X RBSE SCIENCE- 2

Free Notes
Chapter 4
Carbon and Important Compounds of Carbon

1. Importance : Carbon has a specific property known as catenation, due to

which it can form a very large number of compounds, several times more than
the number of compounds formed by all the other elements taken together. A
separate branch of chemistry, known as Organic Chemistry, is there to deal with
the compounds of carbon alone. Most of the substances we use in our daily life,
such as food grains, cereals, sugar, milk, tea, coffee, ghee, oil, clothes,
medicines, soaps, detergents, cosmetics, plastics, polyethene, LPG, CNG,
petroleum, diesel, kerosene, paper, pencil, rubber, wood, etc., all are compounds
of carbon.
Characteristics of Carbon Atom : (i) Symbol of carbon is 6C12, and its
electronic configuration is 1 s2 2s2 2p2
(ii) Valency of carbon is 4.
(iii) Structure of carbon atom is regular tetrahedral. The four valancies are
directed towards the corners of the tetrahedron. Angle between each valency is
109028.
(iv) Carbon atoms have a tendency of forming a long chain and also a closed
ring of carbon atoms, by making bonds with each other. Side chais are also
possible. This is why it can form a large number of compounds.
(v) Two carbon atoms can join together by a single bond, or by double bond, or
by triple bond.

2. Hydrocarbons : Carbon atom form several compounds in combination with

other elements, mostly hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, halogens, sulphur and
phosphorus. Compounds formed by the combination of carbon and hydrogen
only are called hydrocarbons. e.g., CH4, C2H6, etc.
2.1 Classification of hydrocarbons : On the basis of chain, hydrocarbons are
of two types
(i) Open chain (non-cyclic) hydrocarbons. e.g., methane, ethane.
(ii) Closed chain or ring (cyclic) hydrocarbons. e.g.Benzene.
On the basis of type of bond, open chain hydrocarbons are classified into three
groups :
(i) Single bond hydrocarbons are called Alkanes.
(ii) Double bond hydrocarbons are called Alkenes.
(iii) Triple bond hydrocarbons are called Alkynes.
Single bond hydrocarbons are said to be saturated hydrocarbons, because all the
four valencies of carbon are satisfied.
Double and triple bond hydrocarbons are said to be unsaturated hydrocarbons,
because all the four valencies of carbon are not satisfied.
Cyclic hydrocarbons are divided in two classes on the basis of elements present
in the ring :
PIE TUTORIALS
9/2 CHOPASANI HOUSING BOARD, JODHPUR
FOR FREE NOTES & TEST PAPERS Visit www.pietutorials.com
 X RBSE SCIENCE- 2
Free Notes
(i) Homocyclic Containing only carbon atoms in the ring. These are again
divided into two classes -
(a) Aromatic, having odour, e.g. benzene, toluene.
(b) Alicyclic, having no odour. e.g. cyclopropane.
(ii) Heterocyclic Containing some other element also besides carbon in the
ring. e.g. pyridine, furane.

2.2 Nomenclature of Hydrocarbons : Hydrocarbons were known by various

different names earlier, but now these are known throughout the world by the
names suggested by the International Union of pure and Applied Chemistry
(I.U.P.A.C.). According to this system,
The name is made up of two parts prefix and suffix. Prefix is decided on the
basis of number of carbon atoms in the molecule. For example,
Number of Prefix Number of Prefix
C atoms C atoms
1 Meth- 2 Eth-
3 Prop- 4 But-
5 Pent- 6 Hex-
7 Hept- 8 Oct-
9 Non- 10 Dec-
(iii) Suffix is derived on the basis of bond between the carbon atoms the
molecule.
Type of Bond Suffix
Single Bond -ane
Double Bond -ene
Triple Bond -yne
For example,
(i) Alkane series(Having single bond, C - C) : Series of hydrocarbons having
single bonds between carbon atoms is called alkane series. Hydrocarbons of this
series can be denoted by the general formula CnH2n+2 where n is the number of
carbon atoms in it. Suffix in their name will be ane. All these ae saturated
hydrocarbons. Examples are

(ii) Alkene series (having double bond, C = C) : In these there is a double

bond between two carbon atoms. Valencies of carbon atom are not fully
satisfied, so these are unsaturated hydrocarbons. These are also known as
olefins. Hydrocarbons of this series are represented by general formula C nH2 n
and the suffix in their name is -ene.

Traditionaly, these are also known as ethelene, propelene, and butelene

respectively.

PIE TUTORIALS
9/2 CHOPASANI HOUSING BOARD, JODHPUR
FOR FREE NOTES & TEST PAPERS Visit www.pietutorials.com
 X RBSE SCIENCE- 2
Free Notes
(iii) Alkyne series (having triple bond, C = C) : In these hydrocarbons there is
a triple bond between two carbon atoms. Valencies of carbon atom are not fully
satisfied, so these are also unsaturated hydrocarbons. These are also known as
acetylens. General formula of the hydrocarbons of this series is C nH2n-2 and the
suffix in their name is -yne.

These are also known as acetylene, methyl acetylene and ethyl acetylene
respectively.
Carbon atoms also combine with each other to satisfy their valencies.
3. Allotropes of Carbon : Carbon shows allotropy, because it esists in different
forms.
Crystalline forms Diamond, Graphite and Fullerene.
Amorphous forms Coke, Coal, Wood charcoal, Animal charcoal, Lamp black,
and Gas carbon.
(a) Diamond : (i) Diamond is the purest form of carbon.
(ii) There is a three dimensional tetrahedral arrangement of carbon atoms in
diamond. Distance between carbon carbon atoms is 1.54 A.
(iii) Since all the four valence electron of each carbon atom are used in forming
covalent bonds, there is no free electron to move. So electrical conductivity of
diamond is zero.
(iv) Diamond is very hard due to 3 dimensional network of covalent bonds in
its structure.
(v) Due to high pressure of rocks on the layers of coal in the mines, it crystallizes
and becomes transparent.
Uses of diamond : Diamonds are used :
(1) in making ornaments and jewellery.
(2) in cutting glass and in drilling or cutting rocks and stones.
(3) Diamond dust is used in polishing diamonds.
(b) Graphite : (i) Graphite is a soft and smooth material, slippery in touch. It
has metallic lusture.
(ii) Graphite crystal consists of layers of carbon atoms. Each carbon atom is
joined to three other atoms by covalent bonds to form flat hexagonal rings.
These rings joined together form the layerd structure.
(iii) Various layers are at a distance and are joined by weak forces, so the layers
can slip over each other. So graphite is a good dry lubricant.
(iv) Each carbon atom is joined to three other atoms, the fourth electron on each
carbon is free to move. Due to the presence of free electrons graphite is good
conductor of electricity.
Uses of Graphite : (1) It is used for making pencil leads.
(Earlier, it was supposed to be a form of lead, so the pencils are known as lead
pencils, whereas these are graphite pencils. Grapho means to write.)
(2) It is used for making crucibles and electrodes.
(3) It is used as dry lubricant in heavy machinery.

PIE TUTORIALS
9/2 CHOPASANI HOUSING BOARD, JODHPUR
FOR FREE NOTES & TEST PAPERS Visit www.pietutorials.com
 X RBSE SCIENCE- 2
Free Notes
(4) It is used in polishing iron articles.
(5) It is used as moderator in atomic reactors.
Comparison of the properties of diamond and graphite.
Property Diamond Graphite
Appearance Transparent & Colourless Dark Grey & Opaque
Structure 3-dimensional tetrahedral Hexagonal plate
Hardness Hardest substance Soft & smooth
Density 3.51 gm cm-3 2.25 gm cm-3
Conductivity Bad Conductor Good Conductor
Stability Less Stable More Stable
(c) Fullerene : These are named after an American architect Buckminster Fuller
(i) There are 60 to 70 or more carbon atoms in the molecule of Fullerene.
(ii) C60 is the most stable fullerene.
(iii) Its structure is like a ball or a dome.
(iv) C60 has 32 faces out of which 20 faces are hexagonal and 12 faces are
pentagonal. It is known as Bucky-ball.
(v) C60 is bad conductor of electricity.
(vi) Length of C C bond is 1.40 A.
Uses of Fullerenes : (i) Compounds of Fullerene with alkali metals are very
good (super) conductor of electricity, so these are of much technical importance
in modern age.

4. Chloro Fluoro Carbons (CFC) or Freons :

These compounds are poly chloro fluro derivatives of alkanes. These are also
known as Freons.
Name of the Freon is given with a number, like Freon xyz, where x is number
of carbon atoms in the molecule 1
Y is number of hydrogen atoms in the molecule + 1
Z is number of fluorine atoms in the molecule.
For example,
Molecular Formula x y z Name
CFCL3 0 1 1 Freon 11
CFCL2 0 1 2 Freon 12
CHCLF2 0 2 2 Freon 22
C2F2CL4 1 1 2 Freon 112
C2F4CL2 1 1 4 Freon 114
Uses of Freons : (i) These are used in refrigerators, air conditioner plants, and
in cold storages as cooling agent. (ii) As an inactive solvent.
Note : Freons destroy the ozone layer of the atmoshphere, so now a days use of
CFC compounds has been restricted so as to save the environmemnt from
pollution.
5. Compressed Natural Gas (C.N.G.) :

PIE TUTORIALS
9/2 CHOPASANI HOUSING BOARD, JODHPUR
FOR FREE NOTES & TEST PAPERS Visit www.pietutorials.com
 X RBSE SCIENCE- 2
Free Notes
In the oil (petroleum) wells some gases also exist on the surface of crude oil,
which are known as Natural Gas. These gases also come out along with the
crude petroleum, and are collected in cylinders, compressed under high pressure.
This is known as Compressed Natural Gas or C.N.G.
Characteristic of C.N.G. : It consists of mainly methane, and some other
hydrocarbons. It has less percentage of carbon, so on its combustion, less
amount of CO and CO2 are formed. Thus, it is eco friendly, better fuel. It is
lighter than L.P.G., and in case of leakage, it rises up and diffuses into air. Thus
it is safer to use it.
L.P.G. is the gas released after separation of various constituents of crude
petroleum by fractional distillation. It is liquefied and stored in cylinders under
pressure. It is known as Liquified Petroleum Gas. It is heavier than C.N.G. and
spreads around in case of leakage. So, it is risky.
Uses of C.N.G. : (i) C.N.G. is used as fuel in automobile vehicles, as substitute
of diesel and petrol. (ii) As fuel in factories and domestic kitchen
6. Polymers
Two or more molecules of the same of different types of unsaturated compounds
combine together under suitable conditions to form a bigger molecule having
high molecular weight. Compounds so formed are called polymers, and the
process is called polymerization.
The process is of two types :
(a) If the bigger molecule formed is exact multiple of the smaller molecule, and
nothing is lost in the reaction, it is called addition polymerization.
(b) If there is loss of some molecule like H2O, HCl etc. in the reaction, and the
molecule weight of the compound formed is not exact multiple of that of smaller
molecule, it is called condensation.
There are many polymers occuring in nature which we use in our daily life, e.g.,
rubber, cellulose, starch, resins etc. Several polymers have been prepared
synthetically also, which are being used widely now-a-days, e.g., synthetic fibres,
plastics, rubber etc.
6.1 Synthetic Fibres :
1. Nylon : Nylon are amide polymers. It is prepared by the condensation of
Adipic acid (6 carbon atoms) and hexa methylene diamine (6 carbon atoms) as
units. Hence, it is named as Nylon 66 (on the basis of number of carbon atoms
in the units).
HOOC - (CH2)4 - COOH + n [NH2 (CH2)6 NH2]
Adipic acid hexamethylene diamine
[- CO (CH2)4 CO NH (CH2)6 NH - ]n+n H2O
Poly-amide polymer (Nylon)
Characteristics of Nylon Fibres : Nylon fibres are
Light and have good strength.
Have high melting point (230 3000C).
Are insoluble in most of the solvents.

PIE TUTORIALS
9/2 CHOPASANI HOUSING BOARD, JODHPUR
FOR FREE NOTES & TEST PAPERS Visit www.pietutorials.com
 X RBSE SCIENCE- 2
Free Notes
Uses of Nylon :
Nylon-66 is mainly used in making tyres for automobiles.
Ropes, monofilament and strings are made from nylon 66.
Nylon-66 is used for making socks, stockings and undergarments.
Nylon-66 is used for making gears and bearings of machines.
2. Terelene / Terene (Polyester)
It is prepared by the condensation of ethylene glycol and terepthalic acid, so it is
called poly-ethylene terephthalate. It is an important synthetic fibre,
commercially known as Terelene or Terene.

Characteristics of Polyester (Terelene) fibres : Polester fibres are (i)

resistant to weather, moisture and heat. M.P. is 2650C. (ii) wrinkle resistant and
retain crease. (iii) not affected by most of the chemicals. (iv) absorb very little
moisture so clothes made of them dry quickly.
Uses of Polyester (Terelene / Terene) :
Polyster fibres are used in making coths, dress matericals, sarees and curtains,
which are wrinkle free and retain crease. Films and magnetic tapes are also
made from polyster.
Polyster fibres are mixed with natural fibres for making blended textiles such as
terecot and tree-wool.
Polyester is used for making sails for sail boats.
3. Rayon or Viscose : It is regenerated fibre as it is prepared from naturally
occuring cellulose present in wood or wood products and is main component of
cotton. Rayon is chemically similar to cotton thread but shines like silk.
Paper or wood pulp (containing cellulose) is first treated with
NaOH solution, and then dissolved in carbon disulphide (CS 2) solution. Cellulose
solution so obtained is passed into dil. Sulphuric acid through a sieve having very
fine holes. Shining fine fibres of rayon are obtained.
Uses : Rayon is used for making carpets, bed sheets, curtains, threads and
dress materials.
6.2 Plastics : Plastics are organic materials which can be moulded into any
desired shape under suitable condition of temperature and pressure. There are
many types of plastics :
1. Polythene is obtained by polymerization of ethane at high temperature and
pressure and pressure in presence of a catalyst.
n (CH2 = CH2 ) ( - CH2 = CH2 - )n
ethane polyethene
Uses : (i) Polythene sheets and films are used for making bags for packing
various materials and clothes.
(ii) It is used for making compressable bottles and water pipes used for irrigation
and domestic work.

PIE TUTORIALS
9/2 CHOPASANI HOUSING BOARD, JODHPUR
FOR FREE NOTES & TEST PAPERS Visit www.pietutorials.com
 X RBSE SCIENCE- 2
Free Notes
2. Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC) : It is prepared by the polymerization of vinyl
chloride.

It is hard and tensile. It is light, but strong. Articles made from it can be
disinfected or sterilized in steam.
Uses : It is used in making the rain-proof cloths, bed sheets, bags, foot wears,
seat covers, pipes, insulator sheets, gramophone records etc.
3. Polystyrene It is prepared by polymerization of styrene.

Uses : It is used for making cabinets of radio and television, toys, crockery and
parts of machines and refrigerators, combs, corks, boxes etc.
4. Orlon or Poly Acrylo Nitrile (PAN) : It is prepared by polymerization of vinyl
cyanide. It is resistant to heat upto 2200C.It has high tensile strength.

Uses : It is used for making artificial fibres like wool used in pillows, cushions etc.
and in making sweaters, bathing suits etc.
5. Poly methyl methacrylate : It is prepared by polymerization of methyl
meth acrylate.
Uses : It is used in place of glass because it is tough and transparent like glass.
It is used for making lenses, window panes in aeroplanes, ventilators, sign and
covers for head lights of cars and other vehicles.
6.3 Rubber : Natural rubber is obtained from the latex, a thick liquid oozing
from the bark of a tropical tree, by making an incision (cut) in the trunk of the
tree. It is a polymer of isoprene.
The latex is an emulsion of natural rubber particles which are coagulated by
adding acetic acid. Rubber in this condition is very soft and has less tensile
strength, so is not very useful. It is heated with sulphur to improve the quality
and elasticity. This process is called vulcanization. It becomes hard, inelastic and
tough. It is used in making tyres, tubes, etc.
Synthetic rubber : Synthetic rubber is prepared by polymerization of 2,3
dimethyl 1, 3 Butadiene in an atmosphere of CO2 and presence of Na as
catalyst. It was named as Buna [Bu- from butadiene and Na for sodium].
Bunna S was prepared from Butadiene and phenyl ethylene or styrene.
Bunna N was prepared from Butadiene and Acrylo Nitrile.
Uses : Synthetic rubber is used for making tyres, hose pipes, oil tanks, soles of
shoes and water proof shoes, items used in hospitals, etc.
Neoprene is obtained by polymerization of chloroprene, This synthetic rubber is
more tough. It is used for making gaskets and hose-pipes.
7. Soap and Detergents
7.1 Soaps : Soaps are the sodium or potassium salts of higher fatty acids
containing 12 to 18 carbon atoms, e.g., palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid.
Soap is prepared by heating natural fat (vegetable oils) with caustic soda
(sodium hydroxide). The fat in oils reacts with caustic soda to form soap and

PIE TUTORIALS
9/2 CHOPASANI HOUSING BOARD, JODHPUR
FOR FREE NOTES & TEST PAPERS Visit www.pietutorials.com
 X RBSE SCIENCE- 2
Free Notes
glycerol. Sodium chloride is added to the solution to cause precipitation of soap.
The process is called saponification.

Toilet soaps are prepared using NaOH, and contain less alkali. Glycerice is added
to make the soap transparent. Shaving soaps or creams and shampoo are made
using caustic potassium.
Synthetic Detergants : Detergents are the sodium alkyl sulphate or sodium
salts of long chained benzene sulphonic acid.
R O SO2 O Na + R C6H5 SO2 O Na+
Sodium Alkyl Sulphate Sodium Alkyl Benzene Sulphonate
Detergents made from sodium alkyl sulphate are not bio-degradable, so now
these are made from sodium alkyl benzene sulphonate which are soft and are
bio-degradable. Such detergents cause less pollution in water.
A detergent packet contains 20% active detergents, 20% sodium sulphate which
increases the quantity and keeps washing powder dry, 30% inorganic phosphate
salts which remove the hardness of water, 55 sodium perborate which is added
to impart whiteness and shine to the clothes.
Cleansing action of soap and detergents : Soap or detergent lessens the
surface tension between water and oil. There are two ends of its molecule

One having the long chain of carbon atoms (R), it is non-polar end. It is
hydrophobic, i.e., water repellant. The other end contains (COO ) group which
has great affinity for water, i.e., is hydrophilic. Dirt and oily matter are removed
along with the non-polar part. The polar part dissolves in water. Thus the clothes
are cleaned.
Soaps can not be used for washing with hard water, as it reacts with the salts
present in hard water, and is wasted without cleaning the clothes or body.
Detergents can dissolve the calcium and magnesium salts present in hard water.
So these can be used with hard water also. Thus detergents are better than
soaps.

8. Pesticides and insecticides

Pesticides and insecticides are those chemical substances which are used for
destroying pests like fungi, virus, bacteria, rodents and insects. These are of
different types and are classified on the basis of the class of animals the destroy.
e.g., insecticides for destroying insects, germicides for killing germs, fungicides
for destroying fungus, rhodenticides for killing the rats.
Insecticides are those toxic chemicals which are used to destroy or repel the
insects and germs which are harmful for plants and agricultural products. e.g.,
DDT, BHC and malathion.
These are follows according to their action :

PIE TUTORIALS
9/2 CHOPASANI HOUSING BOARD, JODHPUR
FOR FREE NOTES & TEST PAPERS Visit www.pietutorials.com
 X RBSE SCIENCE- 2
Free Notes
1.Stomach poison : These are such toxic chemicals which are mixed with food
materials of insects by which insects are destroyed. Lead arsenate, zinc
phosphide, sodium arsenate, sulphose etc are such poisons.
2. Contact poison : D.D.T. (Dichloro Diphenyl Trichloro ethane), BHC (Benzene
Hexa Chloride), malathion, pyrethrum, Aldrin are chemicals used to kill
mosquitoes, white ants, house flies etc. by just contact only.
3. Fumigants are pesticides which kill insects by their fumes. For example
phosphine and methyl bromide (gas), ethylene dichloride (liauid) and aluminium
phosphide (solid).
4. Toxic chemicals which spoil the protein of protoplasm in the cells of the body
of insects, thereby killing them. e.g., compounds of copper and mercury.
Dicophol, carbofuron, zinc phosphide are some other pesticides.
However, the use of pesticides and insecticides is harmful to human beings and
plants. The grains, fruits and vegetables which we purchase from market should
be washed to remove the poisonous pesticides before use.

PIE TUTORIALS
9/2 CHOPASANI HOUSING BOARD, JODHPUR
FOR FREE NOTES & TEST PAPERS Visit www.pietutorials.com