HDS

1)The planning and determination of loads to be imposed on each aircraft part is

called as

1) Stress calculation 2) Stress Derivation 3) Stress Analysis 4)

Stress design

2)The degree of deformation of a metal is called as ..

1) Stress 2) Strain 3) Either 1) or 2) 4) NOTA

3) Materials internal resistance to external loads is called as

1) Stress 2) Strain 3) Either 1) or 2) 4) NOTA

4) The stress that resists a force that tends to pull something apart is called

1) tension 2) Compression 3) torsion 4) Shear

5) The stress that resists a force that tends to crush

1) tension 2) Compression 3) torsion 4) Shear

6) the stress that tends to shorten or sqeeze aircraft parts is called as..

1) tension 2) Compression 3) torsion 4) Shear

7) The stress that produces twisting

1) Shear 2) bending 3) torsion 4) compression

8) two riveted plates if pulled apart the the rivet is subjected to which force

1) Tension 2)compression 3) torsion 4) Shear

9) in most cases the structural components are designed to take

1) end loads 2) side loads 3) as in 1) and like tension and compression 4) as in 20

like bending

10) Bending stress is combination of ..

1) tension and torsion 2) compression and shear

3) compression and torsion 4) compression and tension

11) The main structure or body of the fixed-wing aircraft is called as

1) Wing 2) Fuselage3) Engine mounting 4) tail plane

12) the truss type fuselage .

1)is usually constructed of steel tubing welded together

2) may be constructed of aluminum ally and bolted/ riveted into one piece

3) Both 1) and 2)

4) NOTA

13) The fuselage design that relies largely on the strength of the skin or covering to
carry primary loads is

1) Monocoque 2) warren truss type 3) truss- type 4) AOTA

14)modern type aircraft are considered to be .. type construction

1) Monocoque 2) Semi-monocoque 3) truss-type 40 Wareen-truss type

15) A true monocoque design utilizes to give shape to the fuselage

1) Formers 2) frame assemblies 3) bulkheads4) AOTA

16) mark the incorrect statement

1) Semi-monocoque design is modification of monocoque design

2) a true monocoque does not use formers, frame or bulkheads

3)monocoque design relies largely on the strength of skin

4) Semi-monocoque design also consists of frame assemblies , bulkheads and

formers

17) longerons usually extend across several frame members and .

1) help the skin support primary bending loads

2) help the skin support primary tension loads

3) help the skin support primary compression loads

4) help the skin support primary shear loads

18 ) the longitudinal members that are numerous in numbers are

1) longerons 2) stringers 3) frame assemblies 4) bulkhead

19) the semimonocoque fuselage is constructed primarily of

1) Steel and titanium alloys

2) Alloys of aluminum and magnesium

3) Composite materials

4) AS in2) and steel and titanium may be used in high temperature area

20) Mark the correct statement

1) Fuselages are always constructed in one single piece

2) Fuselages are generally constructed in two or more sections

3) Fuselages are at the most constructed in two sections

4) NOTA

22)nearly all pressurized aircrafts are semi-momocoque in design because

1)it has to withstand the the differential pressure

2)Cycling from unpressurised to pressurized and back againafter each flight causes
metal fatigue

3) both 1)and 2)

4)As in 3) and repeated weakness or failure in a area needs modification

or redesign of that area .

23)The dihedral angle affects the . Stability of aircraft.

1)lateral 2) longitudinal 3) Directional 4) NOTA

1) Low pressure area produces an upward force is known as

1. Relative wind
2. Blade pitch angle
3. Magnus effect
4. Angle of attack
2) For a helicopter to hover , the lift and thrust produced by the rotor system act straight up and
must equal to
1. Thrust and drag
2. Weight and drag
3. Thrust and lift
4. Weight and lift
3) During hovering flight a main rotor helicopter tends to drift in the same direction , this drifting
tendency is known as
1. Hovering flight
2. Powered flight
3. Drift
4. Translating tendency
4) When hovering near the ground, a ground effect takes place. This effect occurs how much
diameters above the surface?
1. Less than one rotor diameter
2. More than one rotor diameter
3. Only 1. is correct
4. None
5) The induced air flow through the rotor disc is reduced by the surface friction , the lift vector may
1. Decrease
2. Increase
3. Remain same
4. None
6) The gyroscopic precession of rotor disc will be deflected at an angle of plane of rotation is at
1. 45
2. 60
3. 90
4. 180
7) Two bladed rotor systems are normally subjected to Coriolis Effect to much lesser degree and
the rotor systems are generally. To the rotor hub
1. Underslung
2. Upper slung
3. Both a & b
4. NOTA
8) For a helicopter to hover, the lift and thrust produced by the rotor system act and
must equal the weight and drag, which act.
1. Straight up, straight down
2. Straight down, straight up
3. Straight up, straight up
4. Straight down, straight down

9) The acceleration and deceleration action of the rotor blades are absorbed by
1. Dampers only
2. Blade structure itself
3. Both dampers and blade structure
4. Either dampers or blade structure itself.
10) The ratio of the total rotor blade area, which is the combined area of all the main rotor blades, to
the total rotor disc area is called
1. Rigidity ratio
2. Solidity ratio
3. Either a or b
4. AOTA
11) The force that resists the movement of a helicopter through the air and is produced when lift is
developed is called
 1. Lift
2. Drag
3. Weight
4. Thrust
12) The profile drag is caused due to frictional resistance of the rotor blades and is composed of
1. Form drag
2. Skin friction
3. Both form drag & skin friction
4. Either form drag or skin friction
13) MTCS, regarding to counteract the drift
1. The main transmission is mounted so that the rotor mast is rigging for the tip-path plane.
2. Flight control rigging is designed so that the rotor disc is tilted slightly opposite tail rotor
thrust.
3. The cyclic pitch control system is designed so that the rotor disc tilts slightly opposite to tail
rotor thrust.
4. AOTA
14) The additional lift with any horizontal flow of air cross the rotor at the same speed is referred to
as
1. Translational lift
2. Effective translational lift
3. Both a & b
4. NOT1.
15) During hovering flight, a single main rotor helicopter tends to drift in the same direction as anti-
torque rotor thrust and this drifting tendency is called as
1. Tendency of rotor blade
2. Drifting nature of rotor blade
3. Translating tendency
4. NOT1.
16) The coriolis effect is based on the principle of law of conservation of
1. Linear momentum
2. Angular momentum
3. Both a & b
4. AOTA

17) The tendency of the rotor blade to increase or decrease its velocity in its plane of rotation due to
mass movement is known as
1. Translation flow effect
2. Coriolis effect
3. Both a & b
4. NOTA

18) When hovering near the ground, a phenomenon known as ground effect takes place and this
effect usually occurs
1. Less than one diameter above the surface
2. More than one diameter below the surface
 3. Less than two diameter above the surface
4. More than two diameter below the surface

19) In no wind condition when the lift and the thrust are less than weight and drag, the helicopter
1. Ascends horizontally
2. Descends vertically
3. Ascends vertically
4. Only (2. is correct

20) If lift and the thrust are greater than weight and drag, the helicopter
1. Descends horizontally
2. Ascends horizontally
3. Descends vertically
4. Ascends vertically

21) The blade tip speed of the helicopter is approximately

1. 100 knots
2. 200 knots
3. 300 knots
4. 400 knots

22) The situation exists in which advancing blade side of the rotor disc produces more lift than the
retreating blade side is defined as
1. Asymmetry of lift
2. Dissymmetry of lift
3. Both (1. & (2.
4. NOTA

23) During an autorotation, the upward flow of relative wind permits the main rotor blades to rotate
at their normal speed, in this effect the blades are..in their rotational plane
1. Gliding
2. Rolling
3. Pitching
4. NOTA

24) The driving region or auto-rotative region normally lies betweenof the blade
radius.
1. 25-30%
2. 30-50%
3. 25-70%
4. 70-80%

25) The driving region or the auto rotative region of the rotor blade is otherwise called as
1. Rotor region
2. Propeller region
3. Driven region
4. ATO1.
26. The upward or downward movements of the rotor blades during rotation is known as
1. Torque
2. Payload
 3. Blade flap
4. Blade lead or lag

27. The fore and aft movement of the blade in the plane of rotation is known as
1. Torque
2. Payload
3. Blade flap
4. Blade lead or lag

28. With most dual rotors, the rotors turns in

1. Same direction
2. Opposite direction
3. Depend on manufacture
4. AOTA

29. A fully articulated rotor system consists of how many rotor blade?
1. 2 or more
2. 3 or more
3. Both 1 & 2 are correct
4. AOTA

30. A Rotor system can be classified as

1. Articulated & Semi rigid
2. Articulated & Rigid
3. Articulated & Semi rigid & Rigid
4. Only A is correct

31. The flapping hinges of a fully articulated rotor system permits the blades for
1. Flap down
2. Flap up
3. Flap up & down
4. NOTA

32. The purpose of the drag hinges and dampers is

1. For better flight purpose
2. For Forward motion of helicopter
3. To absorb the acceleration and deceleration of the rotor blade
4. AOTA

33. For not to transmit the touchdown shocks or jolts the Skid gear should equipped with
1. Landing gear
2. Gimbal
3. Dampers
4. Any one of the above

34. The Coanda Effect is producing a lifting force on the

1. Above the main rotor
2. Right side of tail boom
3. Left side of tail boom
4. Any one of the above

35. The most common landing gear is

1. Wheel type gear
2. Skid type gear
3. Both 1 & 2
4. Only B is correct
36. The numbers of maximum main rotor blades for a Helicopter is (Till use as present)
1. 5
2. 3
3. 6
4. 8

37.The Rotor blades are made up of

1. Metal
2. Wood
3. Carbon fiber and Glass Reinforced plastic
4. AOTA

38. The initial total fall in rotor r.p.m is called

1. Transient droop
2. Static droop
3. Both 1 & 2
4. NOTA

39. The r.p.m difference between transient droop and static droop is called
1. Overswing
2. Underswing
3. Feathering
4. NOTA

40. The angle between the relative airflow and the rotor disc is called
1. Angle of attack
2. Angle of incidence
3. Rotor disc incidence
4. NOTA

41. By combination of horizontal motions and vertical motion the H/C can move
1. 180 direction
2. 362 direction
3. 360 direction
4. 90 direction

42. A rotorcraft deriving the whole or a substantial part of its lift from one or more rotors
1. Rotorcraft
2. Gyroplane
3. Helicopter
4. Convertiplane

43. In present H/C the mean collective-pitch angle can be varied from approximately
1. 2 Degree - 15 Degree
2. 3 Degree - 14 Degree
3. 3 Degree 30 Degree
4. 2 Degree 16 Degree

44. The Twist-grip type throttle is generally mounted on the

1. End of collective-pitch lever
2. Start of collective-pitch lever
3. End of cyclic-pitch lever
4. Start of cyclic-pitch lever
45. The angle between the rotor disc and horizontal is called
1. Rotor disc incidence
2. Rotor disc attitude
3. Angle of horizon
4. AOTA

46. A system of rotating aerofoils

1. Aircraft
2. Helicopter
3. Rotor
4. AOTA

47. When a collective pitch change, all the rotor blades change their
1. Position together
2. Pitch together
3. Pitch separately
4. Position separately

48. For a helicopter to hover, the lift and thrust produced by the rotor system must be equal to
1. Weight of the rotor
2. Weight of Helicopter
3. Weight and drag(Which acts straights down)
4. AOTA

49. An important consequence of producing thrust is

1. Lift
2. Torque
3. Both 1 & 2
4. NOTA

50. The rotations of the rotor system creates,

1. Gravitational force
2. Rotational force
3. Centrifugal force
4. AOTA

51. Longitudinal (fore and aft) structural members of a semi monocoque fuselage are called
1. spars and ribs. 2. longerons and stringers. 3. spars and stringers.
4. None

52. Movement about the longitudinal axis (roll) in a helicopter is effected by movement of the
1. collective pitch control. 2. cyclic pitch control. 3. tail rotor pitch control.
4. None

53. As the angle of attack of an airfoil increases, the center of pressure will
1. move toward the trailing edge.
2. remain stationary because both lift and drag components increase proportionally to increased
angle of attack.
3. move toward the leading edge
4. none

54. Which statement is correct concerning torque effect on helicopters?

1. Torque direction is the same as rotor blade rotation.
2. As horsepower decreases, torque increases.
3. Torque direction is the opposite of rotor blade rotation.
4. none

55.One purpose of the freewheeling unit required between the engine and the helicopter transmission
is to
1. automatically disengage the rotor from the engine in case of an engine failure.
2. disconnect the rotor from the engine to relieve the starter loa4.
3. permit practice of autorotation landings.
4. none

56. Main rotor blades that do not cone by the same amount during rotation are said to be out of
1. balance.
2. collective pitch.
3. track.
4. none

57. If a single rotor helicopter is in forward horizontal flight, the angle of attack of the advancing blade is
1. more than the retreating blade.
2. equal to the retreating blade.
3. less than the retreating blade.
4. none

58. In a hovering helicopter equipped with a tail rotor, directional control is maintained by
1. changing the tail rotor RPM.
2. tilting the main rotor disk in the desired direction.
3. varying the pitch of the tail rotor blades.
4. none

59. A helicopter in forward flight, cruise configuration, changes direction by

1. varying the pitch of the main rotor blades.
2. changing rotor RPM.
3. tilting the main rotor disk in the desired direction.
4. none

60. In rotorcraft external-loading, the ideal location of the cargo release is where the line of action
passes
1. aft of the center of gravity at all times.
2. forward of the center of gravity at all times.
3. through the center of gravity at all times.
4. none

61. The vertical flight of a helicopter is controlled by

1. collective pitch changes.
2. cyclic pitch changes.
3. increasing or decreasing the RPM of the main rotor.
4. none

62. The auxiliary (tail) rotor of a helicopter permits the pilot to compensate for and/or accomplish which
of the following?
1. Attitude and airspee4.
2. Lateral and yaw position.
3. Torque and directional control.
4. none

63. The purpose in checking main rotor blade tracking is to determine the
1. relative position of the blades during rotation.
2. flight path of the blades during rotation.
3. extent of an out of balance condition during rotation.
4. none

64. The cable operated control system of an all metal aircraft, not incorporating a temperature
compensating device, has been rigged to the correct tension in a heated hangar. If the aircraft is
operated in very cold weather, the cable tension will
1. decrease when the aircraft structure and cables become cold.
2. increase when the aircraft structure and cables become cold.
3. be unaffected if stainless steel cable is installed.
4. none

65. Stability about the axis which runs parallel to the line of flight is referred to as
1. longitudinal stability.
2. lateral stability.
3. directional stability.
4. none

66. Where is the buttock line or buttline of an aircraft?

1. A height measurement left or right of, and perpendicular to, the horizontal centerline.
2. A width measurement left of, and perpendicular to, the vertical centerline.
3. A width measurement left or right of, and parallel to, the vertical centerline.

4. none

67. Where is fuselage station No. 137 located?

1. 137 centimeters aft of the nose or fixed reference line.
2. 137 inches aft of the zero or fixed reference line.
3. Aft of the engine.
4. none

68. Movement about the lateral axis (pitch) in a helicopter is effected by movement of the
1. Collective pitch control.
2. cyclic pitch control.
3. tail rotor pitch control.
4. none

69. Which of the following would be most useful to locate and troubleshoot an internal fuel leak in an
aircraft fuel system?
1. Aircraft structure repair manual.
2. Illustrated parts manual.
3. A fuel system schematic.
4. none

70. The outer covering of truss type fuselage construction is made up of

1. Steel tubing 2. Al alloy 3. Titanium 4. None

71. In semi monocoque type primary loads are taken by

1. Bulkheads 2. Longerons 3. Formers 4. Stringers

72. Stringers are similar in construction to longerons, but ________ than longerons
1. Lighter 2. Heavier 3. Same 4. None

73. In semi monocoque type construction to give shape is used is:

1. Bulkheads 2. Longerons 3. Formers 4. Stringers

74. The bracing between longerons and stringers used in semi monocoque construction is
1. Web 2. Rib 3. Both 4. None

75. The longitudinal members in semi monocoque construction is

1. Bulkheads 2. Longerons 3. Formers 4. Stringers

76. The connecting members in wing construction is known as

1. Bulkheads 2. Longerons 3. Formers 4. Gusset

77. MTCS regarding Bonded construction

1. Materials used are of high strength ratio
2. It has reduced construction costs by eliminating some of the riveting & welding.
3. Both a & b 4. None

78. MTCS
1. Many helicopters are equipped with skid gear rather than wheels
2. Helicopter usually carries landing load in only one direction
3. Helicopter fuselage carries both the lift and thrust forces at same point
4. AOTA

79. Most suitable material for components of cabin section

1. Poly carbonate reinforced with glass fiber
2. Aluminum alloy
3. CRS
4. None

80. Failure of primary structure in flight or ground is likely to cause

1. Catastrophic structural collapse
2. Loss of controls
3. Power unit failure
4. AOTA

81. Which one of the following is a primary structure?

1. Engine mountings 2. Fuselage frames 3. Skin and stringers in the fuselage
4. Both 1 & 2

82. A structure which retains after initiation of a fracture or crack is

1. Fail safe 2. Safe life 3. Damage tolerant 4. NOTA

83. Structure and components are granted a period of time during which it is considered that failure is
extremely unlikely, are called
1. Fail safe 2. Safe life 3. Damage tolerant 4. NOTA

84. The design in which even with a crack present the structure will retain its integrity and that during
scheduled maintenance programmes, the crack will be found before it can become critical
1. Fail safe 2. Safe life 3. Damage tolerant 4. NOTA

85. Load or force per unit area acting on a body

1. Stress 2. Strain 3. Distortion 4. None

86. Distortion per unit length of a body

1. Stress 2. Strain 3. Distortion 4. None

87. Stress which tends to push the body together

1. Tension 2. Compression 3. Shear 4. Torsion

88. Flexible steel cable used in flying control systems is subjected to which type of stress
1. Tension 2. Compression 3. Shear 4. Torsion

89. Helicopter rotor blades are subjected to which type of load

1. Tension 2. Compression 3. Bending 4. None

90. Crankshaft of an aircraft piston engine is subjected to which type of load

1. Tension 2. Compression 3. Shear 4. Torsion

91. Stress that resists the tendency to slice a body apart

1. Tension 2. Compression 3. Shear 4. Torsion

92. The circumferential load about the fuselage of a pressurized helicopter is called
1. Hoop stress 2. Compression 3. Shear 4. Torsion

93. Any Metal part which is subjected a wide variation or reversal of load , will develop
1. Fatigue crack 2. Scratch 3. Pitting 4. Scorging

94. At higher speeds, the change in air pressure and density becomes significant and is called
1. Compressibility effect. 2. Venturi effect 3. All 4. None

95. Clad aluminum alloys are used in aircraft because they

1. Can be heat treated much easier than the other forms of aluminum.
2. Are less subject to corrosion than uncoated aluminum alloys.
3. Are stronger than unclad aluminum alloys.
4. None

96. A method of protecting aluminum based alloys from corrosion, especially when cladding is
impractical, is by a process called
1. Anodising. 2. Chromating 3. Alodising 4. None

97. MTCS about Alodizing

1. treatment for all aluminum alloys to increase their corrosion resistance
2. to improve aluminum alloys paint bonding qualities
3. Alodine is applied by dipping, spraying, or brushing
4. AOTA

98. which of the following solvent cleaner for metal surfaces and paint stripper for small areas
1. MEK 2. Naptha 3. Either 1 or 2 can be used 4. None

99. To neutralize acid deposits in lead-acid battery compartments and to treat acid burns from
chemical cleaners and inhibitors which one is used ?
1. MEK 2. Naptha 3. Either 1 or 2 can be used 4. Baking soda

100. Engine mountings are made up of

1. welded alloy steel tubing 2. Formed sheet metal
3. Forged alloy fitting 4. As in 1 or 2 or 3 or combination of all three

101. Figure shown is which type of rivet ?

1. A rivet 2. 1100 Aluminum
3. Both 4. None

102. For non-structural applications which of the following rivets are used ?
1. 2. 3. 4.

103. In MS20470AD4. 4 rivet letter AD indicates

1. Rivet dia 2. Rivet length 3.Rivet material 4. None

104.Nut which is not used at joints which subject either the nut or bolt to rotation
1. Self locking 2. Non self locking 3.Both 4. None

105. Elastic stop nuts in places where the temperature is higher than ________F,
1. 250 2. 350 3. 400 4. As in 1 & because the effectiveness of the self-
locking action is reduced beyond this point

106. Which coatings are used to protect Magnesium-based alloys, as well as zinc and its alloys.
1. Chromating 2. Anodizing 3. Cladding 4. None

107. Blade alignment is necessary on

1. Rigid rotor system 2. Articulated rotor system 3. Semi rigid rotor system
4. None

108. Vibration produced in main rotor, which rotates in a range of 300-500 rpm
1. Low frequency vibration 2.Medium frequency vibration 3. High frequency vibration
4. None

109. Vibration falls in the area of 500-2000 CPM, is called

1. Low frequency vibration 2.Medium frequency vibration 3. High frequency vibration
4. None

110. Vibration falls in the area of 2000 CPM & above, is called
1. Low frequency vibration 2.Medium frequency vibration 3. High frequency vibration
4. None

111. What are the general areas of high frequency vibration ?

1. Tail rotor 2. Engine 3. Drive train systems 4. All

112. The procedure used to check that all blades are traveling within the same tip path plane is called
1. Tracking 3. Leveling 3. Symmetric 4. Alignment

113. Tendency of the whole helicopter to drift in the direction of tail rotor thrust is called
1. Dissymmetry of lift 2. Translating tendencies 3. Gyroscopic precision 4. None

114. An additional lift which is obtained when entering horizontal flight due to the increased efficiency of
the rotor system is called
1. Dissymmetry of lift 2. Translating tendencies
3. Gyroscopic precision 4. Translational lift

115. Ground resonance can be overcome by

1. Immediate power application 2. Immediate take off
3. Both 1 & 2 4. None

116. Tendency of an object to return to its original position after disturbance is known as
1. Static stability 2. Static instability 3. Dynamic instability 4.None

117. Rotor head which requires less lubrication and servicing is called
1. Dry rotor head 2.Wet rotor head 3. Rigid rotor head 4. None

118. The type of drag dampener, which uses multiple disc submerged in hydraulic fluid is known as
1. Hydraulic dampener 2. Multiple disc dampener 3. Elastomeric dampener 4.None

119. 1. Masts are cadmium plated to prevent corrosion

2. Electroplating of mast sets up internal stresses that cannot be relieved without special equipment
Regarding the above statements
1. Only 1 is correct 2. Only 2 is correct 3. Both are correct 4. None

120. Swash plate assembly helps to prevent

1. Gyroscopic precision 2.Dissymmetry of lift 3. Translating tendency
4. None
Written
1) Write down the difference between Fully articulated & Semi rigid system
2) Explain how tail rotor prevents main rotor torque?
3) Define the followings?
a) CP b) blade pitch angle c) Symmetrical aerofoil d)
Angle of attack
e) Angle of incidence

4. Write a short note on rotor blades aerofoil ? (Ref : Helicopter flying handbook FAA-
H-8083-21, page no.2-1)

5. Write a short note on Ground effect ? (Ref : Helicopter flying handbook FAA-H-
8083-21, page no.3-3)

6Write a short on Gyroscopic Precision with a diagram? (Ref : Helicopter flying

handbook FAA-H-8083-21, page no.3-4)

7. Explain coriolis effect ? (Ref : Helicopter flying handbook FAA-H-8083-21, page

no.3-2)

8. With a diagram explain how tail rotor acts as a directional flight control ? (Ref :
Helicopter flying handbook FAA-H-8083-21, page no.4-3)

9. Write a short note on main rotor system? (Ref : FAA airframe handbook FAA-H-
8083-21, page no.1-1)

10. Write a short note on truss type structure ? (Ref : FAA airframe flying handbook
FAA-H-8083-31, page no.1-8)

11. Write short note on Semi-monocoque construction ? (Ref : FAA airframe

handbook FAA-H-8083-31, page no.1-8)

12. Define the following ? (Ref : FAA airframe handbook FAA-H-8083-31, page no.1-
15 , Car series D-II)

1. Fail safe construction 2. Safe life design 3. Damage tolerant design