Chapter 8 Steady Incompressible Flow

in Pressure Conduits (Part B)

 Outline

8.8 Head loss during turbulent flow in a pipe

8.9 Solution of Single Pipe Flows
8. 10 Local Head Losses
8.10.1 Losses at Sudden Enlargement
8.10.2 Losses at Sudden Contraction
 Head loss (Review)

We will be looking here at the flow of real

fluid in pipes real meaning a fluid that
looses energy due to friction as it
interacts with the pipe wall as it flows.
 Viscous sublayer

32 .8d
0 =
Re

vd
Re =

 8.8 Head loss in Turbulent Flow

When flow is turbulent, the viscous dissipation effects cannot

be derived explicitly as in laminar flow, but the following
relation is still valid.
2
lV
hf = f
d 2g
l = pipe length
d= pipe diameter
V = pipe velocity
f = friction factor
 8.8.1 Nikuradses Experiment

Nikuradse made a great contribution to the theory of pipe

flow by differentiating between rough and smooth pipes.

A rough pipe is one where the mean height of roughness is

greater than the thickness of the laminar sub-layer. Nikuradse
artificially roughened pipe by coating them with sand. He
defined a relative roughness value ks/d (mean height of
roughness over pipe diameter) and produced graphs of
against Re for a range of relative roughness 1/30 to 1/1014.
 d /2ks

Figure : Regions on plot of Nikuradess data

d /2ks
d /2ks
 d /2ks

Figure : Regions on plot of Nikuradess data


d /2ks
1.2
15
30.6
1.0 60
126
252
lg (100 )

0.8
507
0.6

0.4 Laminar
0.2 Transition Turbulent

0.0
2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5.0 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8
lg ( Re )

d /2ks
1.2 15
30.6
ks
1.0 60
126
252
lg (100 )

0.8
507

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0
2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5.0 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8

lg ( Re )

Laminar flow Re < 2000 (lg Re = 3.30)fRe

64 /Re

d /2ks
1.2
15
30.6
1.0 60
126
252
0.8
lg (100 )

507
0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0
2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5.0 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8
lg ( Re )

Transition from laminar to turbulent: 2300< Re < 4000

(3.3 < lgRe < 3.6)Pipe flow normally lies outside this region.

d /2ks
1.2
15
30.6
1.0 60
126
252
0.8
lg (100 )

507
0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0
2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5.0 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8
lg ( Re )

Smooth turbulent The limiting line of turbulent flow.

All value of relative roughness tend toward this as Re decreases.

d /2ks
1.2
15
30.6
1.0 60
126
252
0.8
lg (100 )

507
0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0
2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5.0 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8
lg ( Re )

Transitional turbulentThe region which ssvaries with

both Re and relative roughness. Most pipes lie in this region.
ks
= f (Re, )
d

d /2ks
1.2
15
30.6
1.0 60
126
252
0.8
lg (100 )

507
0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0
2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5.0 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8
lg ( Re )

Rough turbulent. remains constant for a given relative

roughness. It is independent of Re.
 Nikuradses Experiments
z In general, friction factor
ks
= F (Re, )
D
z Function of Re and
roughness
z Laminar region k Rough
= Blausius
64 (Re )1/ 4
=
Re
z Independent of roughness
z Turbulent region
z Smooth pipe curve
64
z All curves coincide @ =
~Re=2300 Re
z Rough pipe zone
z All rough pipe curves
flatten out and Smooth
Blausius OK for smooth pipe
become independent
of Re
0.25
= 2
e 5.74
log10 3.7 D + Re 0.9 Laminar Transition Turbulent

Regions on plot of Nikuradess data
Turbulent flow in a circular pipe may be classified
as: smooth pipe region, rough pipe region and
transition region.
 8.8.2 Moody chart

Colebrook-White Equation

Colebrook and White proposed the following general equation

after studying flow in real pipes:
1 e 2.51
= 2 lg( + )
f 3.7d Re f
The values of friction factor obtained from the equation are
plotted on a Moody diagram, which shows a family of curves
for f plotted against the relative roughness and Reynolds
number.
The Moody chart is a graphical method to find the friction factor
in pipes.
A good approximate equation for the turbulent region
of the Moody chart is given by Haalands equation:

Haalands equation is valid for turbulent

flow (Re > 2300)
 Pipe roughness

pipe material pipe roughness e (mm)

glass, drawn brass, copper 0.0015
commercial steel or wrought iron 0.045
asphalted cast iron 0.12
galvanized iron 0.15
cast iron 0.26
concrete 0.18-0.6
rivet steel 0.9-9.0
corrugated metal 45
PVC 0.12
8.24
 Question

If the flow is in turbulent transition region, the Frictional

factor f of the industrial pipes _____ with the increase of the
Reynolds number

A increases B reduces C keeps constant.

 Question

There are two pipes, one transports oil and the other transports
water. If diameter d ,length l and roughness coefficient of the
two pipes are all the same, kinematic viscosity oil is bigger
than water, the Reynolds Numbers are equal, then the
Frictional Loss______

A. hfo=hfw B. hfo>hfw
C. hfo<hfw D.uncertain.
 8.9 Single Pipe Flowssolution basics

Four simultaneous equations:

L V2
continuity V = 4Q2 energy loss hL = f
D D 2g

Reynolds
Re =
VD VD
= f = f (Re, e / D)
number
1 e/ D 2.51
For ColebrookWhite = 2 lg( + )
f 3.7 d Re f

e D 6.9
1.11
1
Haaland = 1.8 log +
f 3 .7 Re
64 64
f = =
DV Re
3 types of pipe flow problems:
1. Head loss (find hL given D, Q or V)
2. Discharge (find Q given D and hL)
3. Sizing problem (Find D given Q and hL)
Example ( Laminar flow):
Water, 20oC flows through a 0.6 cm tube, 30 m long, at a
flow rate of 0.34 liters/min. If the pipe discharges to the
atmosphere, determine the supply pressure if the tube is
inclined 10o above the horizontal in the flow direction.

2
10
L = 30 m D = .6 cm
1
 Water Properties:

= 998 kg/m3 g = 9790 N/m3 = 1.005 E-6 m2/s

Energy Equation (neglecting )

P1
P2 = 0 = Z2 Z1 + hf = L sin 10o + hf
g
Q 0.34 E 3 m 3 / min*1min/ 60 s
V= = = 0.2 m / s
A (0.3 /100 ) m
2 2

VD 0.2 * 0.006
Re = = 6 = 1197 laminar flow
1.005 E

P1 = 9790 N/m3*5.75 m = 56.34 kN/m2 (kPa)

Example (turbulent flow):
Oil, = 900 kg/m3, = 1 E-5 m2/s, flows at 0.2 m3/s
through a 500 m length of 200 mm diameter, cast
iron pipe. If the pipe slopes downward 10o in the
flow direction, compute hf , pressure drop.

o
10
L 2
L = 500 m
D = 200 mm
 The energy equation for = 1 can be written as follows

Q 0.2 m 3 / s cast iron, ks= 0.26 mm

V= = = 6.4 m / s
A (.1)2 m 2

VD 6.4 *.2
Re = = 5 = 128, 000 turbulent flow
1E
Since flow is turbulent, use Haalands equation to determine
friction factor (check your work using the Moody chart).

Z2 Z1 + hf = - 500 sin 10 + 116.6 = - 86.8 + 116.6 = 29.8 m

 Solution Summary

To solve basic pipe flow frictional head loss problem, use the
following procedure:

1. Use known flow rate to determine Reynolds number.

2. Identify whether flow is laminar or turbulent.
3. Use correct expression to determine friction factor (with
ks/d if necessary).
4. Use definition of hf to determine friction head loss.
5. Use general energy equation to determine total pressure drop.
 8.10 Minor Losses in Turbulent Flow

Transitions in pipe systems, such as bends, valves, changes in

diameter, entrances and exits, cause head losses in the system.
Head losses at transition points are called minor losses. A minor
loss is usually a function of the velocity head as follows:

V2
hL ( Minor ) =k
2g
Where K is minor loss coefficient
 Sources of minor losses

Additional pressure (energy) losses

due to:
Fittings, bends, orifice plates, and valves
Losses due to physics
Vena contracta
Abrupt changes in flow area
Losses due to piping networks for fluid distribution
Typical piping elements with minor losses
Minor losses in piping networks
 8.10.1 Sudden Enlargement

p1 p 2 1 12 2 22
h j = ( z1 z 2 ) + ( )+( )
g g 2g 2g
 Momentum equation:

p1 A2 p2 A2 + gA2 (z1 z2 ) = Q(2v2 1v1)

p1 p 2 ( 2 v 2 1v1 )v 2
z1 z 2 + =
g g g

( 2 v 2 1v1 ) v 2 1v1 2 v 2
2 2
hj = +
g 2g

hj =
(v2 v1 )
2
A1 2 v12
= (1 ) = K1
V12
K1 = (1
A1 2
)
2g A2 2 g 2g A2
(v2 v1 ) 2 A2 2
2 v2 V22 A2
hj = = ( 1) = K2 K 2 = ( 1) 2
2g A1 2g 2g A1
 8.10.2 Sudden Contraction

A1
A2
A1

v1 v2

2
A2 v2
K0.5 1 h j = K 2
A1 2g
 8.10.3 Gradual Expansion (Diffusor)

(V 1 V 2 )2
hE = K E
2g
2
V A2
2

hE = K E
2
1
2 g A1
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
KE 0.4
0.3
0.2 Loss due to gradual enlargement
0.1
0
0 20 40 60 80
diffusor angle ()
 8.10.4 Entrance Losses

Losses can be V 2
he = K e
reduced by 2g
K e 1 .0
accelerating the
flow gradually and
K e 0 .5
eliminating the

K e 0 . 04
 8.10.5 Head Loss in Valves

Function of valve type and valve

position
The complex flow path through valves
can result in high head loss (of course,
one of the purposes of a valve is to
create head loss when it is not fully
open)
2
V
hv = K v
2g
 Example

In a sudden expansion pipe shown in figure, velocity is v1 and v2

respectively. A middle diameter pipe is connected between the
two pipes to form a two-sudden-expansion pipe. The interaction
of minor resistances is negligible. That is, superposition method
can be applied here. Determine: (1) the velocity of the middle
pipe when the total minor head loss of the pipe is the least. (2)
the total minor head loss, and the comparison with the one
sudden expansion pipe.
Solution: (1) The minor head loss of the two-sudden-expansion
pipe.

Assume the velocity of middle pipe is v, and make the total

minor head loss be the least, so

2The total minor head loss is

the minor head loss of the one sudden

expansion pipe is
the total minor head loss of the two-sudden-expansion pipe is
half of the minor head loss of the one sudden expansion pipe.
 8.11 Branching Pipes

Branching pipe systems, such as the one shown by Figure

8.27, can be solved using the following:

1. Q1 = Q2 + Q3.
2 The elevation of P is common to all pipes.

Branching pipe systems

 8.12 Pipes in Series

Pipes in series, as shown by Figure 8.29, can be solved as

follows:
Q = Q1 = Q2 = Q3
hL = hL1 + hL2 + hL3

Fig. Pipes in series

The pipe elements of the pipes in series have:

A. the same head loss

B. the same total head loss
C. the same hydraulic slope
D. the same discharge through them
 Example

Consider the two reservoirs shown in figure, connected by a single

pipe that changes diameter over its length. The surfaces of the two
reservoirs have a difference in level of 9m. The pipe has a diameter
of 200mm for the first 15m (from A to C) then a diameter of
250mm for the remaining 45m (from C to B).

For the entrance use kL = 0.5 and the exit kL = 1.0. The join at C is sudden.
For both pipes use = 0.04.
Total head loss for the system H = height difference of reservoirs

and solve for Q, to give Q =

0.158 m3/s
 8.13 Pipes in Parallel

Parallel pipes, as shown by Figure 8.30, can be solved as

follows:
Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3
hL = hL1 = hL2 = hL3

Pipes in parallel
 Question

From the figure, we can see that the relationship among the
head losses from A to B in the pipes in parallel 1, 2, 3 is:

A. hfABhfl+hf2+hf3
B. hfABhfl+hf2
C. hfABhf2+hf3
D. hfABhfl=hf2=hf3.
 Example

Two pipes connect two reservoirs (A and B) which have a height difference
of 10m. Pipe 1 has diameter 50mm and length 100m. Pipe 2 has diameter
100mm and length 100m. Both have entry loss kL = 0.5 and exit loss kL=1.0
and Darcy f of 0.008.

Calculate:
a) rate of flow for each pipe
b) the diameter D of a pipe 100m long that could replace the two pipes
and provide the same flow.