Chap 9 Indices, Exponentials and Logarithms Part 1 PDF

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Chapter
Australian Curriculum
content descriptions:
ACMNA239
ACMNA264
ACMNA265
ACMNA270 Number and Algebra
345
Indices, exponentials
1 2 -
78
and logarithms
6
part
42
1
9
4
82 0
You often hear people talk about exponential growth or exponential decay,
generally in connection with business, investment, ecology and science. This
0
chapter will explain what these terms mean.
In ICE-EM Mathematics Year 9, you learned how to graph parabolas such as
6
y = x2 and y = 3x2 - 4. In this chapter, you will learn what the exponential and
2
logarithm functions are, and how to draw their graphs.
ISBN 978-1-107-64844-9
5 C h a p t e r 9 I n d ic e s , e x p o n e n ti a l s a n d l o g a r it h m s - pa r t 1
The University of Melbourne / AMSI 2011
Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
323
Cambridge University Press
9A Review of powers and
integer indices
In ICE-EM Mathematics Year 9, you learned that a number such as 2 could be raised to any
integer power, so that
20 = 1, 21 = 2, 22 = 4, 23 = 8
and
1 1 1
21 = , 22 = , 23 =
2 4 8
In the statement 25 = 32, we call 25 a power, we call 2 the base and we call 5 the index or
the exponent.
In general, if a is any number and n is a positive integer, we define an to be the product
of n factors of a, and we define
1
a n to be ,
an
provided a is non-zero.
Also, we define a0 = 1.
All of the index laws follow directly from these definitions. It is important to be able to recall
and use these laws. In this chapter, we will use the index laws repeatedly.
Index laws
Recall that if m and n are integers and a and b are any non-zero numbers:
Index law 1 aman = am+n Index law 4 (ab)n = anbn

n
am a an
Index law 2 = am-n Index law 5 b = n
an b
Index law 3 (am)n = amn
Example 1
a Evaluate:
i 72 ii 28
b Write each number in index form with a prime-number base.
1
i 128 ii 343 iii
25
Solution
a i 72 = 49 ii 28 = 256
1
b i 128 = 27 ii 343 = 73 iii = 52
25
324 I C E - EM M at h e m atic s y e a r 1 0 B o o k 1
ISBN 978-1-107-64844-9 The University of Melbourne / AMSI 2011 Cambridge University Press
Example 2
a Simplify each expression.

i x7 x2 x3 ii x2z3 x7z2 iii 2a2b 7a3b2
b Simplify each quotient.
a 3b 7 60 a 3b 2
i ii
ab 2 5a 2 b
c Simplify (a2)3 a4.
Solution
a i x7 x2 x3 = x12 ii x2z3 x7z2 = x9z5

iii 2a2b 7a3b2 = 14a5b3
a 3b 7 60 a 3b 2
b i = a 2b 5 ii = 12ab
ab 2 5a 2 b
c (a2)3 a4 = a6 a4
= a10
Example 3
Simplify these expressions.

(a 2 b 3 )4
a (x2y3)4 b (2m2)3 (3m)3 c
(ab 2 )3
Solution
a (x2y3)4 = x8y12
(a 2 b 3 )4 a8b12
b (2m2)3 (3m)3 = 8m6 27m3 c =
(ab 2 )3 a 3b 6
= 216m9
= a 5b 6
Here are two useful facts:

1
a b a b
= , since = 1.
b a b a
n n
a b
Similarly, = .
b a
C h a p t e r 9 I n d ic e s , e x p o n e n ti a l s a n d l o g a r it h m s - pa r t 1 325
Example 4
Evaluate:
1 3
4 3 3 0 2
a b 4 c 10 d 5a e
7 3
Solution
1 1 1
a 4 =
7 b 4 3 = c 10 3 =
7 4 43
10 3
1 1
= =
64 1000
3 3
2 3
= 5 1
d 5a0 e =
3 2
= 5
27
=
8
Example 5
Simplify these products, expressing each pronumeral in the answer with a

positive index.
a a4 a6 b 2a4 5a6 c (m3n5)4 (m7n3)5
Solution
a a4 a6 = a10 b 2a4 5a6 = 10a2

1 10
= 10
=
a a2
c (m3n5)4 (m7n3)5 = m12n20 m35n15

m 23
=
n35
Exercise 9A
Example 1a 1 Evaluate:
a 42 b 53 c 26 d 33 e 104 f 63
Example 1bi, ii 2 Write each number in index form with a prime number base.
a 8 b 64 c 81 d 32 e 625 f 243
Example 1biii 3 Write each number in index form with a prime number base.
1 1 1 1 9
a b c 3
d e f (121)5
13 49 13 1024 729
Example 2a 4 Simplify each expression.
a a4 a6 a5 b a7 a3 a c m4 m3 m8
d p4 p5 p2 e a2b a4b6 f m4n2 m5n4
g 2a4b3 4ab2 h 3x3y 5x2y3 i 3x3y7 5x5y2
Example 2b 5 Simplify each quotient, expressing each pronumeral in the answer with a positive index.
x 2 y3 30 x 2 y 4 a6m4
a b c
xy 4 20 xy 2 a2m
25 x 4 y 6 8ab 3c 4 16 x 3 y 6 z 8
d e f
20 x 3 y 5 12ab 5c 2 4 y 7z8
Example 3a 6 Simplify:
a (a2b4)3 b (x3y5)7 c (ab2c3d4)5
d (2a3b)2 e (3a2b4)2 f (4a3b2)3
Example 3b, c 7 Simplify each expression, writing each pronumeral in the answer with a positive index.
( a 2 b )3 a 2b 5
a (3m3)2 2m6 b (2p5)2 (4p6) c
ab 4 ab
m4 n2 (mn2 )3 a 4 b6 a 5b ( p4 q)2 pq
d 3
5 8
e f 3

mn m n (ab 2 )2 a 2b pq ( p 2 q )3
Example 4 8 Evaluate:
a 2-1 b 2-2 c 3-1 d 3-2 e 3-3
1 1
3 4
f 52 g 7-3 h 10-3 i j
5 11
1 1 2 3 3
7 15 3 2 5
k l m n o
8 14 5 3 11
Example 4 9 Evaluate: 1 3
3 2
a 71 b 34 c 103 d e
4 5
4a0
f 5 + a0 g h (2 + a)0 i (43)0
0
( 5b )
10 Simplify each expression, writing each pronumeral in the answer with a positive index.
a (2x2y)1 b (3x2y2)2 c (4xy1)3
d (2x2y2)3 e (3x2y2)3 f (2x5y5)2
Example 5 11 Simplify each expression, writing each pronumeral in the answer with a positive index.
a m6 m2 m5 b 2a1b3 4a3b6 c 5p2q1 3pq4

15 p4 q 2 5 x 2 y 3
d e f (2x1) 4
10 p 7 q 4 10 x 4 y 4
2
m 2 n1
g (2a1b3)2 4(a2b)3 h (m2n3)4 (m5n2)3 i 4
p
2
a 1b 4 2a 1b 2 4 a 6 b 1 m 2 n 3 (mn2 ) 3
j 1 k l
c a 3b 2 6ab 2 m4 n2 m 4 n6
x 4 y 1 xy 2 a 6 b 4 (a 2 b) 1
m n
( x 2 y ) 3 ( xy ) 2 (a 2 b) 3 ab 3
12 Calculate:
31 + 32 2 2 + 2 4 2 2 2 4
a b c
3 + 32 22 + 24 22 24
2 1 + 2 2 + 2 3
13 Calculate .
2 + 23 + 2 4
14 If x = 1, find the value of 3x + 31 - x + 3x - 2.
15 Simplify each expression, writing each pronumeral in the answer with a positive index.
x y 1 3 xy
a 1
b (x-1 + y1)(x1 - y1) c 1
x y x + y 1
x 1 + y 1
d 2 2
e (x2 + y)2 f (x2 + y1)1
x +y
9B Scientific notation and
significant figures
Many mathematical problems have exact answers, such as
13
, 2 + 3 or 400. However,
7
in the real world, very large numbers and very small numbers are common and, nearly
always, these can only be determined approximately. To express large and small numbers
conveniently, we use scientific notation, also known as standard form.
In science, whenever we measure something it is an approximation. Scientific notation and
significant figures are useful in expressing these numbers. To deal with approximations we
use significant figures.
Scientific notation or standard form

Scientific notation, or standard form, is a convenient way to represent and read very large or
very small numbers. The star Sirius was found by one observer to be 75684000000000 km
from the Sun. We can represent this number by placing a decimal point after the first non-
zero digit and multiplying by an appropriate power of 10 to recover the original number. This
distance can then be written as 7.5684 1013 km. This is about 76 trillion kilometres. If we
move the decimal point 13 places to the right, inserting the necessary zeros, we arrive back at
the original number.
We can also use this notation for very small numbers. For example, an angstrom unit () is
a unit of length equal to 0.0000000001 m. We place a decimal point after the first non-zero
digit and multiply by the appropriate power of 10. Hence, 0.0000000001 m = 1.0 1010 m
or 1 1010 m. When we move the decimal point 10 places to the left, inserting the zeroes,
we arrive back at the original number. So, for example, the average diameter of a uranium
atom is 0.00000000038 m, or 3.8 1010 m, or 3.8 .
By definition, a positive number is in scientific notation if it is written as
a 10b, where 1 a < 10 and b is an integer.
This notation is also called the standard form for a number. In contrast, for example,
2345.6789, is called the decimal notation for that number.
Example 6
Write each number in scientific notation.

a 2100 b 0.0062
c 764000000 d 0.0000002345
Solution
a 2100 = 2.1 103 b 0.0062 = 6.2 103

c 764000000 = 7.64 108 d 0.0000002345 = 2.345 107
Note: If the number is greater than 1, then the exponent of 10 is positive or zero when the
number is written in scientific notation. If the number is positive and less than 1, then the
exponent is negative.
When the number is written in scientific notation, the exponent records how many places the
decimal point has to be moved to the left or right to produce the decimal notation.
Example 7
Write each number in decimal notation.

a 7.2 103 b 5.832 102 c 3.61 105
Solution
a 7.2 103 = 7200 b 5.832 102 = 0.05832

c 3.61 105 = 361000
Example 8
Evaluate each expression without using a calculator. Give your answers in scientific
notation.
6.3 10 5
a (4 104) (2.1 103) b
7 10 6
c (1.5 10 ) (9.0 10
5 2 12
)
Solution
a (4 104) (2.1 103) = 4 2.1 104 103

= 8.4 107
6.3 10 5
b 6
= 6.3 7 105 106
7 10
= 0.9 101
= 9.0 102
c (1.5 105)2 (9.0 1012) = 1.52 9.0 1010 1012
= 2.25 9.0 102
= 20.25 102

= 2.025 101
Engineering notation
Engineering notation is an alternative to scientific notation in which the only powers of 10
used are actually powers of 1000. So, for example, the number 45678 is written as 45.678 103
in engineering notation, whereas it is written as 4.5678 104 in scientific notation.
A related convention is that, when measuring lengths, a builder or engineer is required to
use millimetres, metres and kilometres. In particular, centimetres are avoided. Hence, the
following are typical measurements used in the building industry.
1.2 mm, 12 mm, 120 mm, 1.2 m, 12 m, 120 m
As a second example, computer memory and disk space are measured in megabytes,
gigabytes and terabytes. These are 106, 109 and 1012 bytes. (To be precise, a megabyte is
actually 220 = 1048576 bytes, but it is always called a megabyte.)
Significant figures
Every time we record a physical measurement, we write down an approximation to the true
value. For example, we may say that a standard A4 sheet of paper is 30 cm by 21 cm. This
has a conventional meaning and says that the actual length is between 29.5 cm and 30.5 cm.
If we measure the sheet of paper more accurately we could say that it is 29.7 cm 21.0 cm.
This means that we believe that the actual length is between 29.65 cm and 29.75 cm.
Similarly, if we say a girls height is 156 cm to the nearest centimetre, this means that her
actual height is between 155.5 and 156.5 cm.
In this situation, we say that a measurement recorded as 156 cm is correct to three
significant figures. Similarly, when we say that the width of the paper is 21 cm, this is
correct to two significant figures.
A standard scientific calculator gives = 3.141592654, which is correct to 10 significant
figures. Since is irrational, it has an unending non-recurring decimal expansion, of which
more than a trillion (1012) digits have been determined, using the latest supercomputers. For
practical purposes, however, we only need an approximation to , such as 3.14 or, perhaps,
for accurate scientific or engineering work, 3.14159. In ICE-EM Mathematics Year 8, the
term writing a decimal correct to a number of decimal places was introduced, so that 3.14 is
correct to two decimal places, and 3.14159 is correct to five decimal places.
We can also say that 3.14 is correct to three significant figures and 3.14159 is correct to
six significant figures. When we round a number, we record it correct to a certain number of
significant figures.
The rules for rounding require you to first identify the last significant digit. Then:
if the next digit is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, round down
if the next digit is 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9, round up.
So = 3.141592654 is rounded to 3, 3.1, 3.14, 3.142, 3.1416, 3.14159, 3.141593 and
so on, depending on the number of significant figures required.
We use the symbol to mean that two numbers are approximately equal to each other.
Significant figures and scientific notation
Recording a number in scientific notation makes it clear how many significant figures have
been recorded. For example, it is unclear whether 800 is written to 1, 2 or 3 significant
figures. However, when written in scientific notation as 8.00 102, 8.0 102 or 8 102, it is
clear how many significant figures are recorded.
Example 9
State the number of significant figures to which each of these numbers is recorded.
a 7.321 108 b 7.200 109 c 2.0 105
d 5.6789 109 e 213205 f 0.001240
Solution
a 7.321 108 has 4 significant figures.

b 7.200 109 has 4 significant figures.
c 2.0 105 has 2 significant figures.
d 5.6789 109 has 5 significant figures.
e 213205 = 2.13205 105 has 6 significant figures.
f 0.001240 = 1.240 103 has 4 significant figures.
Example 10
Write each of the following numbers correct to the number of significant figures
specified in the brackets.
a 214 (2) b 0.0006786 (3)
c 13.99999 (6) d 137.4895 (5)
e 0.000532 (2) f 132.00731 (6)
Solution
a 214 = 2.14 102

2.1 102
210 (correct to 2 significant figures)
b 0.0006786 = 6.786 104
0.000679 (correct to 3 significant figures)
c 13.99999 = 1.399999 10
d 137.4895 = 1.374895 102
e 0.000532 = 5.32 104
f 132.00731 = 1.3200731 102
Scientific notation and significant figures

Scientific notation, or standard form, is a convenient way to represent very large and
very small numbers.
To represent a number in scientific notation, insert a decimal point after the first
non-zero digit and multiply by an appropriate power of 10. For example:
75684000000000 = 7.5684 1013 and 0.00000000038 = 3.8 1010
The term for a number expressed without a multiple of a power of 10 is
decimal notation or decimal form.
A number may be expressed with different numbers of significant figures. For example:
3.1 has 2 significant figures, 3.14 has 3 significant figures,
3.141 has 4 significant figures
To write a number to a specified number of significant figures, first write the number
in scientific notation and then round it correct to the required number of significant
figures.
To round a number to a required number of significant figures, first write the number
in scientific notation and identify the last significant digit. Then:
- if the next digit is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, round down
- if the next digit is 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9, round up.
Exercise 9B
Scientific notation
Example 6 1 Write each number in scientific notation.
a 63 b 0.4
c 0.62 d 7400
e 21000000 f 0.00026
g 0.086 h 2000000000000
i 0.000091345 j 57320
k 0.003012 l 0.1000510
2 a At the beginning of 2011, the population of Australia was estimated to be
approximately 22.5 million. Write this number in scientific notation.
b A companys profit for the financial year was $155.85 million. Write this profit in
scientific notation.
c The wavelength of red light is 6700, where 1 = 1010 m. Write this wavelength of
red light in metres, using scientific notation.
d The Sun is approximately 150 billion metres from the Earth. Using scientific notation,
write this distance in metres.
Example 7 3 Write each number in decimal notation.
a 6.4 103 b 9.2 104 c 4.8 102 d 8.7 103
e 7.412 106 f 4.02 102 g 4.657 103 h 47.26 100
Example 8 4 Simplify each number, writing your answer in scientific notation.
a (2 103) (4 102) b (5 103) (2 102)
c (6 104) (2.1 103) d (4 103) (5.1 102)
e (4 103) (5 102) f (2 103)2
(2 10 8 )3
g (1.1 108)2 h
4 10 3
i (5 104) (2 103) j (1.2 106) (4 107)
(2 10 5 )(4 10 4 ) (2 10 1 )5
k l
1.6 10 3 (4 10 2 )3
5 Using your calculator where necessary, write each number in scientific notation.
a (2.7 106) (3.8 102) b (5.3 104) (1.1 103)
9.6 1014
c 21
d 9.61 1012 1.4 103
1.6 10
8.4 10 4
64 10 9 1024 10 10
3 5
e f
5
4.9 10
6 At the beginning of 2011, the population of Australia was estimated to be approximately
22.5 million. If the population stayed the same for the next year, and each person in
Australia produced an average of 0.712 kg of waste each day, how many tonnes of
waste would be produced by Australians in the following year? (1 tonne = 1000 kg,
1 year = 365 days.) Express your answer in scientific notation.
7 A light year is the distance light travels in a year. Light travels at approximately
3 105 km/s.
a How wide is our galaxy (in kilometres) if it is approximately 230000 light years
across?
b How far from us (in kilometres) is the farthest galaxy detected by optical telescopes if
it is approximately 13 109 light years from us?
c How long does it take light to travel from the Sun to the Earth if the distance between
the Sun and the Earth is 1.4951 108 km?
8 The mass of a hydrogen atom is approximately 1.674 1027 kg and the mass of an
electron is approximately 9.1 1031 kg. How many electrons, correct to the nearest
whole number, will it take to equal the mass of a single hydrogen atom?
Significant figures
Examples 9,10 9 Write each of these numbers in scientific notation, correct to the number of significant
figures indicated in the brackets.
a 576.63 (4) b 472.61 (3) c 472.61 (2)
d 472.61 (1) e 0.051237 (4) f 0.051237 (3)
g 0.051237 (2) h 0.051237 (1) i 1603.29 (4)
j 1603.29 (3) k 1603.29 (2) l 1603.29 (1)
m 2.9935 1027 (4) n 2.9935 1027 (3) o 2.9935 1027 (2)
p 2.9935 1027 (1) q 573007 (3) r 432100.6 (3)
Example 10 10 Write each of these numbers in decimal notation, correct to three significant figures.
a 5.6023 b 537.97 c 9673.47 d 732412
e 0.003511 f 0.014187 g 372.2 h 478000
11 A cylindrical wire in an electrical circuit has radius 3.41 104 m and length
8.02 102 m. Calculate its volume in m3, correct to three significant figures, giving
the answer in scientific notation.
GMm
12 Newtons universal law of gravitation states that F = . Find, correct to three
r2
significant figures, the value of F when G = 6.67 1011, M = 5.98 1024,
m = 7.38 1022 and r = 4.02 1010.
1
13 The formula for kinetic energy is E = mv 2 .
2
a Find the value of E correct to three significant figures, when m = 9.21 1011
and v = 3.00 107.
b Find the value of v correct to four significant figures, when E = 2.834 1010
and m = 6.418 1029.
14 Write each number correct to the number of significant figures specified in
the brackets.
a 18 (1) b 495 (1) c 416 (2)
d 34200 (2) e 0.00681 (1) f 0.04921 (3)
g 475.23481 (6) h 0.00684213 (3)
15 For each measurement, identify the range within which the true value lies.
a 15 cm b 2.00 103 kg
c 18.67 m d 4.8745 107 mL
16 Evaluate each expression, giving your answers correct to three significant figures.
6.47 13.91 + 14.6
a 12.9 218.6 b 9.93 4321 c d
2.01 2.53
8 8
5.61 10 2.95 10 19.6 + 14.7 18.12 4.7
e f g h
4.52 10 4 4.21 10 6 315 9.6 + 2.31
9C Powers with rational indices
We begin by considering what we mean by powers such as

1
32 ,
1
23 and
1
10 , in which the
10A
exponent is the reciprocal of a positive integer.

Recall that if a is positive, a is the positive number whose square is a. That is:
( a)
2
= a = a1 1
For this reason, we introduce an alternative notation for a: we write it as a2 . We do this
because then we preserve the third index law:
( ) =a
2 1
1
2
a2 2 = a1
1
Keep in mind that a2 is nothing more than an alternative notation for a .
Similarly, every positive number a has a cube root, 3 a . It is the positive number whose cube
is a; that is, ( 3 a )3 = a = a1.
1
We define a 3 to be 3 a . The third index law continues to hold.
( )
3
1 1
3
= a 3 = a1
a3
The same can be done for 4 a , 5 a and so on. The alternative notations are:
1 1
4
a = a4 , 5
a = a5 and so on.

nth root
1
Let a be positive or zero and let n be a positive integer. Define a n to be the nth root of a.
1
That is, a n is the positive number whose nth power is a.
1
an = n a
1 1
For example, a 2 = a and a 3 = 3 a .
Just as in the case of 2 and 3 , cube roots, fourth roots and so on are usually irrational
numbers, and we have to use a calculator to obtain approximations. Using a calculator, it is
easy to show that
10 3.1623, 3 10 2.1544, 4 10 1.7783, 5 10 1.5849,

Using our new notation, here are some other numerical approximations, all recorded correct
to five significant figures.
1 1 1 1
25 1.1487, 10 8 1.3335, 0.2 4 0.66874, 3.2 6 1.2139
Use your calculator to check these calculations.
Example 11
Without using your calculator, evaluate:

1 1 1 1
a 83 b 243 5 c 1024 2 d 1024 5
1 1 1
1
1 2 1 3 1 6
e 1024 10 f g h
729 729 729
Solution
1 1
a 23 = 8, so 83 = 2 1 1
b 243 = 35, so 243 5 =3
10 2
c 1024 = 210, so 1024 2 = (2 ) = 25 = 32
1 1
d Similarly, 1024 5 = 22 = 4 e Similarly, 1024 10 = 2
1 1
1 1 1 1 2 2
f 729 = 36, so = 6 = 3 =
729 3 3 27
1 1
1 1 3 1 1 6
g Similarly, = h Similarly, =
729 9 729 3
We now come to the main definition. If a is a positive number, p is an integer and q is a

positive integer, then we define:
( )
p p
1
( )
p
q q
a = a q
which means a . This is the pth power of the qth root of a.
For example, 8 3 =
2
( )
1 2
83 = 22 = 4.
Throughout the rest of this chapter, we will avoid using the radical symbol wherever
possible. We begin with some simple calculations and then investigate how the index laws
behave when we have rational powers of numbers.
Example 12
Without using your calculator, find:

4 5 3 3
a 8 3 b 814 c 100 000 5 d 0.012
Solution
a Using the definition, b Since 81 = 34, we have

4
83 = ( ) 1 4
83

81
5
4 = ( ) 1 5
814
(since 23 = 8) = 35
= 24
= 16 = 243
3 3
c Since 100000 = 105 , d 0.012 = 2 2
(10 )
3

100 000 5 = 103
= 10 3
= 1000 = 0.001
Example 13
a Write each number in the form n a .

1 1
i 73 ii 115
b Write each number in index form.
( 13 )
2
i 3 17 ii 5
Solution
1 1
3
a i 73 = 7 ii 115 = 5 11
b i 3 17 = 17 3
1
ii ( 5
13 )
2
( )
= 13 5
1 2 2
= 13 5
Example 14
Write these numbers in index form.

a 7 7 b 6 5 6 c 132 13
Solution
1 1 1
5 2 2
a 7 7 = 7 72 b 6 6 = 6 65 c 13 13 = 13 13 2

3 6 5
= 72 = 65 = 13 2
Example 15
Calculate the exact value of each number.

1 1 1

a 16 2 b 125 3 c 32 5

Solution
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 2 1 3 1 5
a 16 2 = b 125 3 = c 32 5 =
16 125 32
1 1 1
= = =
4 5 2
Index laws for rational indices

As with integer indices, it is important to develop skills in using the index laws for rational
exponents. The index laws for rational indices are the same as those for integer indices.
Indeed, if a and b are positive numbers and x and y are rational numbers, then:
Index law 1 axay = ax + y
ax
Index law 2 y = a x y
a
Index law 3 (ax) y = axy
Index law 4 (ab)x = axbx
x
a ax
Index law 5 b = x
b
These laws are theorems that follow from the index laws for integer exponents and the
definition of ax, where x is rational. We will leave a discussion of the proofs of these laws to
the Challenge exercises.
Using index law 3, we note that, for rational x and y,
(ax)y = axy = ayx = (ay)x
1
Taking x = and y = p we obtain,
q
( ) ( )
p p
1 1
( )
p q
q p q
a = a q
=a = q
a = ap
( ) =2 =8
3 3
1
3
For example, 42 = 42
and also
3 1 1
3 2
42 = (4 ) = 64 2 =8
That is, it does not matter whether you take the pth power or the qth root first. So, for example:
( ) = (7 )
1
1 5
( a)
2
3 5 5
3
= a 2 and 74
Example 16
Simplify: 3
1 1 1 2 4 3
16 2
a 33 32 b 52 5 3 c 27 3 d 16 4 e
25
Solution
= ( 27 )
1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 4 1 4
+
a 33 32 = 33 2 b 52 5 3 = 52 3 c 27 3 3
5 1

= 3 6 =5 6 = 34
= 81
( )
3 3
3 1 3
16 2 25 2
d 16 4 = 16 4 e =
25 16
= 23 1
3

=8 25 2
=
16

3
5
=
4
125
=
64
Approximations
Suppose that you wish to calculate 0.8. Writing it as ( 5 )4 or 5 4 does not help us.
However, your calculator can tell you that 0.8 2.498733263. There are many situations
where simply calculating an approximation to the number is all that can be done.
Example 17
Calculate each number correct to six significant figures.

( )
4
a 6 b 3 c 2+ 3
5
d 0.067 3 e 20.76 f 33.456
(continued on next page)
Solution
a 6 961.389 b 3 0.0322515
5
c ( 2+ 3 ) 0.0102051
4
d 0.067 3 0.0110524
e 20.76 1.69349 f 33.456 0.0224424
(Check these calculations yourself.)
Expressions containing pronumerals

Since the index laws hold for all positive numbers and for all rational powers, it is possible to
use the index laws to simplify expressions involving rational powers of pronumerals.
Example 18
Simplify each of these expressions, writing your answers with positive indices.
2 1 1 3 3 2
a a 3 a2 b m2 m5 c (32m ) 5
4
Solution
2 1 2 1 1 3 1 3
+
a a3 a2 = a3 2 b m2 m5 = m2 5
7 1

= a 6 =m 10
2 1

=
3
5 2 3

2 1
c 32m 4 = 32 5 m 4 5 m 10

2 3
= ( )
2 5 5
m 10
3
= 4m 10
Index laws for rational indices

If a and b are positive numbers and x and y are rational numbers, then:
ax
Index law 1 axay = a x+y Index law 2 = a x-y
ay
Index law 3 (a x)y = axy Index law 4 (ab)x = a xb x
x
a ax
Index law 5 b = x
b
Exercise 9C
Example 11 1 Calculate the exact value of each number.
1 1 1 1 1 1
a 4 2 b 49 2 c 25 2 d 1212 e 27 3 f 814
1 1 1 1 1 1
g 32 5 h 1000 3 i 125 3 j 64 6 k 625 4 l 343 3
Example 11f, g, h 2 Calculate the exact value of each number.
1 1 1 1 1
1 2 1 3 1 2 1 4 1 2
a b c d e
4 125 16 16 64
1 1 1 1 1
1 1
6 1 1 3 1 3 2 4
f g h i j
64 125 1000 10 000 10 000
2 2 3 3 5
9 2
a 27 3 b 64 3 c 81 4 d 32 5 e
2 4
5 3 4
1 3 8 3
f 100 2 g h i 1212 j 13313
8 27
3 3 3 1
4 2 25 2 1 4 49 2
k l m n
25 36
10 000 100
n
Example 13a 4 Write each number in the form a.
1 1 1 1 1
a 23 b 34 c 20 5 d 10 4 e 9 5
Example 13b 5 Write each number in index form.
3
a 4 b 7 13 c 4
5 d 3 11
(3 5) ( 7) ( 5 11 ) ( 7 10 )
2 3 3 2
e f g h
Example 14 6 Write each number in index form.
a 5 5 b 5 3 5 c 6 4 6
d 7 5 7 e 52 3 5 f 112 11
1 1 1 1 1 1

2
a 9 b 16 4 c 121 2 d 100 2 e 1000 000 2 f 1331 3
Example 16c, d, e 8 Calculate the exact value of each number.

2
3 3 4 2 3
1 3
a 16 4 b 100 2 c d 125 3 e 1000 3 f 32 5
8
Example 16a 9 Simplify, expressing each answer with a positive index.
2 1 4 1 1 2
a 2 3 23 b 35 33 c 75 75
1 1 1 2 1
d 34 33 e 10 2 10 f 10 3 10 4
2 1 1 1 2 7

g 3 3 3 5 h 25 2 4 i 55 5 10
Example 16b 10 Simplify, expressing each answer with a positive index.

3 1 11 8 1 1
a 25 25 b 73 73 c 84 87
2 1 8 5 3 5
d 7 3 72 e 89 8 9 f 10 7 10 7
Example 17 11 Use your calculator to find the value of each of these numbers, correct to five
significant figures.
3 2 4 3
a 10 5 b 24 3 c 86 7 d 12711
3 3 4
e 19.6 4 f 1.8 2 (
g + 2 3
) h ( 3+ ) 7
Example 18 12 Simplify each expression. In your answers, use only positive indices.
2 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 4 1 3 1
a m 3 m4 b a 5 a3 c x2 y3 x4y5 d a 5b3 a b2
10
e
4
a5 a
3
10 f m
2
3 m
5
6 g
4
b7
1
b3 ( )
h
4 2
2m 5
i ( ) j ( 5a ) k ( 4 m ) l ( 2m )
1 3 1 4 2 2 3 3 2 2

3m 2 2 3 5m 4 4 4m 3

1 1 1 1
m ( 8m 6 3
) ( 16m 2 4
) n ( 27m 6 3
) ( 64 m 2 2
)
13 Evaluate each number, giving the answers correct to four significant figures.
a 61.2 b 18.52.1 c 0.840.7 d 1.590.1 e 12.61.8 f 5.93.7
14 Simplify each expression, giving your answers with positive indices.
a a1.6 a3.2 b m4.7 m1.3
c p8.2 p4.6 d b4.1 b2.85
e (2p1.3)2 f (4p2.1)3
g 4a1.3b0.6 (8a2b1) h 12m1.2n3.5 18( mn 1.5 )3 ( )
a1.2 b 4.3 ab 0.6 m 0.9 n 1
i 1 1.2
1.8
j 1.5 2

(ab ) a b (mn ) mn3.8
9D Graphs of exponential
functions
In the previous section, we saw how to define 2x for all rational numbers x. There are a
number of ways of defining 2x for all real numbers x, but it is not possible to deal with them
in this book. The calculator gives approximations to 2x and we will use these values. Consider
the following list of approximate values of powers of 2.
21 = 2 21.1 2.1435 21.2 2.2974
21.3 2.4623 21.4 2.6390
21.5 2.8284 (Notice that 21.5 = 2 2 2.8284.)
This list of values suggests that 2x increases as x increases. This is in fact the case.
Throughout the rest of this chapter, you will often need to use your calculator to calculate
values of exponential functions.
Example 19
Produce a table of values for the function y = 2x and use it to draw the graph of the
function.
Solution
A table of approximate values, correct to three decimal places, follows.
x -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

y 0.125 0.177 0.25 0.354 0.5 0.707 1 1.414 2 2.828 4 5.657 8
y
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 x
Example 20
Produce a table of values for the functions y = 3x and y = 3x. Draw the graphs on the
same set of axes.
Solution
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
1 1 1
3x 1 3 9 27
27 9 3

-x 1 1 1
3 27 9 3 1
3 9 27
y
y = 3x
9
y = 3x
2 1 0 1 2 x
Note that y = 3x is an increasing function - that is, 3x increases as x increases; and that y = 3x
is a decreasing function - that is, 3x decreases as x increases.
The two graphs in Example 20 are reflections of each other in the y-axis.
x
1 1
Note that = 3 ; hence, = (3-1)x = 3-x.
-1
3 3
Multiplication by a constant
In applications, exponential functions often occur multiplied by a constant.
Example 21
1
Draw the graphs of y = 3x, y = 3x and y = 2 3x on the same set of axes. (Produce
a table of values first.) 2
Solution
y
x -2 -1 0 1 2 y = 2 3x
6
1 1
3x 1 3 9
9 3 y = 3x
5
1 1 1 1 3 9 1
3x y=
2
3x
2 18 6 2 2 2 4

2 2
x 23 2 6 18 3
9 3
1
1
2
0 x
2 1 1 2
The different graphs in Example 21 are roughly the same shape and the y-intercept of the
curve is the constant that multiplies the exponential function.
Next, we will investigate how exponential functions change for different values of the base.
Example 22
Draw the graphs of y = 2x, y = 3x and y = 5x on the same set of axes.
Solution
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 y y = 5x
2 x
0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8 y = 3x

3x 0.037 0.111 0.333 1 3 9 27 y = 2x
5x 0.008 0.04 0.2 1 5 25 125
0 x
All three graphs in Example 22 pass through the point (0, 1) but they have different
gradients. That is, 5x increases more quickly than 3x, which increases more quickly than 2x.
So, for example, 2x < 5x if x > 0, but 2x > 5x if x < 0.
y
Further comments on the graph of y = 2x
We have seen that 2x increases as x increases. Indeed, 2x 8
increases without bound as x increases. We say 2x tends to 7
6 y = 2x
infinity as x tends to infinity.
5
1
Similarly, since 2x = , we see that 2x gets as close as we 4
2x 3
like to 0 as x gets larger and more negative. We say that
2
the x-axis is an asymptote for the graph y = 2x.
1
These comments hold for y = ax, where a > 1. x
3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4
Graphs of exponential functions

To graph an exponential function, first create a table of values using your calculator,
then plot the points on a set of axes.
If the exponential is multiplied by a constant, the y-intercept is that constant.
The graph of y = ax, where a > 0, is the reflection of the graph of y = ax in the y-axis.
The x-axis is an asymptote of the graph of y = ax and of y = a-x, where a > 0 and a 1.
Exercise 9D
Example 19 1 For each function, produce a table of values for x = 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, and use it to draw
agraph.
a y = 2x b y = 2x c y = 4x d y = 5x
Example 21 2 Sketch the graphs of y = 4x, y = 2 4x and y = 3 4x on a single set of axes.
1
3 Sketch the graphs of y = 2x, y = 2 2x and y = 2 x on a single set of axes.
2
Example 22 4 Sketch the graph of y = 2x, y = 3x and y = 5x on the one set of axes.
9E Exponential equations
From the previous section, we have seen that the graph of y = 2 x is increasing and the graph
x
10A
1
of y = 2 = is decreasing.
x
2
In general, suppose that a is a positive number different from 1. Since the graphs of y = ax are
either increasing or decreasing (unless a = 1), there is only one value of x for each value of y.
Hence, we know that if ac = ad, then c = d.
In the following examples, this fact is used to solve exponential equations. From the above
discussion it can be seen that there is only one solution for x to the equation ax = y, provided
that y is positive.
Example 23
Solve each equation for x.

a 2x = 32 b 10x = 10000 c 5x = 625
Solution
a 2x = 32 b 10 x = 10000 c 5x = 625
Since 32 = 25 Since 10000 = 104 Since 625 = 54
2x = 25 10x = 104 5x = 54
x = 5 x = 4 x=4
Example 24

1 1
a 2x = b 7x = c 7x = 1
8 343
Solution
1 1
a 2x = b 7x = c 7x = 1
8 343
1 1
Since = 23 Since = 73 Since 70 = 1
8 343
2x = 23 7x = 73 x=0
x = 3 x = 3
In Example 25, we first write each side of the equation as a power with the same base.
Example 25

a 16x = 32 b 81x = 243 c 256x = 32
Solution
a 16x = 32 b 81x = 243 c 256x = 32

(24)x = 32 (34)x = 35 (28)x = 25
24x = 25 4x = 5 8x = 5
5 5
4x = 5 x = x=
5 4 8
x =
4
Example 26
Solve:
a 32x - 1 = 81 b 6x - 1 = 36 6
Solution
a 32x - 1 = 81 b 6x - 1 = 36 6 1
32x - 1 = 34 6x - 1 = 62 6 2
5
6 2
2x - 1 = 4 6x - 1 =
5
2x = 5 x - 1 =
2
5 7
x = x =
2 2
y
Consider the exponential equation 2x = 6.
Since 22 = 4 and 23 = 8, x must be between 2 and 3. 8
From the graph opposite, we can estimate x to be 7
about 2.5. From a calculator, one obtains 2.58 as 6 y = 2x
a better approximation. The value of x is
5
called log2 6, which is 2.584962.
4
We will discuss logarithms in a later section of this chapter. 3
2
1
3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 x
Example 27
Between which two integers does x lie if:

a 2x = 70? b 2x = 200?
Solution
The graph of y = 2x is increasing.

a 26 = 64 and 27 = 128 b 27 = 128 and 28 = 256
Therefore, x lies between 6 and 7. Therefore, x lies between 7 and 8.
Solving exponential equations

For any positive value a, the graphs of y = ax are either increasing or decreasing unless
a = 1. Hence, there is only one value of x for every value of y. From this we know that
if ac = ad, then c = d.
For a > 0 and a 1, the equation ax = y, where y > 0, can be solved, and there is only
one solution for x.
Exercise 9E
Example 23 1 Solve:
a 2x = 8 b 2x = 512 c 3x = 243 d 10x = 100
e 11x = 1331 f 20x = 400 g 6x = 216 h 7x = 49
i 10x = 100000 j 5x = 125 k 3x = 729 l 4x = 256
m 2x = 512 n 2x = 4096 o 4x = 1024 p 16x = 4096
Example 24 2 Solve:
1 1
a 2x = b 4x = c 5x = 1 d 10x = 0.001
16 256
1 1 1 1
e 10x = f 7x = g 3x = h 2x =
100 000 343 243 1024
1 1 1
i 2x = j 3x = k 5x = l 10x = 0.00001
2048 729 625
Example 25 3 Solve:
a 121x = 11 b 121x = 1331 c 9x = 27 d 64x = 16
e 25x = 125 f 125x = 25 g 1000x = 100 h 10000x = 1000
4 Solve:
a 27a = 243 b 4b = 128 c 128c = 32 d 625d = 125
f
1 1
e 1000e = 10 f = 4 g 27x = h (0.01)x = 1000
8 3
Example 26 5 Solve:
a 3x-2 = 27 b 51-x = 125 c 43x-1 = 64 d 323x+1 = 128
( 7 ) = 343 1
x
e 23-x = 8 f g 4x-1 = h 33-x = 27x-1
16 2
Example 27 6 Identify which two integers x lies between if:
a 2x = 19 b 5x = 30 c 2x = 40 d 10x = 500
e 3x = 90 f 7x = 50 g 11x = 100 h 13x = 200
i 2x = 0.1 j 5x = 2 k 5x = 0.3 l 10x = 0.045
9F Exponential growth and decay
We begin by looking at two examples.
Exponential growth
The first example is a mathematical model of the number of bacteria in a culture.
Initially, there are 1000 bacteria in a culture. The number of bacteria is doubling every hour.
Therefore:
after 1 hour there are 1000 2 bacteria
after 2 hours there are 1000 2 2 = 1000 22 bacteria
after 3 hours there are 1000 22 2 = 1000 23 bacteria.
Following this pattern, there are 1000 2t bacteria after t hours. This can be written as a
formula. Let N be the number of bacteria after t hours. Then,
N = 1000 2t.
A graph can be plotted by first producing a table of values.
t 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
N 1000 2000 4000 8000 16000 32000 64000
60 000
N = 1000 2t
50 000
40 000
30 000
20 000
10 000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 t(hours)
This is an example of exponential growth.
Exponential decay
The second example concerns radioactive decay.
Radioactivity is a natural phenomenon in which atoms of one element decay to form atoms
of another element by emitting a particle such as an alpha particle.
A sample of a radioactive substance that is widely used in medical radiology initially has a
mass of 100g. The substance decays over time, its quantity halving every hour. Let M grams
be the mass present after t hours.
Therefore:
1
after 1 hour the mass is 100 g
2
2
1 1 1
after 2 hours the mass is 100 = 100 g
2 2 2
2 3
1 1 1
after 3 hours the mass is 100 = 100 g.
2 2 2
t
1
Following this pattern, there are 100 grams of the radioactive substance after t hours.
t 2
1
So M = 100 .
2
A table is constructed and the graph is plotted.
t 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
M 100 50 25 12.5 6.25 3.13 1.56
100
90
80
70
60
1 t
50 M = 100 2
40
30
20
10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 t(hours)
This is an example of exponential decay.
Formulas for exponential growth and decay

The two previous examples concern populations or quantities that can be described by
a formula of the form:
P = A Bt
In this formula, A and B are positive constants and t is a variable that is usually time
measured in seconds, hours or years, depending on the application.
If t = 0, then P = A, so A is the initial amount.
If B = 1, then P = A for all values of t.
If B > 1, we say that P grows exponentially.
If B < 1, we say that P decays exponentially.
It is possible to estimate both future and past sizes of the population by substituting positive
and negative values for t.
Example 28
For the rule y = 20 3t:

a Complete the table of values.

t 0 1 2 3
y
b Plot the graph of y against t.
c Find the value y, correct to two decimal places, when:

i t = 0.5 ii t = 2.5 iii t = 2.8
Solution

t 0 1 2 3
y 20 60 180 540
b y
600
500
400
300
200
100
0 1 2 3 t
c Using a calculator:
i When t = 0.5, y = 34.64 ii When t = 2.5, y = 311.77
iii When t = 2.8, y = 433.48
Exercise 9F
Example 28 1 For the formula y = 2002 t:
t 0 1 2 3 4 5
y

c Using your calculator, find the value of y, correct to two decimal places, when:
i t = 0.6 ii t = 2.2 iii t = 3.5
t
1
2 For the formula y = 200 :
2
t 0 1 2 3 4 5
y

c Using your calculator, find the value of y, correct to two decimal places, when:
i t = 0.6 ii t = 3.2 iii t = 4.6
3 a For y = 608t,find the value of y when:
i t = 0 ii t = 2 iii t = 2.5
b For y = 1000(0.1)t,find the value of y when:
i t = 0 ii t = 1 iii t = 3 iv t = 4
4 On 1 January 2011, the population of the world was estimated to be
7074000000 = 7.074109=A. Assume that the population of the world is increasing at
the rate of 3% per year, so that N = A(1.03)t after t years.
a Estimate what the population of the world will be on 1 January 2016.
b Estimate the population on 1 January 2111.
5 A liquid cools from its original temperature of 95C to a temperature TC in t minutes.
Given that T = 95(0.96)t, find:
a the value of T when t = 10
b the value of T when t = 20
6 The number of finches on an island, N, at time t years after 1 January 2010 is
approximately described by the rule N = 80000 (1.008)t.
a How many finches were there on the island on 1 January 2010?
b How many finches will there be on the island on 1 January 2020?
t
1
7 The number of bacteria, N, in a certain culture is halving every hour, so N = A ,
2
where t is the time in hours after 2:00 p.m. on a particular day. Assume that there are
initially 1000 bacteria.
a State the value of A.
b Estimate the number of bacteria in the culture when:
i t = 2 ii t = 3 iii t = 5
9G Logarithms
In Section 9D, we saw how to sketch the graph of y = 2x. This function is increasing, so that
for each positive value of y, there is a single corresponding value of x. This number is called
10A
the logarithm of y, to the base 2.

Since 23 = 8, we say that log2 8 = 3; that is, the logarithm is the index in the equation.
This is read as either log to the base 2 of 8 is (equal to) 3 or the log of 8 to the base 2 is
(equal to) 3.
For example:
35 = 243 is equivalent to log3 243 = 5
102 = 100 is equivalent to log10 100 = 2
1 1
52 = is equivalent to log5 = 2
2
25 25
2
8 3 = 4 is equivalent to log8 4 =
3
The logarithm of a number to base a is the index to which a is raised to give this number.
In general, the logarithm can be defined as follows.
If a > 0 and a 1 and ax = y, then loga y = x.
Logarithms were invented in the 17th century to assist in astronomical calculations. Up to
1970, logarithms were routinely used to carry out calculations. All school students used
logarithms for complicated calculations. Engineers used a slide rule for calculations. This
instrument is based on logarithms.
Logarithms have a number of important properties, which will be discussed in detail in
ICE-EM Mathematics Year 10 Book 2.
Example 29
Evaluate these logarithms.

a log2 32 b log3 81 c log10 1000 d log2 1024
Solution
a 25 = 32, so log2 32 = 5 b 34 = 81, so log3 81 = 4
c 103 = 1000, so log10 1000 = 3 d 210 = 1024, so log2 1024 = 10
Example 30
Evaluate these logarithms.

1 1 1
a log4 b log10 0.001 c log3 d log2
16 27 1024
Solution
1 1
a 42 = , so log4 = 2 b 103 = 0.001, so log10 0.001 = 3
16 16
1 1 1 1
c 33 = , so log3 = 3 d 210 = , so log2 = 10
27 27 1024 1024
On most calculators, the button labelled log calculates log10 x, for any positive number x.
Example 31
Calculate these logarithms correct to four decimal places.

a log10 3 b log10 842 c log10 2 d log10 0.0005
Solution
a log10 3 0.4771 b log10 842 2.9253

c log10 2 0.3010 d log10 0.0005 3.3010
It is necessary to be able to manipulate indices easily to calculate logarithms.
Example 32
Find the value of x.

1
a log2 32 = x b log8 = x c log2 x = 5
64
1
d logx 16 = 2 e log36 x = f log7 x = 2
2
Solution
a log2 32 = x, is equivalent to 2x = 32, so x = 5.

1 1
b log8 = x, is equivalent to 8x = , so x = 2.
64 64
c log2 x = 5, is equivalent to 25 = x, so x = 32.
d logx 16 = 2, is equivalent to x2 = 16, so x = 4.
1
1 1
e log36 x = , is equivalent to 36 2 = x, so x = .
2 6
f log7 x = 2, is equivalent to 72 = x, so x = 49.
Logarithms
The logarithm of a number to base a is the index to which a is raised to give this number.
If a > 0 and a 1 and ax = y, then loga y = x.
Exercise 9G
1 Copy and complete:
a 23 = 8 is equivalent to log2 8 = ...
b 102 = 100 is equivalent to log10 100 = ...
c 72 = 49 is equivalent to log7 ... = ...
d 34 = ... is equivalent to log3 ... = ...
e 53 = ... is equivalent to log5 ... = ...
f 73 = ... is equivalent to log7 ... = ...
g 25 = ... is equivalent to log2 ... = ...
h 104 = ... is equivalent to log10 ... = ...
i 103 = ... is equivalent to log10 ... = ...
j 21 = ... is equivalent to log2 ... = ...
Example 29 2 Evaluate each logarithm.
e log2 1 f log2 256 g log10 1000 h log5 25
3 Evaluate:
e log6 216 f log7 1 g log6 1296 h log9 729
Example 30 4 Evaluate:
1 1 1 1
a log2 b log5 c log3 d log11
4 5 9 121
1 1 1 1
e log5 f log4 g log3 h log7
125 1024 81 343
5 Evaluate:
a log10 10 b log10 1 c log10 1000
1
d log10 100000 e log10 10100 f log10
100
g log10 0.0000001 h log10 1013
6 If a > 0, what is loga a?
7 If a > 0, what is loga 1?
Example 31 8 Use your calculator to evaluate each logarithm correct to four decimal places.
a log10 1000 b log10 40 c log10 789
d log10 0.0003 e log10 72000000 f log10 0.00012345
g log10 (5.3950 103) h log10 (635 1054)
Example 32 9 Find the value of x.
1
a log2 64 = x b log3 243 = x c log4 =x
1 256
d log10 = x e log3 x = 3 f log5 x = 2
1000 1
g log2 x = 3 h log25 x = i logx 16 = 4
2
j logx 16 = 2 k logx 125 = 3 l logx 64 = 3
1
m logx = 3
8
Review exercise
1 Simplify:
(a 3b 2 ) 4
a (a3 4 ) a 5
b (2m ) (3m)
3 4 4
c
( a 2 b 2 )3
2 Evaluate:
4
2
a 42 b 6a0 c 104 d
3
3 Simplify each expression, writing each pronumeral with a positive index.
12a 4
a a3 a5 b 2a3 7a6 c d (2a1)2 (4a2)2
6
3a
4 Write each term with positive indices only.
a 52 b 34 c a6
d b3 e 2x4 f 5x3
x 3 a 4 2
g h i
2 5 x 2
4 4 a 2 5m 1
j k l
x 3 b 3 6m 4
5 Express each power as a fraction.
a 62 b 82 c 43 d 24
e 51 f 102 g 72 h 26
6 Simplify each expression.
a 50 b 5a0 c (5a)0
d 6 + a0 e (4 + a)0 f 2 + 3b0
0 0
2 20
g h i 4 a
3 3 5b
4a0
j
(7b)0
7 Simplify each expression, giving your answers with positive indices.
2 a 2 ( 2 b )3 a 2b3 a2b5 ( 2 a ) 2 8b 3
a b c
2ab 2 ab a 2b 2 16a 2 b 2
2a 2 b 3 16(ab)2 8a 6 4(a 2 ) 4 3a 3
d e f
8a 2 b 2 2ab 6a 3 ( 3a ) 3 6a 1
2 n 8n
8 Write 2n
in the form 2an+b.
2 16
9 Write 2x 3x 62x 32x 22x as a power of 6.
10 Simplify each product.
1 1 2 1 2 1

a 23 26 2 3 b a4 a5 a 10
1 2 1 1 2

c 23 (2 5 ) 5 d (2 3 ) 2 23 2 5
11 Write each number in scientific notation.

a 4200 b 0.0062
c 740000000 d 0.0000002
12 Write each number in decimal notation.
a 5.4 103 b 11.2 104
c 6.8 102 d 9.7 103
e 1.8 101 f 6.4 105
g 7.41 106 h 4.02 102
13 a The population of a country is approximately 6.3 107. Write this number in
decimal notation.
b The population of another country is approximately 1.4 109. Write this number in
decimal notation.
c The thickness of a piece of paper is approximately 8 105 m. Write this number in
decimal notation.
d The diameter of a piece of wire is approximately 3 103 cm. Write this number in
decimal notation.
14 Write each number correct to the number of significant figures specified in the brackets.
a 18 (1) b 495 (1) c 416 (2)
d 34200 (2) e 0.00681 (2) f 0.04921 (3)
g 475.2 (2) h 598.7 (2) i 0.0923 (1)
j 0.006842 (3)
15 Evaluate:
1
a log2 8 b log2 16 c log2 d log3 1
4
1 1
e log7 49 f log9 729 g log5 h log4
25 64
1 1 1 1
i log3 j log6 k log7 l log9
81 36 343 81
16 Evaluate:
a log10 10 b log10 100 c log10 1000
d log10 10000 e log10 100000 f log10 1000000
1
g log10 1010 h log10 1015 i log10 a
10
1
j log10 k log10 103 l log10 106
100
17 Solve each equation for x.
1 1
a 4x = 32x+1 b (3x +2)3 = c 3x+1 =
3 81x
1
d 53x 52(x - 1) = 1 e 27 4x = f 9x = 274
8
18 Evaluate:
1 2 1 1 1 4 6

a 2 3 12 3 6 3 b 23 4 2 8 3 c 8 3 32 5
2 5 3 3

d 8 3 16 4 e 16 4 4 f 72 71
19 Simplify, expressing your answers with positive indices.
2 3 2
32 a 27 x2 x2
a b 3
b2 a2b2 y 2 y
(3 a 2 ) 3 (2b)5 (a 2 b)3 (ab 3 )1

c d
(2ab 2 )2 (3a)4 (a 1b)4
20 Solve for x.
a log2 x = 5 b log3 x = 7 c log5 x = 0
1
d log7 x = 2 e log10 x = 1 f log5 x = -
2
g logx 25 = 2 h logx 81 = 4 i logx 10000 = 4
21 The population of a town is initially 8000. Every year the population increases
by 5%. What is the population of the town after:
a 1 year? b 3 years? c n years?
Challenge exercise
1 a If 2y = x, what is 15 2y+3, in terms of x? b If 3x = 2, find 37x.

c If 4 y = x, what is 4y-2, in terms of x?
a8
2 Find the value of x if a = x
.
( )
4
6
a
t
3 Find the value of x if t x = 3 .
t
1
42
4 Find the value of x if = 2 x.
3 2
8
5 a Evaluate 28 + 211 + 2n for n between 1 and 8.
b Find the value of n > 8 such that 28 + 211 + 2n is a perfect square.
6 a Prove that the index laws hold for negative integer exponents. (Use the laws for
positive integer exponents.)
For example, the product-of-powers result can be proved in the following way for
negative integer exponents.
Consider apaq where p and q are positive integers.
a pa q = 1 1
p q
a a
1
= p q
a a
1

= p+ q (Index law 1 for positive integers)
a
= a ( p + q)
= a p + ( q)
b Prove that the index laws hold for fractional exponents.
1 1 1 1
+
For example, an a m = an m can be proved in the following way.
1 1 m n
an a m = a nm a nm
= nm a m nm a n
= nm a m a n (Index law 1)
= nm a m + n
m+ n
p q p q
+
= a nm a n a m = a m.
n
The result can easily be extended to
1 1
+
= an m
7 Solve each pair of equations for x and y.
a 25x = 125y, 16x 8 = 2 42y
b 3y-1 = 9x, 4y 64x = 128
c 105y = 105 100x, 49y = 7 7x
d a 2x = a y-1, b2+y = b3x
8 Simplify:
2 1 1 2 2
a 3 + a3b3 +b 3 c 3 x 2 + x 2 1
a b
1 1 1 1
1
a3 + b3 c3 x+x 32
9 Expand:
( 2
a 3a 3 2a 3 b 2 b

2 1
) ( a 2b )

1
2
1
3
b ( a + a b + b )( a b )
3 1 1 1 3 1 1
4 + a2b2 4 2 4 2
1 1 1
10 Without using a calculator, list the numbers 2 2 , 3 3 and 5 5 in order from greatest
to least.
y
11 The areas of the side, front and bottom faces of a rectangular prism are 2x, and xy.
Find the volume of the prism in terms of x and y. 2
53 x +1 53 x 1 + 24
12 Simplify .
24 53 x + 120
13 Find the sum of the digits of 102008 - 2008.

Chap 9 Indices, Exponentials and Logarithms Part 1 PDF

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Index law 1 aman = am+n Index law 4 (ab)n = anbn

a Simplify each expression.

a i x7 x2 x3 = x12 ii x2z3 x7z2 = x9z5

Simplify these expressions.

Here are two useful facts:

Simplify these products, expressing each pronumeral in the answer with a

a a4 a6 = a10 b 2a4 5a6 = 10a2

c (m3n5)4 (m7n3)5 = m12n20 m35n15

a m6 m2 m5 b 2a1b3 4a3b6 c 5p2q1 3pq4

Scientific notation or standard form

Write each number in scientific notation.

a 2100 = 2.1 103 b 0.0062 = 6.2 103

Write each number in decimal notation.

a 7.2 103 = 7200 b 5.832 102 = 0.05832

a (4 104) (2.1 103) = 4 2.1 104 103

a 7.321 108 has 4 significant figures.

a 214 = 2.14 102

Scientific notation and significant figures

We begin by considering what we mean by powers such as

exponent is the reciprocal of a positive integer.

Without using your calculator, evaluate:

We now come to the main definition. If a is a positive number, p is an integer and q is a

Without using your calculator, find:

a Using the definition, b Since 81 = 34, we have

a Write each number in the form n a .

Write these numbers in index form.

Calculate the exact value of each number.

Index laws for rational indices

Calculate each number correct to six significant figures.

Expressions containing pronumerals

Index laws for rational indices

Example 16c, d, e 8 Calculate the exact value of each number.

Example 16b 10 Simplify, expressing each answer with a positive index.

x -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

Draw the graphs of y = 2x, y = 3x and y = 5x on the same set of axes.

5x 0.008 0.04 0.2 1 5 25 125

Graphs of exponential functions

Solve each equation for x.

Solve each equation for x.

Solve each equation for x.

a 16x = 32 b 81x = 243 c 256x = 32

Between which two integers does x lie if:

The graph of y = 2x is increasing.

Solving exponential equations

We begin by looking at two examples.

This is an example of exponential growth.

This is an example of exponential decay.

Formulas for exponential growth and decay

For the rule y = 20 3t:

b Plot the graph of y against t.

c Find the value y, correct to two decimal places, when:

a Complete the table of values.

b Plot the graph of y against t.

b Plot the graph of y against t.

the logarithm of y, to the base 2.

Evaluate these logarithms.

a 25 = 32, so log2 32 = 5 b 34 = 81, so log3 81 = 4

c 103 = 1000, so log10 1000 = 3 d 210 = 1024, so log2 1024 = 10

Evaluate these logarithms.

Calculate these logarithms correct to four decimal places.

a log10 3 0.4771 b log10 842 2.9253

It is necessary to be able to manipulate indices easily to calculate logarithms.

c (m3n5)4 (m7n3)5 = m12n20 m35n15