Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
AND STRENGTH OF
MATERIALS
Thermodynamics
Thermal Expansion
When a solid is subjected to a rise in temperature T, its
increase in length,L is proportional to its initial length Lo
multiplied by T.
coefficient of linear expansion
(depends on the material)
Area Expansion
coefficient of area expansion
(equivalent to 2 for isotropic solids)
Volume Expansion
coefficient of volume expansion
(equivalent to 3 for isotropic solids)
Thermal Expansion
Example
A cylinder of diameter 1cm at 30 deg C is to be slid into a
hole in a steel plate. The hole has a diameter of 0.99970
cm at 30 deg C. To what temperature must the plate be
heated? For steel = 1.1 x 10-5 / deg C
Ideal Gases
Special Cases
Ideal Gases
Absolute Zero
The temperature at which P and V would reach zero
Calorimetry
Sum of heat changes for all objects = 0, assuming no
thermal energy is lost
Heat Quantities
Example
Determine the temperature Tf that results when 150g of
ice at 0 oC is mixed with 300g of water at 50 oC.
Heat Transfer
T temperature difference
Example
A beverage cooler is in the shape of a cube, 42 cm on
each inside edge. Its 3.0-cm thick walls are made of
plastic (kT = 0.050 W/m-K). When the outside temperature
is 20 oC, how much ice will melt inside the cooler each
hour?
Law of Thermodynamics
Example
How much work is done by an ideal gas expanding
isothermally from an initial volume of 3.00 liters at 220 atm
to a final volume of 24 liters?
Law of Thermodynamics
Second Law of Thermodynamics
Heat flows spontaneously from a hotter to a colder
object
No heat engine that cycles continuously can change all
its heat-in to useful work-out
If a system undergoes spontaneous change, its entropy
will either increase or remain constant
Entropy measure of disorder of a system
S entropy
Q heat
T absolute temperature
Example
Twenty grams of ice at precisely 0 oC melts to water with
no change in temperature. By how much does entropy of
the 20-g mass change in this process?
Strength of
Materials
Stress and Strain
(Tension and Compression)
Longitudinal Stress
pD (pi po)D
l = l =
4t 4t
D = diameter of cylinder
t = thickness
Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels
(Spherical)
Stress in Spherical Vessel
pD
t =
4t
(pi po)D
t =
4t
Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels
(Spherical)
Example
A 20-m-diameter spherical tank is to be used to store gas.
The shell plating is 10 mm thick and the working stress of
the material is 125 MPa. What is the maximum permissible
gas pressure?
Torsion
Torsion stress occurring in a rigid object undergoing a
torque
Angle of Twist ()
T = torque applied
L = length of object over wich the torque is applied
J = polar moment of inertia
G = shear modulus
Torsion
Example
If a twisting moment of 1100 N m is impressed upon a
4.4-cm-diameter shaft, what is the maximum shearing
stress developed? Also, what is the angle of twist in a 150-
cm length of the shaft? The material is steel for which G =
85 GPa.