If anybody would like to join the study group tomorrow, we will be meeting at

10:15/10:30 on the third floor of the library!

Class master list of terms for Exam #2

URP573 2016

Applied schematic land use design: Land use design enables to bring specificity in
their comprehensive plan. It enables to bring the sustainability balance and improve
environmental quality and overall efficiency of growth pattern. Land use design is still a
community wide comprehensive policy plan with design of specific areas elaborated by
small area plans that emphasize livability. Focuses on finding suitable locations for
potential commercial and employment centers, and locates them in proper relationship
to one another, future labor, consumer, and residential markets, and existing and
planned transportation systems; output is a map (not sure if this is different from
schematic land use design below)

Build-Out Population: Maximum or gross supply & capacity; equal to the greatest
amount of land that can be developed and the greatest amount of development that can
occur within the limits of development regulations, infrastructure requirements, &
environmental regulations. (definition above looks like definition for build-out; in relation
to population, I assume it refers to the maximum population capacity of the land based
on usage regulations, though I cant find an official definition)

The population that would fill maximum level of development allowed under current land
use regulations

Business center revitalization plan: this type of plan is for a downtown, satellite
commercial area, shopping center, or other mixed-use business areas or even a main
street revitalization.

Many commercial districts and urban neighbourhood piecemeal improvement efforts are
not sufficient to bring about the change. For this , many comprehensive commercial
revisitation programs are launched. Activities like facade loans, business attraction, real
estate development. It provides economic incentives to businesses.

Community Development Corporation: Non profit organization to provide programs,

services that support community development; Non-profit NGO that works at city/town
or neighborhood level to promote community growth and health; often aid in economic
development, real estate development, education, training, and community organization
Communitywide land use design: (pg. 348) a process of formulating a seamless
community wide spatial structure of major and minor activity centers, residential
neighborhoods, circulation systems, community facilities, and infrastructure. Simplified
into three categories:

1. Open Space
2. Employment, commercial, and civic activities centers
3. Residential communities

Concurrency: Set of land use regulations local governments are forced to adopt to
ensure that new developments will not outstrip the governments ability to handle the
growth.

Conservation Easement: Voluntary legal agreement between landowner and

trust/zoning agency that permanently limits uses of the land to protect its conservation
values and preserve the natural environment.

Density needed to support mass transit: (11/16 class) 30-40 people per acre within
a 160 acres (quarter mile) radius of transit system.

Design-based zoning: Also known as a form-based code,

Developments of Regional Impact: (10/19 class) Before local govt. approves large
development, must get state approval because has large impact on surrounding
municipalities.

Developments of Regional Impact (DRIs) are large-scale developments that are likely to have
regional effects beyond the local government jurisdiction in which they are located
Developments of regional impact are proposals that could be expected to impact a neighboring
community due to, but not limited to, the following factors:
Relative size or number of dwelling units as compared with existing stock.
Proximity to the borders of a neighboring community.
Transportation networks.
Anticipated emissions such as light, noise, smoke, odors, or particles.
Proximity to aquifers or surface waters which transcend municipal boundaries.
Shared facilities such as schools and solid waste disposal facilities

Distance people willing to walk to transit

mile (1,300 to 1,500 ft.)
Euclidean zoning: Single-use zoning. Named for Euclid, OH zoning lawsuit. A practice
where everyday uses are separated from each other and where land uses of the same
type are grouped together. Shops are concentrated in one area, housing in another
area, and industry in another.

Exactions: Real property law concept where condition for development on a certain
parcel of land requires developer to mitigate anticipated negative effects. Exactions are
similar to impact fees, which are direct payments to local governments instead of
conditions on development.

Farm land preservation: Joint effort of local government and non-governmental

organizations (ngos) to protect certain farmland areas for the use, education, and
enjoyment of future generations. Helps to curb suburban development and sprawl. This
is often a part of regional planning and national historic preservation. Conservation
easement is one approach used to manage protected farms.

Floor-area-ratio: (FAR) is the ratio of a buildings total floor area (gross floor area) to
the size of the piece of land upon which it is built. The terms can also refer to limits
imposed on such a ratio.

Form-based codes:(pgs. 453-455) regulate building types, design, and the spatial
aspects of the public realm, and are prescriptive, that is they require development to
be laid out according to their design standards, saying how design must be done. They
can include various plans or elements (for example, the regulating plan identifies street
types, public tracts, private lots, and building type s). They attempt to manage
development through a single ordinance. Allows development of multiple
complementary uses in a single space

Form districts

Gentrification:(pg. 40) tensions between livability and equity; arises from competing
beliefs in the preservation of poorer urban neighborhoods for the benefit of their present
populations versus their redevelopment and upgrading to attract middle- and upper-
class populations back to the central city.

Green infrastructure: Focused on the management of stormwater runoff. Combines

urbanism with nature preservation. Protects the environment by preserving open/green
space. (ex. Water permeable pavement in parking lots, Manmade wetlands, bioretention
systems, bioswales)

Green Print plans: (10/19 class) Example given- Pittsford NY. Identifying where growth
is wanted and areas where others do not want growth. Attempts to achieve growth
management (state & county levels)
Growth boundaries: Regional Boundaries set in an attempt to control the growth of
Urban Sprawl, mandating that the area inside the boundary be used for higher density
urban development and the area outside said boundary be used for lower density
development

Growth Machine: Organized coalition of structural spectators (who seek to structure

markets by influencing political decision-making about land use/ infrastructure
investment) that can include bankers, lawyers, real estate agents, developers, etc. who
work together to promote their development agenda. They scrutinize land use policies,
regulations, and plans for their impacts on the monetary value of the land.

Growth management:

1. (10/19 class) Name given to diverse efforts to manage land use and
development issues in the contentious environment between the forces and the
growth machine.
2. (pg. 40) tensions between liveability and economic growth; arises from
competing beliefs in the extent to which unmanaged development, beholden only
to market principles, can provide high-quality living environments.
3. (pg 450) Also referred to as development management: a planned
government program designed to influence the amount, type, location, design,
rate, and/or cost of private and public development in order to achieve public
interest goals;

Growth moratoriums: Legal action that temporarily halts further development; used as
a tool in development-management (I made this definition up, couldnt find it)

Historic area plan: (pg. 425) This plan is focused on a neighborhood or commercial
district of historic or architectural value.

Housing Density to Support Mass Transit: Seems similar to another term on the list

How do Accessibility and Mobility Differ: Accessibility is quality of travel (travel time,
cost, options, comfort, risk) and Mobility is the level of ease in moving goods and
services, managing travel demands

HUB urban village: a smaller and slightly less dense concentration of housing and
employment at strategic locations along the transportation network, with a core of
commercial services, employment, and housing at densities that support pedestrian and
transit use. (Seattle, WA)

Incentive zoning: Used to grant provisions that developers want in exchange for
desired public infrastructure, needs, goods. Benefits both parties.
Infill development: Process of development vacant/underused parcels within existing
urban areas that are already largely developed. (Land Recycling)

Land trusts: Private non-profit organization that works to conserve land by

undertaking/assisting in land or conservation easement acquisitions.

Leap frog development Areas of development intervening through undeveloped areas,

requiring extensions of public services. Form of Urban Sprawl. (Ex. Suburbs of Phoenix,
AZ)

Natural resource area plan (Type of Small Area Plan): May cover a drinking supply
watershed, wildlife habitat, areas of critical environmental concern. Covers a specific
area.

Neighborhood unit model: Formulated by Clarence Perry in the early 1900s, used as
a community planning tool to promote community centric lifestyle (10% land for parks,
arterial streets on the perimeter, discouraging through traffic); neighborhood unit has
clear boundaries, contains pedestrian circulation network connecting residences to
elementary school, recreation facilities and limited local retail; incorporates open space
network within walkable area; Radburn, NJ applied model

Neotraditional neighborhood model (pg 391): human-scale, pedestrian friendly,

physical environment with public spaces and institutions to encourage social interaction
and a sense of community; relates back to layout of traditional small towns, cities and
suburbs of 19th century

Network of Plans: The relationship and interactions between plans across vertical and
horizontal scales; connectivity between areawide, communitywide, small area and
development-management plans, as well as the connectivity of those plans with plans in
geographically adjacent areas (again, couldnt find the actual definition so I made this
one up based on my memory of lecture; correct me if Im wrong)

planners can select among 3 spatial scales of plans as well as use of combination of
plans to formulate an integrated network of plans for guiding development
Area-wide planning is strategy for revitalizing entire neighborhoods which addresses
multiple challenges including brownfields and vacant or abandoned properties at the
same time. Area-wide planning takes into account a regions housing options, business
districts, transportation needs and challenges simultaneously, making planning efforts
more efficient and more effective.
Community wide land use plan- includes more specific arrangement of land use pattern
that focus on human values. eg employment, mixed use areas, open spaces.
A small area plan is any plan that addresses the issues of a portion of the city. Small
area plans can cover three different geographic scales -- neighborhood, corridor, and
district regardless of the size of the area. Small area plans cover a specific geography
that often has a cohesive set of characteristics.
( this is my take on network of plans )

New Urbanism: Formulated by husband and wife urban design duo, Andres Duany and
Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk. Aims to protect the environment and promote sustainable
communities by implementing design-based zoning techniques that focus on
aesthetically pleasing streetscapes and structures, walkable neighborhoods with a high
range of housing/jobs. Overall, works to build a strong sense of community and
development of ecological practices.

New urbanism models: Seaside, FL (First model of New Urbanism)

1) Neotraditional
2) Transit-oriented
3) Village

Pedestrian pocket neighborhood: Clustered groups of neighboring houses or

apartments gathered around a shared open space (garden courtyard, pedestrian street,
series of joined backyards)

TOD is also called Pedestrian pocket neighborhood. contains mix housing, retail, office
space, open spaces within quarter mile of transit station.an up to 110 acres (45 ha)
pedestrian friendly, transit linked, mixed-use urban area with a park at its centre. The
Pedestrian Pocket mixes low-rise high-density housing, commercial and retail uses.

Performance zoning: Planning concept where building codes established performance

standards rather than specification standards. (ex. internal floors and walls must be
constructed to withstand a fire for one hour)

Plan for Radburn: Radburn, NJ is a community designed by Stein & Wright in 1929
that aimed to cater to the separation of transportation methods. Traffic is separate from
pedestrian pathways, heavy use of the culs-de-sac system. (Neighborhood Unit Model)

Planned unit development:

planned unit development (PUD), is a type of building development and also a

regulatory process. As a building development, it is a designed grouping of both
varied and compatible land uses, such as housing, recreation, commercial
centers, and industrial parks, all within one contained development or
subdivision.
PUD as a regulatory process is a means of land regulation which promotes large
scale, unified land development by means of mid-range, realistic programs in
chase of physically curable, social and economic deficiencies

Property Rights Movement: Groups within this movement usually oppose federal
regulation on privately held land. Proponents of this movement are opponents to
environmental regulations such as the Clean Air and Water Acts.

Purposes served by small area planning: (pg. 423-424)

provide a vehicle for interpreting and applying the communitywide plan to

designated areas within the planning jurisdiction, while at the same time
revealing and exploring unique small-area issues, opportunities, and priorities not
evident in the community wide plan.
introduce the potential to widen the range of concerns to be addressed
beyond those traditionally addressed in a comprehensive plan.
provide opportunity to enhance the place making aspect of the livability
dimension of the sustainability prism, particularly in small-area plans for
commercial areas, historic districts, neighborhoods, and transit station areas.
provide a means to engage citizens in local planning and implementation
that affect their immediate neighborhood.
provide a more solid basis of fact and citizen support for the commitment
of local government resources to implement proposals, particularly capital
improvements or development regulations.
can be more specific about their recommendations than citywide
comprehensive plans.

Quiet Revolution: (The evolution of land use laws in states across the U.S. in reaction to
problems such as development in areas of critical environmental concern and loss of wetlands;
called for state or regional say in important land use decisions; a view in tension with growth
machine and property rights movement)

Redevelopment area plan: Small area plan that applies to business districts suffering
losses of retail, office, and related residential activity and investment; residential
neighborhoods experiencing a marked state of deterioration or industrial areas where
facilities are abandoned, idle or severely contaminated (brownfields)

Redlining: refusing a loan or insurance to someone because they live in an area

deemed to be a poor financial risk (Wikipedias definition)

Redlining is the practice of denying or increasing the cost of services, such as banking,
insurance, access to jobs, access to health care, or even supermarkets to residents in certain,
often racially determined, areas. The most devastating form of redlining, and the most common
use of the term, refers to mortgage discrimination. The term "redlining" was coined in the late
1960s by community activists in Chicago. It describes the practice of marking a red line on a
map to delineate the area where banks would not invest. During the heyday of redlining these
areas were most frequently minority inner city neighborhoods.

Schematic land use design: Focuses on finding suitable locations for potential
commercial and employment centers, and locates them in proper relationship to one
another, future labor, consumer, and residential markets, and existing and planned
transportation systems; output is a map

Small-area plan: (pg. 421) stepping down from the more general and larger-scale
communitywide plans to focus on specific strategically important geographic areas
within the planning jurisdiction.

Smart growth: an aligned movement; more closely associated with planning and
development management, but also deals with urban design principles. Because it is an
umbrella term, its meaning is viewed through the lens of the stakeholder.

Development-oriented interest groups emphasize development facilitating

procedures and incentives, such as expedited project reviews, flexible design
standards, and density bonuses, for their market-oriented constituents.
Social equity groups define as expanding opportunities to improve housing
choice, mobility, and public health through less polluted living environments for
minority racial and ethnic groups.
Environmental groups define primarily in terms of environmental
preservation and open space protection.
Planners & public officials define in terms of its cost saving in providing
infrastructure to compact cities and its opportunities for revitalizing older urban
areas.

Specific development plan: Small area plan designed to have the status of
development regulation for the district defined in the plan; adopted as an ordinance
rather than as a statement of policy and design intent; incorporates a program of
implementation measures, including public works projects and financial measures in
addition to regulations. A small area development management plan and ordinance
combined.

Suburban master-planned community model (pg 388): Low density, homogenous

neighborhoods of mostly single-family detached dwellings, lawns, curving streets and
cul-de-sacs; schools, office parks, shopping centers, employment, and recreation are
located within a convenient automobile drive; promotes mobility and accessibility
through the use of automobiles and incorporates off-street parking
SWOT approach:

Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats (wikipedia and not at all in the text)

A SWOT analysis can be carried out for a company, product, place, industry, or person.
It involves specifying the objective of the business venture or project and identifying the
internal and external factors that are favorable and unfavorable to achieve that
objective.

Transfer of Development Rights:

Transfer of Development Rights (TDR) is a voluntary, incentive- based program that

allows landowners to sell development rights from their land to a developer or other
interested party who then can use these rights to increase the density of development at
another designated location.

Transit Oriented Development: (pg. 430) plans that focus on an area around an
existing or proposed transit station or along a transit corridor to create a development
pattern that both supports, and is supported by, mass transit service.

1. Tod is a new urbanism concept. it focus on area around an existing or

proposed transit station or along a transit corridor to create a development
pattern that supports & is supported by mass transit service. TOD principles
compact development, pedestrian comfort and safety, improved cirlcuatin and
connection to transit mixed land use and variety of housing types. appropriate for
new development sites on urban fringe. TOD is also called Pedestrian pocket
neighborhood. contains mix housing, retail, office space, open spaces within
quarter mile of transit station.an up to 110 acres (45 ha) pedestrian friendly,
transit linked, mixed-use urban area with a park at its centre. The Pedestrian
Pocket mixes low-rise high-density housing, commercial and retail uses. The
concept had a number of similarities with Ebenezer Howard's Garden City, and
aimed to be an alternative to the then usual low-density residential suburban
developments.
Transportation corridor plan: (pg. 424) This type of plan may be at the scale of a
district or sector plan or at the smaller scale of a commercial activity center.

Transit station area plan: (pg. 425) This type of plan is focused on the immediate
vicinity around an existing or planned transit station, usually up to a radius of a little
more than a quarter mile.

Urban densification: (10/19 class) Often to the advantage of the wealthy, not so much
for the urban poor.
Urban density is a term used in urban planning and urban design to refer to the number of people
inhabiting a given urbanized area. As such it is to be distinguished from other measures of population
density. Urban density is considered an important factor in understanding how cities function.

Village Model (pg 393): small scale neighborhood form in which number of households
is too small to support many nonresidential uses envisions in a neotraditional or TOD
neighborhood; emphasis on landscape features, green space and pedestrian
environment