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How much Watts Solar Panel We need for our

Home Electrical appliances?


How much Watts Solar Panel will be Suitable for Home Electrical appliances?
We can find it by very easy and simple example and explanation.
Suppose we want to power up 5 lights of 15 Watts and we need to use these 5 lights for 4
hours every day. So first we get a total Watts usage.
PTotal= 15 x 5 = 75Watts.
Than we multiply 75 Watts with 4 hours.
PDaily = 75 x 4 = 300 Watts.
We are going to use 300 Watts daily. Let us say we are going to have complete sunshine 6
hours each day.
Now we divide 300W with 6 hours,
so we will get hourly power charge that we need
So here will be hour power charge that we need i.e watts of solar panel that we want for
our electrical appliances.
PHourly = 300 / 6 = 50W.
So we need a 50 watt solar panel.

Why a dc shunt motor cannot operate on ac?


Yes.

A DC series motor is capable of running when supplied with a single phase AC supply. This is
because the torque, which varies as the product of the armature and field current, is always
positive.Thus, a positive average torque causes the motor to rotate.

There is a type of motor that are designed to run on both single phase AC source as well as DC
source of supply voltages known as the Universal motor.

The characteristics of universal motor are very much similar to those of DC series motors, but
the series motor develops less torque when operating from an AC supply than when working
from an equivalent DC supply.
Also, certain modifications are required in the construction of a series motor specifically
designed for DC operations to run satisfactorily under single phase AC supply:

The field core has to be constructed of a material having low hysteresis loss.
The rotor and the stator have to be laminated to reduce eddy current losses.

Also the pulsating nature of AC may cause the commutator segments and brushes to wear out
and produce sparking. This can be eliminated by using high resistance leads to connect the
coils to the commutator segments.

The field winding is provided with small number of turns. The field-pole areas is increased so
that the flux density is reduced.This reduces the iron loss and the reactive voltage drop.

The number of armature conductors has to increased in order to get the required torque with
the low flux.

A compensation winding is usedin order to reduce the effect of armature reaction, thereby
improving commutation and reducing armature reactance.

Why we neeed to install a starter with a motor?


Motors below 1 Hp is directly connect without starter because their armature
resistance is very high and they have ability to afford the high current due to
high resistance. So the Armature winding safe from the high starting current.

But a large size of motors has a very low armature resistance. if connect this
type of motor direct to Supply (3-phase Supply) then the large current will
destroy the armature wading due to low resistance because motor is not
running in this time. Why motor is not running in this time when we connect
motor to supply? Obviously, because their is no Back E.M.F in the motor. the
back E.M.F of the motor is reach at full rate when motor is running at full
speed.
So this is the answer that why we connect a starter with motor in series.
Starter in series with motor ( I.e. Resistance) is reduce the high starting
current and armature takes a low current and motor will be start. But this is
not end of our story. After starting the motor at low current, the starter
resistance reduce by turning a starter handle ( not in each case, in other
system or case, this can be automatically) so the armature will take high
current and motor armature will be rotate at full speed ( in other words, the
speed of the motor will be increase)
Electrical machine
Definition: An electrical machine is a device which converts mechanical energy into electrical
energy or vice versa. Electrical machines also include transformers, which converts AC
current from one voltage level to another voltage level.

Speed control of dc series motor can be done either by armature control or by field
control.

Armature Control of DC Series Motor


Flux Control Method

Field Diverter : A Rheostart is connected parallel to the series field as shown in fig(a). This
variable resistor is also called as a diverter, as desired value of the current can be
diverted through this resistor and hence current through field coil can be decreased.
Hence flux can be decreased to desired amount and speed(N) can be increased.

Armature Diverter : Rheostat (Divider) is connected across the armature of the coil as
shown in fig (b). For a given constant load torque, if armature current is reduced, then flux
must increase. As armature torque Ta Ia. This will result in an increase in current taken
from the supply and hence flux will increase and subsequently speed of the motor will
decrease.

Field Armature
Tapped Field Control

This tapped field control method is shown in fig (c). In this method, field coil is tapped
dividing the number of turns. Thus we can select different value of by selecting a
different number of turns. In this method flux is reduced and speed is increased by
decreasing the number of the turns of the series field winding. The switch S can be short
circuit any part of the field winding, thus decreasing the flux and raising the speed (N) with
full turns of coil.

Tapped Field

Paralleling Field Coils: This is used for fan motors several speed can be obtained by
regrouping the field coils in series with the DC armature.
Variable Resistance In Series With Armature Method

In this method, an introducing resistance (R) is series with the armature of motor.The
voltage across the armature can be reduced. So the speed reduces in proportion with it. It
is seen that for a 4 pole motor, the speed of the motor can be obtained easily.

Series-Parallel Control Method: This type of the method can be widely used in electric
traction, where two or more mechanisms coupled series motors are employed. If required
low speed motors are joined in series, and for higher speed motors are joined in parallel.

When motors are connected in series, the motors have the same current passing through
them, although voltage across each motor is divided. When in parallel, the voltage across
each motor is same, although current gets divided.

Braking:-
. Regenerative Braking
Regenerative braking takes place whenever the speed of the motor exceeds the
synchronous speed. This baking method is called regenerative baking because here the
motor works as generator and supply itself is given power from the load, i.e. motors. The
main criteria for regenerative braking is that the rotor has to rotate at a speed higher than
synchronous speed, only then the motor will act as a generator and the direction of
current flow through the circuit and direction of the torque reverses and braking takes
place. The only disadvantage of this type of braking is that the motor has to run at super
synchronous speed which may damage the motor mechanically and electrically, but
regenerative braking can be done at sub synchronous speed if the variable frequency
source is available.
Plugging Type Braking
Another type of braking is Plugging type braking. In this method the terminals of supply
are reversed, as a result the generator torque also reverses which resists the normal
rotation of the motor and as a result the speed decreases. During plugging external
resistance is also introduced into the circuit to limit the flowing current. The main
disadvantage of this method is that here power is wasted.
Dynamic Braking
Another method of reversing the direction of torque and braking the motor is dynamic
braking. In this method of braking the motor which is at a running condition is
disconnected from the source and connected across a resistance. When the motor is
disconnected from the source, the rotor keeps rotating due to inertia and it works as a
self excited generator. When the motor works as a generator the flow of the current and
torque reverses. During braking to maintain the steady torque sectional resistances are
cut out one by one.
Requirements of braking system :
Before we deal with various systems of braking we will first enumerate various desirable
requirements which a braking system should satisfy. These are:

1. The braking system should be robust, simple and easy for driver to control and operate. It
should require less maintenance and should be reliable.

2. The system should apply brakes simultaneously over all the vehicles.
3. Brake actuation time should be as small as possible.
4. To avoid damage to the goods and discomfort to the passengers, normal service
application of brakes should be very gradual and smooth.

5. In case of emergency braking, safety consideration is the prime most consideration. As


such retardation rate would be maximum consistent with the safety, so as to make unfailing
halt in the minimum possible distance.

6. In order to obtain uniform deceleration, braking force applied to the axle should be
proportional to axle load.

7. The braking system should be inexhaustible i.e. repeated quick application of brake
should be possible without needing any relaxation, recuperation or normalizing time in
between consecutive operations.

8. Kinetic energy of the train should as far as possible be stored during braking which could
subsequently be utilized for accelerating the train.

9. There should be automatic slack adjustment for constant piston stroke as a result of wear
on the rim and the brake blocks in the case of mechanical braking.

Name the advanced methods of speed control of traction


motors
1.tapchanger
2.microprossesor control
3.thyristor control
4.chopper control

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