9/24/2012

AC Power Analysis

Pekik Argo Dahono

Single-Phase AC Power

v = 2V cos(t )
i = 2 I cos(t )
p = vi = 2VI cos(t )cos(t )
= VI cos + VI cos(2t )
= VI cos [1 + cos(2t )] + VI sin sin (2t )
144424443 1442443
resistive part reactive part

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Resistive Loads

Inductive Load

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Capacitive Load

Resistive-Inductive Load

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Power Concept
Active power : P = VI cos [Watt]
Reactive power : Q = VIsin [VAR]
Apparent power : S = VI [VA]
Power factor = P/S = cos
S2 = P 2 + Q 2

Power Concept

Inductive loads absorb reactive power (positive).

Capacitive loads generate reactive power (negative).
S = VI* = P + jQ
Most of the loads are inductive loads.
Capacitors are commonly used to generate the reactive power.
That means a capacitor can be used to improve the power factor.

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Power Measurement
Power is measured by
wattmeter
Energy is measured as
t
W = vidt
0

W = Pt
The common unit is
kWh (kilowatt-hour)

Single-Phase Power Concept

I P + jQ
E 2 = (V + V )2 + V 2
R jX
E Load V V 2 << (V + V )2
Thus
V E-V = RI cos + XI sin
RP + XQ XQ
=
E V V
V
V Losses = RI 2 = R(S / V )2
I V
[
= R (P / V )2 + (Q / V )2 ]
Minimizing reactive power is important to minimize the voltage drop and power losses

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Maximum Power Transfer

Z tot = (RT + RL ) + j ( X T + X L )
V
I=
(RT + RL ) + ( X T + X L )2
2

V 2 RL
PL = I 2 RL =
(RT + RL )2 + ( X T + X L )2
PL
=0 X L = XT
X L
PL
=0 RL = R T
RL
Thus, the power is maximum if Z L = Z*T
VT2
The maximum power is Pmax =
2 RT

Conservation of AC Power

(a) Parallel circuit

I = I1 + I 2 The complex power of the sources are
( )
S = VI* = V I 1* + I *2 = S1 + S 2 equal to the sum of complex power of
the individual loads.
(b) Series circuit
V = V1 + V2
( )
S = VI* = V1 + V2 I * = S1 + S 2

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Power Factor Correction

Output power is fixed : P
Initial Power Factor : cos1
Initial reactive power : Q1 = P tan 1
P 2 + Q12
Initial current : I1 =
V
RP + XQ1
Initial voltage drop : V1 =
V
P 2 Q 2
Initial power loss : P1 = R + 1
V V
Corrected power factor : cos 2
P 2 + Q22
Corrected current : I 2 =
V
RP + XQ 2
Corrected voltage drop : V1 =
V
P 2 Q 2
Corrected power loss : P2 = R + 2
V V
Required VAR capacitor : QC = Q1 Q2 = P(tan 1 tan 2 )

Required farad : C =
(
P tan 1 tan 2 )
2fV 2

Residential Wiring System

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Three-Phase System

Three-Phase Source

Van = Vph 0 Vbn = Vph 120o Vcn = V ph 120o

Vab = Van Vbn = 3V ph 30 o = Vll 30o
Vbc = Vbn Vcn = 3V ph 90o = Vll 90 o
Vca = Vcn Van = 3V ph + 150o = Vll 150o
In = Ia + Ib + Ic
I a = I ph = I l I b = I ph 120 = I l 120 I c = I ph 120 = I l 120

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Three-Phase Source

I l = 3I ph
Vll = V ph

Three-Phase Loads

I n = I a + Ib + Ic

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Three-Phase Load

I a + Ib + Ic = 0

Balanced Loads
Y connected :
Vll = 3V ph
I l = I ph
- connected :
Vll = V ph
I l = 3I ph

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Three-Phase AC Power
van = 2V ph cos(t ) vbn = 2V ph cos (t 23 ) vcn = 2V ph cos(t + 2
3
)
ian = 2 I ph cos(t ) ibn = 2 I ph cos(t 2
3
) icn = 2 I ph cos (t + 23 )
p3 = van ian + vbnibn + vcn icn
= V ph I ph cos [1 + cos(2t )] + VI sin sin (2t )
+ V ph I ph cos [1 + cos(2t + 2
3
)] + VI sin sin(2t + 23 )
+ V ph I ph cos [1 + cos(2t 23 )] + VI sin sin (2t 23 )
= 3V ph I ph cos = 3Vll I l cos
P3 = 3Vll I l cos
Q3 = 3Vll I l sin
Reactive power and power factor under unbalanced
S 3 = 3Vll I l loads cannot be defined

Three-Phase Power

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Power Measurements

p1 = vab ia = (van vbn )ia = van ia vbn ia

p 2 = vcb ic = (vcn vbn )ic = vcn ic vbn ic
p1 + p2 = v an ia + vcn ic vbn (ia + ic )
ia + ic = ib
p3 = p1 + p2 = van ia + vbn ib + vcn ic

Losses

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End

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