Basic Reservoir Engineering (Weltest analysis, Mat Balance, production data ‘analysis, PVT. SCAL eto) Geological ‘modelling Data Acquisition & Preparation 2B Fomor 208 NE. A wpe se = Data gathering, data basic QC = Basic Reservoir Engineering & Data processing Rock properties and SCAL PVT properties Welltest analysis Material balance, production data analysis, DCA Vertical Flow Performance analysis Production and completion data preparation = Building The Simulation Model * History Matching the Simulation Model = Forecast| =Problem definition =Data review =Data acquisition and basic QC Selection of approach =Reservoir description and model design =Data preparation, programming/translation History matching "Prediction — Analysis of the results =Reporting B ay 208, ET Aan ene = What data does it need - Structural information, rock properties, fluid properties, well data, historical production and operating constraints = Underlying concepts - Mass Balance - Darcy's Law - Well inflow model - Physical PVT model ay = cr 28 est, an nesBuilding Simulation Model Renering Predera 10% Building Reservoir Model 30% mening HS ete Probion capa epee Reservoir Model Design Be= This module explains how to select and specify properties for a numerical reservoir simulator. 2 Pape es, eu med = Model design is - The process of converting your reservoir description to a mathematical model The selection of the proper model and input parameters, not the lating and programming of an actual numerical model form= Selection of the model type = Selection of the fluid model and number of phases Selection of the grid coordinate system and number of dimensions b Selection of optimal grid block sizes Specification of reservoir properties Simplification of reservoir geometry Selection of the well model Specification of well control a Specification of time step size control 4 =a i Selection of the numerical solution method conor ere NEXT Objectives of the simulation study Quality of the answer needed to satisfy the project objectives Complexity of the reservoir processes to be modeled including secondary and/or tertiary recovery processes = Budget constraints = Time available to complete the study NEXT 2 ion 208 NT, Mae mansAvailability and quality of reservoir data Availability and quality of historical production data = Capabilities and ease of use of available simulators = Capabilities and availability of computer facilities 3 pri 08, NER ALS = Common model types = Model type selection criteria 4 copa 8, NT A SS= Single-well and multiwell models: = Single-phase and multiphase models. = Single-porosity and dual-porosity models = Coalbed methane models = Thermal models = Combined reservoir and surface facility models = Special purpose models (particularly for tertiary recovery simulations) tinea wines NEXT = Be consistent with the objective of the reservoir study = Properly account for all important flow mechanisms in the reservoir = Properly account for all important fluid behavior including volumetric and phase changes which occur during the simulation NEXT % opr 08 NEAT. At ened= Properly represent well behavior during production, injection and testing operations which are simulated = Accurately and efficiently solve all equations involved in modeling the flow processes Wet Gas= Cartesian Cylindrical 3 = Curvilinear (including stream-tube) = Corner point Local Grid Refinement (LGR) Voronoi or PEBI (Perpendicular Bisection) a NEXT cp 708 Nea, A cea AE EP EP Ec E ALR LC z L oy = Areal Full Field i~- — | NEXT |L>2 Perforated i i} ee FB yor as eae NEXT | 0.0 | 0.0 0.2 04 06 08 1.0 x a rr 28. NE Ai ean‘A Vertical Injector @ Vertical Producer Horizontal Well AB egr 208 nex. om ened Block Centered B B BD BD B BS B BS oe Point Distributed NEXT ! Shes esCT ta or oc Int te ‘ = Locations of boundaries, faults and wells = Expected flow lines (radial flow, flow near hydraulic fractures, etc.) ° = Size and shape of flow units and internal flow barriers or baffles such as discontinuous shales = Computer memory and time limitations tne spt eed NEXT = Project objectives = Type of depletion or displacement mechanisms to be modeled = Permeability anisotropy = Locations of lease lines or unit boundaries NEXT Cy or 8 NT Arg a®= Optimal grid - Results in the desired level of accuracy - Properly represents the reservoir geology, and - Has the lowest computer memory and time requirements to solve the problem. 8 P28 NEA Ate NEXT = FD solution approaches PDE solution as Ax approaches 0 = Use small blocks where convergent flow = Use small blocks along displacement fronts Cap NEM Aone NEXTi Logarithmic spacing in cylindrical grids. Adjacent blocks increase in length by no more than factor of 3. No more than 10 to 20% of the total pressure drop should be between any two adjacent grid blocks. = Large changes in elevation or thickness should be distributed cover multiple grid blocks. copes ma monet = Reservoir flow units should, in general, be separated by grid block boundaries. = Vertical discretization should be fine enough for accurate accounting of gas percolation and migration and/or gravity over-ride or under-ride. = If in doubt, halve the grid blocks (double the number of blocks) in one or more dimensions. NEXT (IR rr ssn CED UE eee s cet RNGT Apres= Account for near well conditions = Allow the necessary degree of well control 91 NEXT cp i tin mmret = Well constant relates grid block pressure to bottomhole a pressure P, NEXT 92 SPAN 20, Ne Ae= The general formula presented by Peaceman for the well constant of a well located in the center of a rectangular 2 grid block is given by 7 3 5 we ~ 0:00708kh 3 In(ty / twa) E en ies NEXT LE ky = = The apparent wellbore radius, rq, includes the effect of the 3 skin factor due to damage, stimulation, partial penetration, and s wellbore inclination. The equation for ris = —_ Twa a tw es = s —_ | b Z= Spacing dependent on objectives, accuracy and flow = mechanism > Rule of thumb is 3 to 5 blocks between wells = In simulation of waterflood, may need 10 or more = Interference tests need finer grid spacings Mca en. igor NEXT = In early stages of study, perform a grid sensitivity study and select the most coarse grid TELSEE EE ELE fr = As study progresses, refine grid appropriately