.1 Steel antenna towers and other supporting structures should be analyzed when changes ‘occur to the original design or operational loading conditions. Recommended criteria for the analysis of existing smuctures are provided in Annex F. 24TVEIA222-F ANNEX C: TABLE OF ALLOWABLE TWIST AND SWAY VALUES FOR PARABOLIC ANTENNAS, PASSIVE REFLECTORS, AND PERISCOPE SYSTEM REFLECTORS aTIAELA-222-F Notes: 1. If values for columns “A” and "B” are not available from the manofacturer (s) of the antenna system ot from the user of the antenna system then values shall be obtained from Figure Ci, C2, or C3, 2. Limits of beam movement for twist or sway (treated separately inmost analyses) will be the sum of the appropriate figures in columns C & D, G & H, and G & L columns G, H & I apply to vertical periscope configuration. 3. Itis not intended that the values in this table imply an accuracy of beam width determination or structural rigidity calculation beyond known practicable values and computational procedures. For most microwave structures itis not practical to require a calculated structural rigidity of less than 1/4 degree twist or sway with a 50 mi/h (22.4 ns) Basic Wind Speed, 4, For passive reflectors the allowable twist and sway values are assumed to include the effects of all members contributing to the rotation of the face under wind load. For passives not elevated far above ground (approximately 5 to 20 feet (1.5 to 6m) clearance above ground) the structure and reflecting face supporting elements are considered an integral unit. Therefore, separating the structure portion of the deflection is only meaningful when passives are mounted on conventional microwave structures. 5. The allowable sway for passive reflectars is considered to be 1.4 times the allowable twist to account for the amount of rotation of the face about a horizontal axis through the face center and parallel to the face compared to the amount of beam rotation along the direction of the path as it deviates from the plane of the incident and reflected bearn axis. 6. Linear horizontal movement of antennas and reflectors in the amount experienced for properly designed microwave antenna system support structures is not considered a problem (20 significant signal degradation attributed to this movement), 7. For systems using a frequency of 450 Miz, the half power beam widths may be nearly 2 @ degrees for some antennas. However, structures designed for microwave relay systems will usually have an inherent rigidity less than the maximum 5 degree deflection angle shown on the chart 8. The 3 dB beam widdhs, 2 @ HP in column “A” are shown for convenient reference to manufacturers’ published antenna information. The minimum deflection reference for this standard is the allowable total deflection angle © at the 10 dB points. 2_TIMEIA222-F cK ili i (feet) 10¢B points Roars # be ”. 2 1a Flat face reflector ce beam normal axis ee, Plan or elevation of fat face as reflectors ao 7 (Note: For the rotation. ofthe reflector shout Kw eo wis its center, the deflection beam angle ©, may vary from ito 20 ecordecs wisn ama sytney, ‘Rectangular or square aperture HW are the projected dimensions along the beam path NOMOGRAPH, DEFLECTION ANGLE, @ AT 10 dB POINTS FOR RECTANGULAR APERTURE. (FLAT FACE REFLECTOR) Figure C1 BTARIA222-F- se on 72 “2 2. 1s he Peeretecefsntunftinhatabainettitt ernest Bel ‘Avieama system ‘half power beam width (degrees) bab ak it ue 10dB taper TO ( 2w : b. When 2w >> L5w. ©. When Lsw >! >w where 1 = weld length, in. w = plate width (distance between welds), in. Bolted and riveted splice and gusset plates and other connection fittings subject to tensile force shall be designed in accordance with the provisious af Sect. D1, where the effective net area shall be taken as the actual net area, except that, for the purpose of desiga calculations, it shall not be taken as greater than 85% of the gross area. ‘Ancenican Instrrive oF Steet ConsrRUcrion u=10Sect. B4] ‘STABILITY 5-35 B4. STABILITY BS. General stability shall be provided for the structure as a whole and for each compression element. Consideration shail be given to significant load effects resulting from the de- flected shape of the structure or of individual elements of the lateral load resist- ing system, including effects on beams, columns, bracing, connections and shear walls. LOCAL BUCKLING Classification of Steel Sections Steel sections are classified as compact, noncompact and slender element sec- tions. For a section to qualify as compact, its flanges must be continuously con- nected to the web or webs and the widih-thickness ratios af its compression ele~ ments must not exceed the applicable limiting width-thickness ratios from Table B5.1. Steel sections that do not qualify as compact are classified as noncompact if the width-thickness ratios of the compression elements do not exceed the values shown for noncompact in Table B5.1. If the width-thickness ratios of any compression element exceed the latter applicable value, the sec- tion is classified as a slender element section. For unstiffened elements which are supported along only one edge, parallel to the direction of the compression force, the width shall be taken as follows: a. For flanges of I-shaped members and tees, the width 0 is half the full nominal width; b, For legs of angles and flanges of channels and zees, the width b is the full nominal dimension. c. For plates, the width 6 is the distance ftom the free edge to the first row of fasteners or line of welds. d. For stems of tees, d is taken as the full nominal depth For stiffened elements, ic., supported along two edges parallel to the direction of the compression force, the width shall be taken as follows: a. For webs of rolled, built-up or formed sections, h is the clear distance __ between flanges. b. For webs of rolled, built-up or formed sections, d is the full nominal depth. . For flange or diaphragm plates in built-up sections, the width b is the distance between adjacent lines of fasteners or lines of welds. 4. For flanges of rectangular, hoiiow sirucwural sections, the width b is the clear distance between webs less the inside comer radius on each side. If the comer radius is not known, the flat width may be take as the total section width minus three times the thickness For tapered flanges of rolled sections, the thickness is the nominal value half- way between the free edge and the corresponding face of the web. ‘Slender Compression Elements For the design of flexural and compressive sections with slender compressive elements see Appendix BS. Anwenscan Insterure of Steet Canstauction5-36 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS TABLE 85.1 Limiting Width-Thickness Ratios for Compression Elements (Chap. § Wicth- Limiting Width ay Thick Thickness Ratios toes | Description of Element Rato Compact Noncompact Fangos of F-shaped roted beam and on «sve 98VF, channels in laxur® ‘Flanges of [-shaged welded beams bit 6s/VF, 98/V Fj The infenure Outstanding legs of pairs of angles in continu ‘ous contact; angles o1 plates projecting from folled bears or coms; sifeners on plato | aa ie gircors ‘Angles or plates projecting irom girder, tlt tip columns or othe compression morrbers: | b/t NA sive compression fanges of plato giedocs ‘Stems of tees ort sce ‘Unatifened elemenss imply supported along one edge, such as legs ol snglesangia snaa,|_ b/t NA 18VE, legs of dovblo-angi struts wh separators apd cross or star-shaped 6088 SoCs Flanges of square and recanguar tox and holow sirctural sectors of uniform thickness subject o banding compression’; ange | 6/¢ s901VF, zaVA, ‘over plates and ctaphragm Fates between : lines of fasteners of woide ‘Unsuppored width of cover plates perforated | _67¢ NA BVA witha svesaesion of access holas* ‘Al other uniformly compressed sifaned ela. | 07! NA wa ments, Le, supported along eo edges ite Webs in fexural compzeasion® at ean = bly = T60/V FS ‘Wabs in combined flexural and axial tor * compression tify = 016 Oty 840 8 (a7 a(t # = = SI, > 946 257/VF, hike = 760/VF ‘Grcular hotow sections in axial compression on 300, a fn fexue L 3300/8, o Assumes net area af plate at widest hole. “See also Sect, F3.1. apenas he = Tapa VI> 70, hervine ke = 4.0, L “For hybrid beams, uso the yield strangth ofthe flange Fy, ialeed ot “For design of slender sections that excead the noncompact its see Appendix 86. Aveunscax Testrrue oF Stasi, Constaucrion5-40 ot. D2. CHAPTER D TENSION MEMBERS ‘This section applies to prismatic members subject to axial tension caused by forces acting through the centroidal axis. For members subject to combined axial tension and flexure, see Sect. H2, For members subject to fatigue, see Sect. K4, For tapered members, see Appendix F7. Far threaded rods see Sect. 3B. ALLOWABLE STRESS The allowable stress F, shall not exceed 0.60F, on the gross area nor 0.50F, on the effective net area, In addition, pin-connected members shall meet the re- quirements of Sect. D3-1 at the pin hole. Block shear strength shall be checked at end connections of tension members in accordance with Sect. J4. Eyebars shall meet the requirements of Sect. D3.1. BUILT-UP MEMBERS ‘The longitudinal spacing of connectors between elements in continuous contact consisting of a plate and a shape or two plates shall not exceed: 24 times the thickness of the thinner plate, aor 12 in, for painted members or unpainted members not subject to corrosion. 14 times the thickness of the thinner plate, nor 7 in, for unpainted mem- bers of weathering steel subject to atmospheric corrosion. In a tension member the longitudinal spacing of fasteners and intermittent welds connecting two of more shapes in contact shall not exceed 24 inches. Tension members composed of two or more shapes or plates separated by in- termittent fillers shall be connected to one another at these fillers at intervals such that the slenderness ratio of either component between the fasteners does not exceed 300. Either perforated cover plates or tie plates without lacing are permitted on the open sides of built-up tension members. Tie plates shall have a length not less than % the distance between the lines of welds or fasteners connecting them to the components of the member. The thickness of such tie plates shall not be less than ¥50 of the distance between these lines. The longitudinal spacing of in~ termittent welds or fasteners at tie plates shall not exceed 6 in. The spacing of tie plates shall be such that the slenderness ratio of any compo- nent in the length between tie plates should preferably not exceed 300. ‘Aszaucan Insrr1vTe oF Sree CoxstmuctioNSect. D3} Pit’ CONNECTED MEMBERS 5-44 03. PIN-CONNECTED MEMBERS 1. Allowabie Stress The allowable stress on the net area of the pin hole for pin-connected members is 0.45 F,. The bearing stress on the projected area of the pin shall not exceed the stress allowed in Sect. 18. The allowable stress on eyebars meeting the requirements of Sect. D3.3 is 0.60 F, on the body area. Pin-connected Plates The minimum net area beyond the pin hole, parallel to the axis of the member, shall not be less than % of the net area across the pin hole. “The distance used in calculations, transverse to the axis of pin-connected plates or any individual element of a built-up member, from the edge of the pin hole to the edge of the member or element shall not exceed 4 times the thickness at the pin hole. For calculation purposes, the distance from the edge of the pin hole to the edge of the plate or to the edge of a separated element of a built-up member at tlie pin hole, shall not be assumed to be more than 0.8 times the diameter of the pin hole. Fos pin-connected members in which the pin is expected to provide for relative movement between connected parts while under full Joad, the diameter of the pin hole shail not be more than ¥2 in. greater than the diameter of the pin. The comers beyond the pin hole may be cut at 45° to the axis of the member, provided the net area beyond the pin hole, on a plane perpendicular to the cut, is not less than that perpendicular 10 the direction of the applied load. Eyebers, Eyebars shall be of uniform thickness, without reinforcement at the pin holes, and have circular heads whose periphery is concentric with the pin hole. The radius of the transition between the circular head and the eyebar body shall not be less than the diameter of the head. For calculation purposes, the width of the body of an eyebar shall not exceed 8 times its thickness. ‘The thickness may be less than ¥s-in. only if external nuts are provided to tighten pin plates and filler plates into snug contact. For calculation purposes, the distance from the hole edge to plate edge perpendicular to the direction of the applied load shall not be less than % nor greater than ¥% times the width of the eyebar body. ‘The pin diameter shail be not less than % times the eyebar width. The pin-hole diameter shail be na more than Y52-in. greater than the pin diam- eter. For steel having a yield stress greater than 70 ksi, the hole diameter shail not exceed 5 times the plate thickness and the width of the eyebat shall be reduced accordingly. Avacaucan [nstrrute oF Stet, ConstRucTiON2. TENSION ‘The allowable tension stress F, shail not exceed 0.6F, on the grass area A,, nor 0.50F, on the effective net area A,. a. For members connected by bolting, the net area and effective net area shall be determined from AISC ASD Specification Sects. B1 to B3 inclusive. b. When the load is transmitted by longitudinal or a combination of longitudinal and transverse welds through just one leg of the angle, the effective net area ; shall be ow A. 710.85), (24) c. When load is transmitted by transverse weld through just ane leg of the angle, A, is the area of the connected leg. For members whose design is based on tensile force, the slendemess ratio L/r prefer- ably should not exceed 300. Members which have been designed to perform as ten- sion members in a structural system, but may experience some compression, need not satisfy the compression slendemess limits. 3.1.4 Bolt holes shall nat be considered pin holes, as referred to in section D3 of the AISC specification.5-42 CHAPTER E COLUMNS AND OTHER COMPRESSION MEMBERS This section applies to prismatic members with compact and noncompact sections subject to axial compression through the centroidal axis. For members with slendes elements, see Appendix BS.2. For members subject to combined axial compression and flexure, see Chap. H. For tapered members, see Appendix F7. @1, EFFECTIVE LENGTH AND SLENDERNESS RATIO 3.1-11.3 Effective length factors shall be calculated in accordance with the American Society of Civil Engineers, Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice No. 52, “Guide for Design of Steel Transmission Towers", second edition, hereinafter refesred to as ASCE Manual No. 52. (See Table 4). (Wate: The effective length factors established in ASCE Manual No. $2 have been adapted to adjust the AISC allowable compression stresses for the effects of eccentric axial loading and partial end restraint.) £2, ALLOWABLE STRESS On the gross section of axially loaded compression members whose cross sec- ‘tions meet the provisions of Table BS.1, when Ki/r, the largest effective slender- ness ratio of any unbraced segment is less than C., the allowable stress is: {t _ (Kir 22 Foy 3RI) Clay (21) 3” 8c. BCP where a= fe k On the gross section of axially loaded compression members, when Kir ex- ceeds C., the allowable stress is: _ ae Re 2B(Kur Pe (222)fal 3.1.3. The end connection and intermittent filler requirements of section Ed of the AISC specification for double angle members need not be Satisfied when the slendemess ratio for the buckling mode involving relative deformation between the angles is modified as follows when determining allowable stresses: j where | (2), = column sfendemess of built-up member acting as a unit - i z = largest column slendemess of individual components ! (2). ~ modified column slendemess of built-up member : a = distance between connectors i Rg = minimum radius of gyration of individual component "Sect. £4] BUILT-UP MEMBERS 5-43 Ea, BUILT-UP MEMBERS All parts of built-up compression members and the transverse spacing of their lines of fasteners shall meet the requirements of Sect. B7. For spacing and edge distance requirements for weathering steel members, see Sect. 33.10. At the ends of built-up compression members bearing on base plates or milled surfaces, all components {n contact with one another shall be connected by riv- ets or bolts spaced longitudinally not more than 4 diameters apart for a dis- tance equal to 1¥4 times the maximum width of the member, or by continuous welds having a length not less than the maximum width of the member. (' Compression members composed of two or more rolled shapes separated by intermittent fillers shai be connected at these fillers at intervals such that the | Slendemess ratio Kilr of either shape, between the fasteners, dots not exceed Zermevt&s, Ys times the governing slenderness ratio of the built-up member. The least ra dius of gyration r shall be used in computing the slendemess ratio of each com- ponent part. At least two intermediate connectors shall be used along the Tength of the built-up member. All connections, including those at the ends, shall be welded or shall utilize high-strength bolts tightened to the requirements of Table J3.7.5-62 eaeeaeeec ccs CHAPTER J CONNECTIONS, JOINTS AND FASTENERS ‘This chapter applies to connections consisting of connecting elements (plates, stiffeners, gussets, angles, brackets) and connectors (welds, bolts, rivets), J1, GENERAL PROVISIONS 4. Design Basis ‘Connectiorss shall be proportioned so that the calculated stress is less than the allowable stress determined (1) by structural analysis for loads acting on the structure or (2) as a specified proportion of the strength of the connected mem- bers, whichever is appropriate. 2, Simple Connections Except as otherwise indicated in the design documents, connéctions of beams, girders or trusses shall be designed as flexible and ordinarily may be propor- tioned for the reaction shears only. Flexible beam connections shall accommo- date end rotations of unrestrained (simple) beams. To accomplish this, inelas- tic deformation in the connection is permitted. 3. Moment Connections 4. Compression Members with Bearing Joints ‘When columns bear on bearing plates or are finished to bear at splices, there shall be sufficient connectors to hold all parts securely in place. When other compression members are finished to bear, the splice material and its connectors shall be arranged to hold all parts in line and shall be propor tioned for 50% of the strength of the member. All compression joints shall be proportioned to resist any tension developed by the specified lateral loads acting in conjunction with 75% of the calculated dead-load stress and no live load. 5. Connections of Tension an¢ Compression Members In Trusses ‘The connections at ends of tension or compression members in trusses shall de> velop the force due to the design load, but not less than 50% of the effective “Anenican Instrrure oF Stax. ConsraucrionSect. J 1] GENERAL PROVISIONS S65 10, 11. 12, strength of the member, unless smaller percentage is justified by engineering analysis that considers other factors including handling, shipping and erection. Minimum Connections Connections carrying calculated stresses, except for lacing, sag bars and girts, shall be designed to support not less than 6 kips. Placement of Welds, Bolts and Rivets Groups of welds, bolts or rivets at the ends of any member which transmit axial stress into that member shall be sized so the center of gravity of the group coin- cides with the center of gravity of the member, unless provision is made for the eccentricity. The foregoing provision is not applicable to end connections af statically loaded single-angle, double-angle and similar members. Eccentricity between the gravity axes of such members and the gage lines for their riveted or bolted end connections may be neglected in statically loaded members, but shail be considered in members subject to fatigue loading. See Sect. 53.10 for placement of fasteners in built-up members made of weather- ing steel. Bolts in Combination with Welds In new work, A307 bolts or high-strength bolts used in bearing-type connec- tions shall not be considered as sharing the stress in combination with welds. Welds, if used, shall be provided to carry the entire stress in-the connection. High-strength bolts proportioned for slip-critical connections may be consid- ered as sharing the stress with the welds. In making welded alterations to structures, existing rivets and high-strength bolts tightened to the requirements for slip-criti¢al connections are permitted for carrying stresses resulting from loads present at the time of alteration, and the welding need be adequate to carry only the additional stress. High-strength Bolts in Stip-Critical Connections In Combination with Flvets In both new work and alterations, high-strength bolts in slip-critical connec- tions may be considered as sharing the load with rivets. Limitations on Bolted and Welded Connections Fully-tensioned high-strength bolts (see Table 13.7) or welds shall be used for the following connections: Column splices in all tier structures 200 ft or more in height ‘Column splices in tier structures 100 to 200 ft in height, if the least horizontal dimension is less than 40% of the height Column splices in tier structures less than 100 ft in height, if the least hori- zontal dimension is less than 25% of the height Connections of all beams and girders to columns and of any other beams and girders on which the bracing of columns is dependent, in structures over 125 ft in heightSect. Jip GENERAL PROVISIONS 5-65 In all structures carrying cranes of over S-ton capacity: roof truss splices and connections of trusses to columns, column splices, columa bracing, knee bracesand crane supports Connections for supports of running machinery or of other live loads which produce impact or reversal of stress Any other connections stipulated on the design plans. In all other cases, connections may be made with high-strength bolts tightened to the snug-tight condition or with A307 bolts. For the purpose of this section, the height of a tier structure stall be taken as ‘the vertical distance from the curb level to the highest point of the roof beams in the case of flat roofs, or to the mean height of the gable in the case of roofs having a rise of mote than 2% in 12. Where the curb level has not been estab- lished, or where the structure does not adjoin a strect, the mean level of the ad- joining land shalt be used instead of casb level. Penthouses may be excluded in computing the height of the structure.Sect. J3} BOLTS, THREADED PARTS AND RIVETS 3. 1 BOLTS, THREADED PARTS AND RIVETS High-strength Bolts Except as otherwise provided in this Specitication, use of high-strength bolts shall conform to the provisions of the Specification for Structural Joints Using ASTM A325 or A490 Boles approved by the Research Council on Structural Connections of the Engineering Foundation (RCSC). If required to be tightened to more than 50% of their minimum specified ten- sile strength, ASTM A449 bolts in tension and bearing-type shear connections shall have an ASTM F436 hardened washer installed under the bolt head, and the nuts shall meet the requirements of ASTM A563. Size and Use of Holes a. The maximum sizes of holes for bolts are given in Table 3.1, except that Jarger holes, required for tolerance on location of anchor bolts in concrete foundations, are permitted in column base details. 'b. Standard holes shall be provided in member-to-member connections, unless oversized, short-slotted or long-slotted holes in bolted connections are ap- proved by the designer. Finger shims up to ¥4 in. may be introduced into slip-critical connections designed on the basis of standard holes without re- ducing the allowable shear stress of the fastener. ¢. Oversized holes are permitted in any or all plies of slip-critical connections, but they shall not be used in bearing-type connections, Hardened washers shall be installed over oversized holes in an outer ply. 4d. Short-slotted holes are permitted in any of ail plies of slip-critical or bearing- type connections. The slots are permitted without regard to direction of Toading in slip-critical connections, but the length shall be normal to the rection of the load in bearing-type connections. Washers shall be installed over short-slotted holes in an outer ply; when high-strength bolts are used, such washers shall be hardened. €. Long-slotted holes are permitted in only one of the connected parts of either a slip-critical or bearing-type connection at an individual faying surface. Long-slotted holes are permitted without regard to direction of loading in stip-critical connections, but shall be normal to the direction of load in bearing-type connections. Where fong-slotted holes are used in an outer ply, plate washers or a continuous bar with standard holes, having a size suf- TABLE J3.1 Nominal Hole Dimensions Bolt Hole Dimensions Dia. Standard | Oversize ‘Shart-slat Long-stot (Oia) (Oia) (Width x tenath) (Width x length) % %e Ye x he he KM % eo Mex te Ma x he Me eo Se ex 1 ex 1% % %e | 1%e8 ax 1% tq x he 1 he % the x 1% the x 2% zit | atthe | at %o | (d+ Vo) x (4+ %) | (d+ Yee) x (25x 0) Aneeaican Insrrrure or Steet, Cossteuction8-7: CONNECTIONS, JOINTS AND FASTENERS (Chap. ficient ta completely cover the slot after installation, shall be provided. 17 high-strength bolted connections, such plate washers or continuous bary shail be not less than SAé-in, thick and shall be of structural grade materia) but need not be hardened. If hardened washers are required for use of high. strength bolts, the hardened washers shall be placed over the outer surface of the plate washer or bar. £ When A490 bolts over I-in. dia. are used in slotted or oversize holes in ex. temal plies, a single hardened washer conforming to ASTM F436, excepe with “e-in. minimum thickness, shall be used in liew of the standard washer. Effective Bearing Area ‘The effective bearing area of bolts, threaded parts and rivets shall be the diam- eter multiplied by the length in bearing, except that for countersunk bolts and rivets ¥4 the depth of the countersink shall be deducted, Allowable Tension and Shear Allowable tension and shear stresses on bolts, threaded parts and rivets shall be as given in Table J3.2, in ksi of the nominal body area of rivets (before driv- ing) or the unthreaded nominal body area of boits and threaded parts other than upset rods (see faatnote c, Table 13.2). High-strength bolts supporting ap- plied load by direct tension shall be so proportioned that their average tensile stress, computed on the basis of nominal bolt area and independent of any ini- tial tightening force, will not exceed the appropriate stress given in Table J3.2. ‘The applied load shall be the sum of the external load and any tension resulting from prying action produced by deformation of the connected parts. ‘When specified by the designer, the nominal slip resistance for connections having special faying surface conditions may be increased to the applicable val- 1ues in the RCSC Specification for Seructural Joints Using ASTM A325 or A490 Bolts. Finger shims up to Y-in. may be intraduced inta stip-critical connections de- signed on the basis of standard holes without reducing the allowable shear stress of the fastener to that specified for slotted holes. Design for bolts, threaded parts and rivets subject to fatigue loading shall be in accordance with Appendix Ké.3. Combined Tension and Shear in Bearing-type Connections Bolts and rivets subject to combined shear and tension shall be so proportioned that the tension stress F, in ksi on the nominal body area A, produced by forces applied to the connected parts, shail not exceed the values computed from the equations in Table J3.3, where f,, the shear stress produced by the same forces, shall not exceed the value for shear given in Table J3.2. When allowable stresses are increased for wind ot seismic loads in accordance with Sect. AS.2, the constants in the equations listed in Table J3.3 shall be increased by ¥, but the coefficient applied to f, shall not be increased, Ancenscan Instrruse ov Stent ConsravcrioySect. J3] BOLTS, THREADED PARTS AND RIVETS 5-73 TABLE J3.2 Allowable Stress on Fasteners, ksi T “Alowabie Shear? (F) ‘slows ‘Sip-citical Connactions*! é =) Bearing: Description of Fasteners ae Oversized | Longsited | “type Sie) Standard} and Shot: oles canae _ size | slotted Transverse!) Paraiiel'| tons! Holes Holes Load Load A502, Gr, 1, hot-driven rivets 723.07 a7 A502, Gr. 2 and 3, not-driven i rivets 23.0" 22.0) A307 bolts 20.0° 10.0%" “Threaded parts meeting the requirements of Sects. A3.1 and AS.4 and A449 boits ‘meeting the requirements of Sect, A3.4, when threads are Tot excluded from shear planes |0.39F,*°" oa7A? ‘Threaded parts meeting the requirements of Sects. A3.1 and A3.4, and A449 boits ‘meeting the requirements of Sect, A3.4, when threads are excluded from shear planes | 0.996," 0.22F," ‘A325 bolts, when threads are not excluded from shear planes | 440% | 170 | 150 | 120 | 100 | 21.0! ‘A325 bolts, when threads are excluded from shaar planes | 440% | 170 | 150 | 120 | 109 | 00 ‘A490 bolts, when threads are not excluded from shear planes | 540* | 210 | 189 | 150 | 13.0 | 28.0! 490 bolts, when threads are excluded from shear planes | s4o% | 21.0 | 180 | 150 | 130 | 400! Threads permitted in shear planes. “The tensile capacity of the threadad partion of an upset cod, based upon the cross-sectional area at its major thread diameter A, shall be larger than the nominal body area of the rod before Lupsetting times 0.60F,. 4For A325 and A490 bolts subject to tensile fatigue loading, see Appendix K4.3, “Class A (slip coettcient 0.33). Clean mil scale and blast-cleaned surfaces with Class A coat- ings. When specifiad by the designer, the allowable shear stress, F, tor slip-cttical connections having spacial faying surface conditions may be increased to the applicable value given in the CSC Specification. "When bearing-type connections used to splice tension members have a fastener pattem whose length, maasured parallel tothe line af force, exceeds 50 in., tabulated values shall be reduced by 20%, ‘See Sect. AS.2 "See Table 2, Numerical Values Section for values for specific ASTM steel specifications. ‘For imitations on use of oversized and slotted holes, see Sect. 3. SDirection of load application relative to tong axis of si ‘*Static loading only. | Avasucay Ineriturr oF Sress. Constaucnion.5-74 CONNECTIONS, JOINTS AND FASTENERS {Chap 6, Combined Tension and Shear In Slip-critical Joints For A325 and A490 bolts used in slip-critical connections, the maximum shear stress allowed by Table 53.2 shail be multiplied by the reduction factor (1 — FeAs/Ts), where jis the average tensile stress due to a direct load applied to ail of the bolts in a connection and T; is the pretension load af the bolt specified in Table J3.7. When allowable stresses are increased for wind or seismic loads in accordance with the provisions of Sect. A5.2, the reduced allowable shear stress shall be increased by ¥4, 7. Allowable Bearing at Bolt Holes ‘On the projected area of bolts and rivets in shear connections with the end dis- tance in the line of force not less than 1¥5 d and the distance c. to c. of bolts not less than 3d: 1. In standard-or short-slotted holes with two or more bolts in the line of force, F,=12%, (ay where F, = allowable bearing stress, ksi 2. in long-stotted holes with the axis of the slot perpendicular to the direc- tion of load and with two or more bolts in the line of force, = 308, (3.2) On the projected area of the bolt or rivet closest to the edge in standard or short-slotted holes with the edge distance less than 1¥4d and in all connections with a single bolt in the line of force: Fy = L,Fd2d 31.2 F, 3-3) TABLE J3.3 Allowable Tension Stress F; for Fasteners in Bearing-type Connections Description of ‘Threads Included in Threads Exciuded Fastoners Shear Plane from Shear Plane A307 bolts 26 ~ 1.84, 5 20 [ “Aaas tote Vege aa0b Vea 2iae A4g0 bolts “Visa? = 3.7844 Vis4y? = 182k? ‘Threaded parts, oie 0.436, ~ 1.865 0.336, O49F, - 144, 5 0.396, dia. ante | 30 ~ 1.34, 5.23 faa et (38 ~ 1.34, 5 29 American Iusemrire oF Steet ConstaucrioSect. J3) BOLTS, THREADED PARTS AND RIVETS where, L, = distance from the free edge to center af the bolt, in. a = bolt dia., in, If deformation around the hole is not a design consideration and adequate spacing and edge distance is as required by Sects, J3.8 and J3.9, the following equation is permitted in lieu of Equation (J3-1): Fp 15 Fy (53-4) and the limit in Equation (J3-3) sitll be increased to 1.5F,. 8. Minimum Spacing The distance between centers of standard, oversized or slotted fastener boles shall not be less than 234 times the nominal diameter of the fastener” nor less than that required by the following paragraph, if applicable. Along a line of transmitted forces, the distance between centers of holes s shall be not less than 3d when F, is determined by Equations (13-1) and (J3-2). Oth- erwise, the distance between centers of holes shall not be less than the follow- ing: a. For standard holes: 5 & 2P/Et + d/2 (3-5) where P= for transmitted by one fastener to the critical connected part, F, = specified minimum tensile strength of the critical connected part, ksi 1 = thickness of the critical connected part, in. b. For oversized and slotted holes, the distance required for standard holes in subparagraph a, (above), plus the applicable increment C, from Table 13.4, but the clear distance between holes shall not be less than one bolt diameter. 9. Minimum Edge Distance ‘The distance from the center of a standard hole to an edge of a connected part shall be not less than the applicable value from Table J3.5 nor the value from Equation (13-6), as applicable. Along a line of transmitted force, in the direction of the force, the distance from the center of a standard hole to the edge of the connected part L, shall ‘ve not less than 14d when F, is determined by Equations (53-1) o (53-2). Otherwise the edge distance shall be not less than L, = 2PIRt (13-6) where P, F,, are defined in Sect, 33.8. ese "A distance of 3d is preferred, American Insterure oF Srest. Consauction5-76 CONNECTIONS, JOINTS AND FASTENERS (Chap. J TABLE J3.4 Values of Spacing Increment C,, in. ‘Slotted Holes eid Oversize | pg | Parailel to Line Fastener eae tl Ling fe ee eee ee Ee of Fores Short-slots Long-siots" 3% Ys ° Ke Yad — Ae 1 He o % the 21% % 0 te ted = Ys “When length of slot is less than maximum allowed in Table J3.1, C, may be reduced ‘by the difference between the maximum and actual slot lengths. TABLE J3.5 Minimum Edge Distance, in. (Center of Standard Hole* to Edge of Connected Part) Nominal At Polled Eages of Bolt oF Rivet At Sheared, Plates, Shapes or Bars, Dia. (in.) Edges Gas Cut or Saw-cut Edges® % % % % % % % 1% 1 Yo We 1% 1 Ye 1% 1% 2 1% ae 2 We Over 1%. 1% x Dia. 1% x Dia. “For oversized or siotted holes, see Table 13.6. Alt edge distances in this column may be reduced Ye-n. when the hole is at a point where stress does not exceed 25% of the maximum design strength in the elemont. “These may be 11% in, at the ends of beam connection angles. TABLE J3.6 Values of Edge Distance Increment Ca, in. Slotted Holes: al Nominal : aor Pempencicular Fastener Oversized nee. Parallel ta (in) Holes Short Slots _] Long Siots* Edge | =% Ya % 1 % % | vd 0 =1% % He “When length of slot is less than maximum allowable (see Table v3.1), C, may be reduced by one-half the difference between the maximum and actual sit tenaths, Avarnican Ixstrrue o¥ Stes Coxstaucrion40. oan J4. Sect. J3} BOLTS, THREADED PARTS AND RIVETS a The distance from the center of an oversized ar slotted hole to an edge of a connected part shall be not less than required for a standard hole plus the ap- plicable increment C; from Table J3.6. ‘Maximum Edge Distance and Spacing ‘The maxinsum distance from the center of any rivet or bolt to the nearest edge ‘of parts in contact shall be 12 simes the thickness of the connected part under consideration, but shall not exceed 6 in. Bolted joints in unpainted steel ex- posed to atmospheric corrosion require special limitations on pitch and edge distance. For unpainted, built-up members made of weathering steel which will be ex- posed to atmospheric corrosion, the spacing of fasteners connecting a plate and a shape or two-plate components in contact shall not exceed 14 times the thick- ness of the thinnest part nor 7 in., and the maximum edge distance shall not ex- ceed eight times the thickness of the thinnest part, or 5 in. Long Grips A307 bolts which carry calculated stress, with a grip exceeding five diameters, shall have their number increased 1% for cach additional Ye in. in the grip. ALLOWABLE SHEAR RUPTURE At beam end connections where the top flange is coped, and in similar situa- tions where failute might occur by shear along a plane through the fasteness, or by a combination of shear along a plane through the fasteners plus tension along a perpendicular plane: F, = 0.30%, 04D TABLE J3.7 ‘i Minimum Pretension for Fully-tightened Bolts, kips® A325 Bolts A490 Bolts | 7 12 15 % 19 % 28 % 39 1 51 vy 3B 1% a 1% a5 vA 103 *Equal ta 0.70 at minimum tensile strangth of halts, rounded off to nearest kip, as. Spacitied in ASTM specifications for A326 and A490 bolts with UNC threads. Asaascas [esters or Sree, Consreuction5-78 v6. CONNECTIONS, JOINTS AND FASTENERS [Chap. J acting on the net shear area A, and, F, = 0.50F, 4-2) acting on the net tension area Ay. ‘The minimum net failure path on the periphery of welded connections shall be checked? CONNECTING ELEMENTS ‘This section applies to the design of connecting elements, such as stiffeners, gussets, angles and brackets and the panel zones of beam-to-column connec. tions. Eccentric Connections: Intersecting axially stressed members shall have their gravity axes intersect at one point, if practicable; ifnot, provision shall be made for bending and shear- ing stresses due to the eccentricity. Allowable Shear Rupture 8.24 For situations where failure might occur by shear along a plane through the fasteners, or by a combination of shear along a plane through the fasteners plus tension along a perpendicular plane, see Sect. 14. FILLERS In welded construction, any filler Y-in. or more in thickness shall extend be- yond the edges of the splice plate and shall be welded to the part on which it is fitted with sufficient weld to transmit the splice plate stress, applied at the surface of the filler as an eccentric load. The welds joining the splice plate to the filler shall be sufficient to transmit the splice plate stress and shall be long ‘enough to avoid overstressing the filler along the toe of the weld, Any filler less than Y4-in. thick shall have its edges fiush with the edges of the splice plate and the weld size shall be the sum of the size necessary to carry the splice plate, stress plus the thickness of the filler plate. When bolts or rivets carrying computed stress passthrough filers thicker that Yein., except in led the fillers shall be extended beyond the splice material and the filer extension shall be secured by enough bolts or rivets to distritvute the total stress in thé member uniformly over the combined section of the member and the filler, oF, an equivalent number of fasteners shall be included in the connection. Files between %-in. and %4-in. thick, inclusive, need not be extended and devel” oped, provided the allowable shear stress in the bolts is reduced by the factors! .4 (10.25), where ¢ is the total thickness of the fillers, up to ¥%4 in. ‘ “See Sects. B2 and Commentary Figs. CJ4.1, C-J4.2, C-4.3 and C-J4.4. Anaoacan Instore o€ Steet ConsraucrionSect. J7] SPLICES J7. SPLICES Groove welded splices in plate girders and beams shall develop the full strength of the smaller spliced section. Other types of splices in cross sections of plate girders and beams shall develop the strength required by the stresses at the point of splice. J8, ALLOWABLE BEARING STRESS On contact area of milled surfaces and ends of fitted bearing stiffeners; on pro- jected area of pins in reamed, drilied or bored botes: F, = 0.908,* (8-1) Expansion rollers and rockers, kips per lin, in.: F, ~ 3 = 58-2) Fy ( a ) 0-66 (38-2) where d is the diameter of roller or rocker, in. J9. COLUMN BASES AND BEARING ON MASONRY AND CONCRETE Proper provision shall be made to transfer the column loads and moments to the footings and foundations In'the absence of code regulations the following stresses apply: On sandstone and limestone On brick in cement mortar . On the full area of a concsete support On less than the full area of a concrete support. Fy = 0.40 ksi F, = 0.25 ksi F= 0.35f¢ O35gVA IA, = 0:70f! where ff = specified compressive strength of concrete, ksi ‘A; = area of steel concentrically bearing on a concrete support, in. Aq = maximum area of the portion of the supporting surface that is geometrically similar to and concentric with the loaded area, in.? J10. ANCHOR BOLTS Anchor bolts shall be designed to provide resistance to all conditions on com- pleted structures of tension-and shear at the bases of columas, including the net tensile components of any bending moment which may result from fixation or pastial fixation of columns. "When parts in contact have different yield stresses, F, shall be the smaller value. ‘Avvanican IustiruTe oF StEzt. Consrt ucTION5-118 NUMERICAL VALUES TABLE 2 Allowable Stresses as a Function of F, ‘Allowable Stross (ksi) aa Connected Part Bolt or Threa e | AST 5 Fa ‘of Designated Part of 3 | Designs | sy | ksi) Steel Designated Stee! Tension | Beating | Tension | Shear | Shear OSR" | 1.28," | 0398 | 0.17F,* | 0.22F,* 7 36 36 | se-a0 | 290 | 696 | 191 a9 | 128 Asa 36 eo | soo | 720) — = = ‘Azaz 0 yo | ssa [ ao | oar [ato | 154 Aaat 46 ev | 335 | aos | zai | ata | 147 ABB, 42, es | as | m6 | 208 | 107 | 139 £ 40 60 30.0 720 | 198 10.2 13.2 & [asco | samse [as | 22s | S40 = = B 42/469 58 23.0 69.6 _ = = 3 46/509 62 310 TAs = = = [Aso 26 sa | 20 | éo6 | — = = 5 | Asa 42__| 60-85 | 30.0 veo | 198 | 102 | 132 2 | As70 40 $5 ars 66.0 = = a 2 42, 58 29.0 69.6 - ~ - B[ Asr 42 6 | s00 | 720 | 198 | to2 | 132 & 50 6 } ss} mo} as | wa | 4a 3 60 75 | 375 | 900 | 268 | 128 | 165 & 65 so] 400 | s60 | ass | 36 | is | gi) ast too [1ia-130) 55.0 | 122 96.3 18.7 24.2 a 90 _|t00~130| soo | 120 | 330 | 170 | 220 $ | Asos a8 6S 32.5 a | — ae = 50 7o_| 350 | a4o | — = = g | As07 8 6 | 300 | 7ao] — = a 2 50 6 | 325 | 70 | — = = gs 85 70 38.0 84.0 - ~ ~ S 60 7 | 375 | soo | — i a 65 g0 | 400 | 960) — = = : 70 a5 | 425 | 102 = = = ‘A618 50 7a | 350 | eo | — = a 50 6 | as | mao | — = ‘Asse 7o_[so-110 | 45.0 | 108 = = ay 2 | Asa 92 120 ~ = gas | 204 | 264 } a 105 ~ — | 7 | 9 | 234 58 90 = = | 297 | 153 | 198 On offective net area, soe Sects. DY, J4. Produced by fastener in shear, see Sect. J3.7. Note that smaller maximum design bearing (¢5t725508, as a function of hole spacing, may be required by Sects. J9.8 and 13:3. $0n nominal body area, sae Table J3.2. * Threads not excluded trom shear plane, se8 Table 49.2. ‘S Threads excluded from shear plane, s9e Table J3.2, ‘For Aas1 material only. smaller value for circular shapes, larget for square or rectangular shapes. Note: For dimensional and size lritations, see the appropriate ASTM Specification. ‘Asousucan Insrtrure oF Stet, ConsrrucrionTable C-50 Allowable Stress For Compression Members af 50-ksi Specified Yield Stress Steei*” SISIS AFANT SBSQR RLGRS SSSAS KLARA SSBAS HRGKA} 1a) SSNS FLERE SBBNB RVBRE Bais FFAG Somra aeanalals 237 21.85 287 21.49 2131 2112 20.98 20.75 20:56 20.38 20.10 19.99 39.80 19.61 19.41 1921 13.01 8828 GRABS SBEIR REBRS]IA 14.71 1487 1424 14.00 13.77 13.59 13.29 13.04 12.80 1297 1234 12:12 11.90 11.68 11.49 11.29 11.30 10.91 10.72 1088 10.37 140 at 142 3 144 145 146 47 148 149 180 151 182 153 154 185 186 187 188 153 160 762 731 rai 7.30 7.20 7.10 701 a1 682 473 664 655 6.48 638 630 azz 614 4.08 5.98 $31 5.83 180 tat 182 163 184 185 186 187 188 199 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 193 ago 3a8 381 ar 373 i Ween clan w-io-Rikness rao exceeds Non Values also applicable fr steel of any yield stress = 29 ksi Note: C. = 107.0 ie jcampact section imits of Sect. 85.1, see 184 09 = %Yaay Table C-36 Allowable Stress For Compression Members of 36-ksi Specified Yield Stress Stee!" " &F)e |) & |e &)e 84 etsy) | ora) | tes | tes | ty) Bly pee, ten) a ts2e Ta te | tet S76 %} 20 avez] 42 1903] a2 1513 122 999] 192 Sag @/ 3 ae] 4 1a95| 03 1502 | 13 905] 163 Sez ) 4 pias | 44 BBE] Bb 140 | ae 97D] wee 55S uw] os 298] 45 tava} as 1479 | 12s 955] 165 Sag 6 235) 4 1870) % s487 | 5 aH | tes Sue 7 mg} 47 as] a7 1455] 127 926 | er S38 a 225 | 48 1853 | 38 44a | ize ott | 188 S29 9 2a} 49 184s] Bp taaz | 129 BST | 18 825 10 2ni6 | 50 1835 | 90 1420 | 190 ae | 170 «8:17 1 ato} sy raze} om eos} ts aro | wm sit 12 «205 | s2 wet | 2 iag7| 122 © as7 | te S05 13-2100} $3 tg09 | 93 1386 | 13 0 aaa | 173 499 14 2095] 54 1799 | 96 1372) 14 B22) 178 488 1s 7089 | §5 1790] 95 1380 | 12 g19| 175 488 1s 2083} 56 1781] 96 1248 | 15 gor! ae see 7 mare} s7 77 | ar 335 | tar 796 | 177 477 a ma72| $8 17e2 | 98 i323 | 133 7ee | 178 47 19-2066] So 1753} 99 1310} 139 773) 179 488 20 2060} 60 1743] 100 1299] 0 782 | 180 48t 2 ase] 611733) 1. ras] wm 751 | 148 z mae | se i728 | we 1272] 12 a1] taz 451 zoom | 63714 | 103 tas | 3 = 730 | 18348 26 as} G4 «1704 | 108 1247 | tae = 72D] Tee aN 2s 2028 | 65 1698 | 105 123 | 49 6710 | tas: 25 22} 66 eae} 105 1220} 146 701 | 188 a mts] sr is | 107 t2or| v7 aot | 187 2 mos | 68 1664 | 108 tee | ae = B82 | 188 2 mor} 68 1653) 109 118} M49 ©6673] 189 418 30 1994] 70 1643 | 110 1167] 180 654] 190 414 a 19a7} 71 893} tr 154] rst 55] 181 408 1980 72 1622! m2 t140] 182 845] 192 4.05 ga ta73 | 73 te12 | 113 126 | 153 838 | 193 40 % 1965} 74 rear] s14 113} ast © 830 | 194 397 -| 3 1953] 75 1890] 118 tos9} 155 622] 195 399 361950} 76 1879) 116 1085 | 156 614] 198 3.89 a7 1942 | 77 1889 | 117 1071 | 157 606 | 197 385 3a 1935 | 78 1858 | 118 1057 | 358 598 | 198 381 391927 | 73 1847] 119 1043] 159 S91 | 199 377 401919} 80 16.05 | 129 ozs! 16 © aa! 200 © 3.79 ee ee | “When element width-o-thicknass ratio exceeds norcompan section mis of Sect. 85.1, see Aopendix BS. Note: C. = 128.15-122 NUMERICAL VALUES TABLE 8 Values of Fy For Use in Equation (H1-1), for Stee! of Any Yield Stress All grades of steel Cee) (ksi) (esi) | tks & 33662] 51 57.41 | 81 2276 taaz jaar ost [amt say B sess) s2 8523 | sz mez |sv2 tio |sae ar [ize Sas Bo me29] $3 $316 | os 268} 119 169/143 730 | 173 ao Ge 928] 84 S121) ee arte | 114 11.49 | 144 720 | 174 tee 2 zeso/ 55 4937 | a5 zosr | 115 i429] 143 710 | 175 438 28 22090/ 56 4762] 96 2019/18 Ae | 148 701 | 176 402 2 20684) 87 45.96 | 87 1973 117 1091] 147 G91 | 177 az BB 19047 / 58 44.29 | 88 i929 118 1072 | 148 Gaz jive 47 2 W756} $9 4290) 99 1885/19 toss | 149 473 | 179 ase 30 165.82] 60 4148 | 90 1844 | 120 1027] 150 Gos | 160 se SB 18539] 6140.19 | 91 te.03 | 121 10.20} 151 ess | 181 456 $2 M4583) 62 3885 | s2 1764] 122 1003 | 152 sae | 182 4s Bows] es ae2 | 93 27} gar |153 eae | 109 tae SM 12918 / 64 364s | 36 160 | 124 971/154 630 | 184 aay SS 12190) 65 9534 | 95 1655] 125 956 }iss G22 | 185 sag 36 11822 | 65 3428 | 96 1620] 126 941} 156 ars | 188 432 % tos0s) ey sa27 | 97 sar | t27 926 | is; soe | 187 aap 310342) 68 229 | 98 sss] 128 911 | 153 sos | 108 429 $98.18) 89 3137 | 29 1524] 129 gsr | tsa 591 | 189 48 40 9333 | 79 3048 | 100 1493} 190 aa} 160 saa | 190 ste meas] 71 2962 for 1466] 191 alte 5.76 | 191 409 @ (M4 85| 72 2a81 | 102 1435 | 122 as | ie2 S69 | 192 408 43 0.76] 73 2802 | 103 1408123 gas |ie3 S62 | 193 cor 4 7713/74 27.27 | 104 sa91 | 134 ese | 16s sss | tgs ger “5 7374) 75 2885 | 105 1354] 135 arg | 165 saa | ios 309 $ 7057 | 76 25.85 | 108 1929 /195 ao7 | 163 sae | 196 3.89 2 760) 77 25.19 | 107 1304] 137 796] 167 $38 |is7 see @ 81) 78 2454 | 108 12801 198 7.84! 168 529 | 198 sa $B 8220/79 2093 / 109 1as7 | 139 7273} 189 523 | 199 377 So__ 58.73} a0 2333 | 110 1as4 | 140 762/170 S17 | 200 370 ‘Asaaucas Insrrrure oF Stezt, ConsraucrionNUMERICAL VALUES TABLE 3 VALUES OF C, For Determining Allowable Stress When Kir = Ce for Stee! of Any Yield Stress (by Eq. Fy = CaFy)® 5-119 Ga Bees eeeRe BBBes ReBse Baad E/E 25 ‘554 ‘50 ‘878 8 373 375 ar, 386 362 387 353 348 344 339 335 330 325 921 316 tt 308 301 236 291 286 Pat 276 at 266 281 ip When ratios exceed the noncompact section firts of Sect. 86.1, ws “Zin ou of es and equation F, = C,Q,Q,F, (Appendix Sect. BS). JO vay. co Anexican Instmrurs oF SyEeL, Consraucrion All grades of steel5-120 NUMERICAL VALUES TABLE 4 VALUES OF C, For Use with Equations (E2-1) and (E2-2) and in Tabie 3 Fy 5 (ksi) & is) & 33 1317 4s 1116 36 127.9 50 107.0 6 126.1 55 102.0 39 1212 60 97.7 40 119.6 65 93.8 42 1167 30 798 45 112.8 100 75,7 TABLE 5 Slendemess Ratios of Elements as a Function of Fy [ F, Specification Os) Section and Ratios 36 42 46 50 60 65 Table 85.1 B5/VF,, 108 10.0 96 9.2 a4 a4 190/VF, 317 29.3 28.0 26.9 24,5 236 SHOVE, 1067 98.8 944 5 82.8 734 257/VF, 428 307 379 36.3 33.2 319 Sect. F BAW | save} aves} avez] seve] aves | sover OX IEG | seve; | stove; | 10eve; | wives | seve } ave Table 85.1 76iVE, 127 W7 12 107 os 94 95/VE, 158 | 147 | 140] 134 | 123 | 118 1271-VF, 242 19.8 38.7 18.0 164 153 Table 85.1 238/VE, 39.7 36.7 35.1 33.7 30.7 295 sTHVE, 528 48.9 487 443 403 39.3 258a/VF, 42.2 99.0 wa | 36 227 ats Table 85.1—Appendix fl 85.2b 3300/5, nT 73.6 m7 66.0 55.0 50.8 13000/F, 361 310 283 260 217 200 Sect. Gt a 44000 veer | 22 | me | a as | 207 192 2000/-VF, 333 309 295 263 258 248 pseeeaift Axaentcan Insrrrute oF Steet ConsTRUCTIONSect. C-J2] WELDS 5-165, Material A Q ee oe Material 8 Material A 4 St t yt 4 &¢ @ ne by Fig. C-32.1 Alernative calusnn splices that minimize weld restraint tensile stresses (From: Fisher, JW. and Pense, A.W. 1987) 3. chanical properties of the electrodes used are such as to match or exceed those ‘of the weakest grade of base metal being joined. On the basis of physical tests, the allowable stress on fillet welds deposited on “matching” base metal, or om steel having mechanical properties higher than, those specified for such base metal, has been given in terms of the nominal ten- sile strength* of the weld metal since the 1969 edition of the Specification Higgins and Preece, 1968). As in the past, the same allowable value is given to a transverse as to a longitu- dinal weld, even though the force the former can resist is substantially greater than that of the latter. In the case of tension on the throat of partial- penetration groove welds norma} to their axis (mare nearly analogous to that of transverse than longitudinal fillets), the allowable stress is conservatively taken the same as for fillet welds. When partial-penetration groove welds are so disposed that they are stressed in tension parallel to the longitudinal axis of the groove, or primarily in com- pression or bearing, they may be proportioned to resist such stress at the same unit value permitted in the base metal. Mixed Weld Metal Instances have been reported in which tack welds deposited using a selt- shielded process with aluminum deaxidizers (which by itself provided notch- tough weld merged arc process (Which’by itelt provided notch-tough weld metal) resulted in composite weld metal with low notch-toughness (Terashima and Hart, 1984; Kotecki and Moll, 1970; and Kotecki and Mott, 1972). BOLTS, THREADED PARTS AND RIVETS ‘The provisions for mechanical fasteners are based on an extended review and reexamination of the large body of data growing out of voluminous research, which bes been completed in the past two decades. In order to consolidate and “See Commentary Sect. A3 Aptnican Instrure or Steet Cossrauction5-166 CONNECTIONS, JOINTS AND FASTENERS (Comm, y ‘organize this material and, for the convenience of the engineering profession, to present concise, rational and well balanced conclusions within the covers of a single volume, the Research Council on Structural Connections sponsored the preparation of the 2nd Edition of Guide to Design Criteria for Bolted and Riveted Joins, (Kulak, Fisher and Struik, 1987) (in subsequent references this publication will be noted as the “Guide"). ‘The first edition of the Guide was published in 1974 and has provided the back. ground for two revisions of the Specification for Structural Joints Using ASTM A325 of A490 Bolts of the Research Council on Steuctural Connections. The ‘most recent version was approved Sept. 1, 1986. Likewise, it has been the basis for the revision of AISC ASD Specification provisions concerning mechani. cally fastened structural connections. At the outset, the Guide notes a distinction between a factor of safety ade. quate to prevent loss of usefulness of a structure, member, or connection, and one needed to insuse against complete failure of these entities. Ia the latter case, it notes that, under the long-standing misconception of “balanced de- sign,” when the weakest element of a joint as a fattor of safety of 2, other ele- ments may be grossly overdesigned, with attendant loss in economy (Kulak, Fisher and Struik, 1987). ‘The balanced design concept may have been valid when there was but one grade of structural steel and but one grade of fastener. However, it has lost its meaning with today’s multiplicity of both fastener and connected material strengths. Based on the earlier criteria, the weakest component in some of the largest and most important joints of existing structures have a factor of safety no greater than 2, yet they have proven with time to be entirely satisfactory. The Guide has adopted this value as basic with respect to failure, increasing it somewhat in sounding off to even working stress values or, as in the case of slip- resistance, reducing it somewhat when impairment of usefulness alone is at stake, With considerable accumulation of data now available as to the effec- tiveness of joint components under various loading conditions, probabilistic methads of statistical analysis have been used in determining the critical stress to which the factor of safety should be applied (Kulak, Fisher and Struik, 1987). Provision for the limited use of A449 bolts, in liew of A325 bolts, is predicated on the fact that the provisions of ASTM A449 concerning quality control are less stringent that those contained in ASTM A325. These bolts differ from A325 bolts only a3 to reduced size of head and increased length of threading, Allowable Tension and Shear Allowable stresses for rivets are given in terms applicable to the nominal cross- sectional area of the rivet before driving, For convenience in the proportioning of high-strength bolted connections, allowable stresses for bolts and threaded items are given in terms applicable to their nominal body area, i.¢., the area of the threaded part based on its major dizmeter. ‘Avasnican Iesrrrute oF Srest. ConstaucrionSect. C-J3} BOLTS, THREADED PAATS AND RIVETS S167 Except as provided in Appendix K4.3, any additional fastener tension resulting from prying action due to distortion of the connection details should be added to the stress calculated directly fram the applied tension in proportioning fas- teners for an applied tensile force, using the specified allowable stresses. De- pending upon the relative stiffness of the fasteners and the connection mate- rial, this prying action may de negiigible or it may ve a substantial part of the total tension in the fasteners (Kulak, Fisher and Struik, 1987). ‘Mechanically fastened connections which transmit load by means of shear in their fasteners are categorized as either slip-critical or bearing type. The for- mer depend upon sufficiently high clamping farce to prevent slip of the con- nected parts under anticipated service conditions, The latter depend upon con- tact of the fasteners against the sides of their holes to transfer the load from one connected part to another. ‘The amount of clamping force developed by shrinkage of a rivet after cooling and by A307 bolts is unpredictable and generally insufficient to prevent com- plete slippage at the allowable stress. Riveted connections and connections made with A307 and A449 bolts for shear are treated as bearing-type. The high clamping force produced by properly tightened A325 and A490 bolts is suffi- cient to assure that slip will not occur at full allowable stress in slip-ctitical con- nections and probably will not occur at service loads in bearing-type connec- tions. The working values given in Table $3.2 for slip-critical and beating-type shear connections are, with only minor modifications based on reliability analysis of existing data, equivalent to those in previous editions of the AISC ASD Speci- fication for use with A325 and A490 bolts in standard or slotted holes with tight mill scale surfaces. The requirement of footnote f in Table 53.2, which calls for a 20% reduction in allowable fastener shear stress, as noted in the Guide, is based upon tests on butt-type splice specimens where all connected parts were loaded in tension. This footnote provision would not apply to connection angles at the ends of plate girders which transmit the girder reaction to the supporting member by ‘means of shear in the connection angles. Nor would the distance between ex- treme fasteness in tension members connected at opposite edges of a gusset plate govern; instead, the length of the connection for each tension member would control the design. Bearing-type connections ‘are intended for use where service conditions are such that cyclic loading approaching complete stress reversal will not occur, and deformation of the structural frame or a component thereof, due to slip of the connection into bearing, can be tolerated. The allowable stresses in this case are based upon a factor of safety of 2 or more, which over a long period has been found to be adequate. This is substantially higher than that which is basic to the design of the connected members. ‘The efficiency of threaded fasteners in resisting shear in bearing-type connec- tions is reduced when the threading extends into the shear plane between the connected parts, Except in the case of A307 bolts, two allowable shear stress Asunucan Institute oF Srett. Constauction5-168 CONNECTIONS, JOINTS AND FASTENERS {Comm. 5. 6. values are given; one when threading is excluded from the shear plane and one when it is not. In selecting appropriate allowable shear stresses, it was deemed an unwarranted refinement to make a distinction between threads in a single shear plane and threads in two planes (double shear of an enclosed part), Therefore, the allowable stresses were established on the conservative assump. tion of threads in two planes, Because itis not customary to control this feature in the case of A307 bolts, and because the length of threading on A307 and A449 bolts is greater than on A325 and A490 bolts, it is assumed threading may extend into the shear plane and the allowable shear value, applicable to the gross area, is reduced accordingly. Combined Tension and Shear In Bearing-type Connections “The strength of fasteners subject to combined tension and shear is provided by elliptical interaction curves in Table J3.3 for A325 and A490 bolts, which ac- count for the connection iength effect on bolts loaded in shear, the ratio of shear strength to tension strength of threaded fasteners and the ratios of root area to nominal body area and tensile stress area to nominal body area (Yura, 1987). The elliptical interaction curve provides the best estimate of the strength of bolts subject to combined shear and tension and thus is used in this Specification. Combined Tension and Shear In Slip-critical Joints In the case of slip-critical connections subject to combined tension and shear at the contact surface common to a beam connection and the supporting mem- ber, where the fastener tension f; is produced by moment in the plane of the beam web, the shear component may be neglected in proportioning the fasten- ers for tension. This is because the shear component assigned to the fasteners subject to direct tensile stress is picked up by the increase in compressive force on the compression side of the beam axis, resulting in no actual shear force on the fasteners in tension. However, when a slip-critical connection must resist an axially applied tensile force, the clamping force is reduced and F, must be reduced in proportion to the loss of pretension, Allowable Bearing at Bolt Holes Bearing values are provided, not as a protection to the fastener (because it needs no such protection) but for the protection of the connected parts. Th fore, the same bearing value applies to joints assembled by bolts, regardless of fastener shear strength or the presence or absence of threads in the bearing area. It should be noted that the value for bearing stress L.SF,, is the maximum allow- able value provided deformation around the bolt hole is not a design consider- ation. As explained under Sects. J3.8 and J3.9 of this Commentary, this maxi- mum value is permitted only if the end distance and intermediate spacing of fasteners, measured in the direction of applied force, are adequate to prevent failure by splitting of a connected part parallel to the line of force at a load less than required to cause transverse fracture through the net area of the part. Avnican Institute o Srext CoxstauctionSect. J3] * BOLTS, THREADED PARTS AND RIVETS 5-169 Tests have demonstrated that hole elongation greater than 0.25 in. will begin to develop as the bearing stress is increased beyond the values given in Equa- tions (J3-1) and (53-2), especially if it is combined with high-tensile stress on the net section, even though rupture does not occur, Equation (13-4) considers the effect of hole ovaiization. Although the possibility of a slip-critical connection slipping into bearing under anticipated service conditions is extremely remote, such connections should comply with the provisions of Sects. 13.4 and J3.8 to insure the usual minimum factor of safety of 2 against complete connection failure. 8. Minimum Spacing Critical bearing stress is a function of the material tensile strength, the spacing of fasteners, and the distance from the edge of the part to the centerline of the nearest fastener. Tests have shown that a linear relationship exists between the ratio of critical bearing stress to tensile strength of the connected material and the ratio of fastener spacing (in the line of force) to fastener diameter (Kulak, Fisher and Struik, 1987). The following equation affords a good lower bound to published test data for single-fastener connections with standard holes, and is conservative for adequately spaced multi-fastener connections: hoon ed (C-13-1) where Fer = critical bearing stress F,_ = tensile strength of the connected material distance, along a line of transmitted force, from the center of a fastener to the nearest edge of an adjacent fastener or to the free edge of a connected part (in the direction of stress), in. diameter of a fastener, in. This equation, modified by a safety factor of 2, is the basis for Equations (J3-5) and (13-6). Along line of transmitted force, the required spacing center-to-center of stan- * dasd holes is found from Equation (J3-5). For oversized and slotted holes, this spacing is increased by an increment Cy, given in Table 53.4, providing the same clear distance between holes as for standard holes. the di (63-6) as the distance from the center of a standard hole to the edge of a con- nected part. For oversized and slotted holes, this distance is increased by an in- crement Cz, given in Table J3.6, providing the same clear distance from the edge of the hole as for a standard hole. The provisions of Sect. J3.8 are concerned with /, as hole spacings, whereas Sect. J3,9 is concerned with /, as edge distance L, in the direction of stress, and Sect. J3.7 establishes 2 maximum allowable bearing stress. Spacing and/or edge distance may be increased to provide for a required bearing stress, or bearing force may be reduced to satisfy a spacing and/or edge distance limita tion. ‘Apnancan Iastrrurt or Srext CONSTRUCTION5-170 CONNECTIONS, JOINTS AND FASTENERS. (Comm. J 10. 11. 4, The critical bearing stress of a single fastener connection is more dependent upon a given edge distance than multi-fastener connections (Jones, 1940). For this reason, longer edge distances (in the direction of force) are required for connections with one fastener in the line of transmitted force than required for those having two or more. Minimum Edge Distance See Commentary Sect. J3.8. Maximum Edge Distance and Spacing See Brockenbrough (1983). Long Grips Provisions requiring a decrease in calculated stress for A307 bolts having long grips (by arbitrarily increasing the required number an amount in proportion to the grip length) are not required for high-strength bolts. Tests have demon- strated the ultimate shearing strength of high-strength bolts having a grip of 8 or 9 diameters is no less than that of similar bolts with much shorter grips (Ben- digo, Hansen and Rumpf, 1963). ALLOWABLE SHEAR RUPTURE Tests have shown high-strength-bolted beam end connections which subject a coped web to high bearing stresses may cause a tearing failure mode where a portion of the beam web tears aut along the perimeter of the holes (Birkemmoe and Gilmor, 1978). The tests demonstrated the failure load can be predicted using an analytical inodel which combines ultimate shear strength of the net section subject to shear stress with the ultimate tensile strength of the net sec- tion subject to tensile stress. More recent research has suggested an alternative approach (Ricles and Yura, 1983 and Hardash and Bjorhovde, 1985). The block shear failure mode is not limited to coped ends of beams (Fig. C-J4,1). Other examples are shown in Figs. C-14.2, C-J4.3 and C-34.4, _ There may be similar connections, such as thin bolted gusset plates in double shear, Where this type of failure could occur. Such situations should be investi- gated. Coped Failure by tearing out ; if Failure by tearing a. af shaded portion pa Shaheded area shear portion area tensile tensile ae area Fig. C-34.1 Fig. CJ4.2 Avenican Instrrurs of Srest Coxsraucion ©Sect. C-J6) FILLERS 5-177 6. 8. FILLERS ‘The practice of securing fillers by means of additional fasteners, so that they are in effect an integral part of a shear-connected component, is not required where a connection is designed as a slip-critical connection using high-strength Dolts, In such connections the resistance to slip between filler and either con- nected part is comparable to that which would exist between the connected parts if no fill were required. ALLOWABLE BEARING STRESS As used throughout the AISC ASD Specification, the terms milled surface, milled, or milling are intended to include surfaces which have been accurately sawed or finished to a true plane by any suitable means. The recommended Dearing stress on pins is not the same as for bolts and rivets. The lower value, %o of the yield stress of the part containing the pin hole, provides a safeguard against instability of the plate beyond the hole and high bearing stress concen- tration which might interfere with operation of the pin, but which is of no con- cern with bolts and rivets (Johnston, 1939). shear area tensile area v Fig. C-J4.3 t tensile area shest area Fig. C-l4.4 ‘Anenican Instrrure or Sreet Construction5-172 CONNECTIONS, JOINTS AND FASTENERS: {Comm: y Je, 310. COLUMN BASES AND BEARING ON MASONRY AND CONCRETE Itis not the intent of this Specification to prescribe bearing values for masonry materials. The values specified are included to permit a complete design within the scope of this specification, if desired. ‘The provisions given were derived from ACI Standard 318-83 ultimate strength criteria, using a load factor of 1.7 applied to both live and dead load. These provisions are more conservative than the ACI ultimate strength provisions, wherein a load factor of 1.4 is permitted for dead load. ANCHOR BOLTS: Shear at the base of a column resisted by bearing of the column base details against the anchor bolts is seldom, if ever, critical. Even considering the lowest conceivable slip coefficient, the vertical load on a column is generally more than sufficient to result in the transfer of any likely amount of shear from col- uma base to foundation by frictional resistance, so that the anchor bolts usually experience only tensile stress. Generally, the largest tensile force for which an- chor bolts should be designed is that produced by bending moment at the col- umn base, at times augmented by upiift caused by the overturning tendency of a building under lateral load. Hence, the use of oversized holes required to accommodate the tolerance in setting anchor bolts cast in concrete, permitted in Sect. 13.2, is not detrimental to the integrity of the supported structure. Asaaican Insrrvre or $text, ConsraucrionSPECIFICATION FOR ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN OF SINGLE-ANGLE MEMBERS. PREFACE The intention of the AISC Specification is to cover the common everyday design cri- teria in routine design office usage. It is not feasible to also cover the many special and unique problems encountered within the full range of structural design practice. ‘This separate Specification and Commentary addresses one such topic—single-angle members—to provide needed design guidance for this more complex structural shape under various load and support conditions. ‘The single-angle ASlowable Stress Design criteria were developed through a consen- sus process by a balanced ad-hoc Contittee on Single Angle Members: Donald R. Sherman, Chairman Hanstaj G. Ashar WaiFah Chen Raymond D. Ciatto Mohammed Elgaaly Theodore V. Galambos Nestor R. Iwankiw Thomas G. Longlais, Leroy A. Lutz William A. Milek Raymond H. R. Tide The assistance of the Structural Stability Research Council Task Gcoup on Single Angles in the preparation and review of this document is acknowledged. In addition, the full AISC Committee on Specifications has reviewed and endorsed this Specification. ‘The reader is cautioned that professional judgment must be exercised when data or recommendations in this Specification are applied. The publication of the material contained herein is not intended as a representation or warranty on the part of the American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc.—or any other person named herein— that this information is suitable for general or particular use, or freedom from in- fringement of any patent or patents, Anyone making use of this information assumes all liability arising from such use. The design of structures is within the scope of ex- pertise of a competent licensed structural engineer, architect or other licensed pro- fessional for the application of principles to a particular structure. 1. SCOPE This document contains allowable stress design criteria for hot-rofled, single-angle members with equal and unequal legs in tension, shear, compression, flexure and for combined stresses. It is intended to be compatible with, and a supplement to, the Avaenican Insterure oF Steet, Constnuction$310 1989 AISC Specification for Structural Steet Buildings—Atlowable Stress Design (AISC ASD) and repeats some common criteria for ease of reference. For design purposes, several conservative simplifications and approximations were made in the Specification provisions for single-angles which can he refined through a more pre- cise analysis. ‘The Specification for single-angle design supersedes any comparable but more gen- eral requirements of the AISC ASD. Alll other design, fabrication and erection pro- visions not directly covered by this document shall be in compliance with the AISC ASD. For design of slender, cold-formed steel angles, the current AISI Specification for the Design of Cold-formed Steel Structural Members is applicable. 2, TENSION The allowable tension stress F, shall not exceed 0.6F, on the gross area A,, nor 0.50F, on the effective net area A,. a, For members connected by bolting, the net area and effective net area shall be determined from AISC ASD Specification Sects. Bi to B3 inclusive. b. When the load is transmitted by longitudinal or a combination of longitudinal and transverse welds through just one leg of the angle, the effective net arca shall be Ac = 0.854, (2-1) c, When load is transmitted by transverse weld through just one leg of the angle, A, is the area of the connected leg. For members whose design is based on tensile force, the slenderness ratio L/r prefer- ably should not exceed 300. Members which have been designed to perform as ten- sion members in a structural system, but may experience some compression, need not satisfy the compression slendemess limits. 3. SHEAR The allowable shear stress due to flexure and torsion shall be: F,= 048, on) 4, COMPRESSION The allowable compressive stress on the grass area of axially compressed members shall be: when Kr < C] : 1 ~ Gg? 5, So en 3° 3Vc/~ ace + when l/r > Cf Fn AUE 423 (Kiir)* Annican Inszrrute or SteeL ConsTauction (4D5-31 where Klir = largest effective slenderness ratio of any unbraced length as defined in AISC ASD Specification Sect. E1 ‘The reduction factor Q shall be: when b/t = 76/ VE, Q=1 (4-3a) when 161 VE ohio 155) VE Q = 1.340 ~ 0.00447 (bit) VE, (4-30) when b/t = 155/ VE, Q = 15,500/[F, (bit)? (4-3c) where +b = full width of the longest angle leg t = thickness of angle For short, thin or unequal leg angles, flexural-torsional buckling may produce a sig- nificant reduction in strength. In such cases, the allowable stress shall be determined by the previous equations substituting an equivalent slendemness ratio (KIr)equav fOr Ellr (Kl )equis = © VETE, a) where F, is the elastic buckling strength for the flexural-torsional mode. For members whose design is based on compressive force, the largest effective slen- demess ratio preferably should not exceed 200. 5. FLEXURE ‘The allowable bending stress limits of Sect. 5.1 shall be used as indicated in Sects. 5.2. and 5.3. 5.1, Allowable Bending Stress ‘The bending stress is limited to the minimum allowable value F, determined from Sects. 5.1.1, 5.1.2 and 5.1.3, as applicable. 5.1.1. To prevent local buckling when the tip of an angle leg is in compression, when bit = 651 VE: F, = 0.668, (S-la) when 65/ VF, < bit = 76 VE: Fy = 0.60F, (S-1b), when bit > 76/ VE: F, = 0.609 F, (S-1d) ‘American Insttrute of Steet Consraucrion3-312 where = full width of angle leg in compression Q = stress reduction factor per Eq. (43a), (b) and (c) An angle leg shall be considered to be in compression if the tip of the angle leg is in compression, in which case the calculated stress f, at the tip of this leg is used. 5.1.2, For the tip of an angle leg in tension Fy = 0.66 (52) 5.1.3, To prevent lateral-torsional buckling, the maximum compression stress shall not exceed: when Fy, = Fy = (0.55 ~ 0.10 Fos/Fyl Fay (53a) when Fy, > 5, Fy = (0.95 ~ 0.50 VE [Fes] F, 5 0.668, (5-30) where F, =allowabie bending stress at leg tip, ksi Foy elastic lateral-torsional buckling stress, from Sect. 5.2 or 5.3 as appli- cable, ksi syield stress, ksi 5.2. Bending About Geometric Axes 5.2.1. a. Angle bending members with lateral-torsion restraint along the length may be designed on the basis of geometric axis bending with stress limited by the provisions of Sects. 5.1.1 and 5.1.2. “b. For equal leg angles if the lateral-torsional restraint is only at the point of maximum moment, the stress, fy, is calculated on the basis of geometric axis bending limited by Fy in Sect. 5.2.2b. 5.2.2. Equal leg angle members without lateral-torsional restraint subjected to flexure appiied about one of the geametric axes may be designed considering only geometric axis bending provided: a. The calculated compressive stress f,, using the geometric axis section mod- ulus, is increased by 25%. b. For the angle leg tips in compression, the allowable bending stress F, is de- termined eee to Sect. 5.1.3, where Gar 900 c, (V1 + 0.78 (2ub*)}? — 1] (5-4) ‘Acscenican Institute oF SrEEt. ConstRuction Foy =5-313 and by bit provisions in Sect. 5.1.1. When the leg tips are in tension, Fy is determined only by Sect. 5.1.2, ¢. unbraced length, in. Co aLIS + L05(MIMD + 03M, My)? = 1.5 where M, is the smaller and M; the larger end moment in the unbraced segment of the beam; (M,/M;) is positive when the moments cause reverse curva ture and negative when bent in single curvature. C, shall be taken as. ‘unity when the bending moment at any point within an unbraced length is larger than at both ends of its length. 5.2.3, Unequal leg angle members without lateral-torsional restraint subjected 16 bending about one of the geometric axes shall be designed using 5.3. 5.3. Bending about Principal Axes Angles without lateral-torsionsl restraint shall be designed considering principal- axis bending except for cases covered by Sect. 5.2.2. Bending about both of the principal axes shall be evaluated using the interaction equations in AISC ASD Specification Sect. Hi. 5.3.1. Equal leg angles a. Major axis bending ‘The principal bending compression stress f,, shall be limited by F,, in Sect. 5.1.3, where 28,250 Foy = C, (tis 63) and by &/f provisions in Sect. 5.1.1. b. Minor axis bending ‘The principal bending stress f, shall be limited by F, in Sect. 5.1.1 when the leg tips are in compression, and by Sect. 5.1.2 when the leg tips are in tension. 5.3.2. Unequal leg angles a. Major axis bending ‘The principal bending compression stress fi. shall be limited by F, in Sect. 5.1.3, where e Fy - um, Cy (VBE 4 0052 rd? + 8,3 (54) and by b/t provisions in Sect. 5.1.1 for the compresion leg. 5, = section modulus to tip of leg in compression, in.? 1, = minor principal axis moment of inettia, 7, = radius of gyration for minor principal axi By = it [. a+ yaa] ~ 225, special section property for unequal ‘Aveasucan Inert oF Sra CotsrnucTion5-314 leg angles, positive for short leg in compression and negative for lon, Jeg in compression, in. (see Commentary for values). If the long leg is in compression anywhere along the unbraced length of the member, use the negative values of 8... Z. = coordinate along z axis of the shear center with respect to centroid, in J, # major principal axis moment of inertia, in.° ». Minor axis bending The principal bending stress f,, shall be limited by F, in Sect. 5.1.1 when Jeg tips are in compression and by Sect. 5.1.2 when the leg tips are in ten- sioa. 6. COMBINED STRESSES 6.1. Axial Compression and Flexure Members subjected to both axial compression and bending shall satisfy the re- quirements of AISC ASD Specification Sect. H11, subject to the following conditions: 6.1.1. In evaluating AISC ASD Specification Eqs. (H1-1) or (H1-2), the maxi- mum compression bending stresses due to each moment acting alone must be used even though they may occur at different cross sections of the member. 6.1.2. AISC ASD Specification Eq. (H1-2) is to be evaluated at the critical member support cross section and need not be based on the maximum moments along the member length. 6.1.3. For members constrained to bend about a geometric axis with compres- sive stress and allowable stress determined per Sect. 5.2.1a, the radius of gyra- tion 7, for F! shail be taken as the geometric axis value. 6.1.4. For equal leg angles without lateral-torsional restraint along the length and with bending applied about one of the geometric axes, the provisions of Sect. 5.2.2 shall apply for the calculated and allowable bending stresses. Ié Sect. 5.2.10 of 5.2.2 is used for F,, the radius of gyration about the axis of tending ry for F¢ should be taken as the geometric axis value of r divided by 1.35 in the ab- _ sence of a more detailed analysis. 6.1.5. For members that do not meet the conditions of Sect. 6.1.3 or 6.1.4, the exaluation shall be based on principal axis bending according to Sect. 5.3 and the subscripts x and y in AISC ASD Specification Sect. Hi shall be interpreted as, the principal axes, w and z, in this Specification when evaluating the length with- out lateral-torsional restraint. 6.2. Axial Tension and Bending Members subjected to both axial tension and bending stresses due to transverse loading shall satisfy the requirements of AISC ASD Specification Sect. H2. Bend- ing stress evaluation shall be as directed by Sects. 6.1.3, 6.1.4 and 6.1.5 for com- pressive stresses. Avaeatcan Insrirure or Steet Constavcrion