SAFE Education Resource: Issue 5: Animals in Factory Farms

ISSUE: 5
A HUMANE EDUCATION RESOURCE ISSN: 117-3804
ANIMALS IN factory farms

THINKING CRITIC ALLY AB OUT OUR TRE ATMENT OF ANIM AL S
RESOURCE MATERIALS for Years 913 in Social Studies, Science, Biology & English
www.animalsandus.org.nz | Animals & Us is a SAFE humane education
programme designed to advance knowledge and critical thinking about
the relationship between human and non-human animals, while fostering
attitudes and values of compassion, respect and empathy.
ISSUE:
A HUMAN 5
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ISSN:
117-380
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Issue 1 | Battery Hen Farming in New Zealand

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Issue 2 | Animal Rights, Human Values, Social Action

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Issue 3 | Animals on Show
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Issue 4 | Animals in Science

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PO Box 13366, Armagh, Christchurch, 8141, New Zealand | www.safe.org.nz
ISSUE: 5
ISSN: 117-3804
ANIMALS IN
factory farms
THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT OUR TREATMENT OF ANIMALS
ISSUE 5 EDUCATION RESOURCE MATERIALS
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
DVD
Containing:
20 visual and
oral texts ISSN: 117-3804
current affairs, Published by Save Animals From Exploitation Incorporated (SAFE)
behavioural New Zealand SAFE Inc 2016
footage and www.safe.org.nz
activist clips.
If this DVD is misplaced
or damaged a free
replacement copy is
available on request. See
page ii for contact details.
DOWNLOAD
Teachers and students
can download Animals
& Us materials online
enhancing critical
thinking about the
relationship between
humans and animals.
animalsandus.org.nz
Issue 1 | Battery Hen Farming in New
Zealand A Critical Evaluation
Issue 2 | Animal Rights, Human Values,
Social Action
Issue 3 | Animals on Show A Critical
ISSUE: 1
Analysis of the Animal Entertainment

A HUMANE EDUCATION RESOURCE ISSN: 117-3804 A HUMANE EDUCATION RESOURCE
Industry
Issue 4 | Animals in Science Ethical
Arguments and Alternatives to Animal A CRITICAL EVALUATION
Experiments
Issue 5 | Animals in Factory Farms
Thinking Critically About our
Treatment of Animals.
ANIMALS IN
factory farms
thinking critically about our treatment of animals
ANIMALS IN FACTORY FARMS
THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT OUR TREATMENT OF ANIMALS
ISSN: 117-3804
Cover image: FARMWATCH

Design: Amber Wilkinson
Printer: BLUE PRINT
Acknowledgements: SAFE wishes to thank those who generously permitted the use of
their materials free of charge or at a reduced rate. These include: ASPCA, Aussie Farms, Brill,
Donald Broom, CABI, Canadian Science Publishing, Changemaker Books, CIWF, Cobb-Vantress,
European Union, Farmwatch, Federation Press, Mark Hawthorne, Debbie Matthews, MPI,
Oxford University Press, PMCA, Reaktion Books, Lynne Sneddon, Tribune Content Agency,
TVNZ and Wiley.
Special thanks to Farmwatch who supplied many of the photographs in this textbook.
The production of this resource would not have been possible without
the support of the following generous donors and The Southern Trust:
GOLD SILVER
Michael Daniel Christine Aldridge
Angela Barclay
Jean Goldsmith
Garry Clearwater
Wei Han
Judith Coutts
Francis Johnson Isabella Ebbett
Frances Lee Friends of Animal
Charities
Tara Richmond
Warwick Hay
Mrs Van Harskamp
Wendy Waltenberg
The views expressed within this resource are not necessarily those of
SAFE, nor of all the contributors.
Published by Save Animals From Exploitation Incorporated (SAFE)
SAFE Inc 2016
SAFE Christchurch SAFE Auckland SAFE Wellington

PO Box 13366 PO Box 5750 PO Box 6442
168A Hazeldean Rd Rm 10, 63 Great North Rd Rm 219, 32 Salamanca Rd
Addington Grey Lynn Kelburn
Christchurch Auckland Wellington
Phone: 03 379 9711 Phone: 09 361 5646 Phone: 04 472 9311
Fax: 03 374 9290 Fax: 09 361 5644 Fax: 04 473 0620
christchurch@safe.org.nz auckland@safe.org.nz wellington@safe.org.nz
www.safe.org.nz
ii | ISSUE 5 | ANIMALS IN factory farms

Foreword vi
About SAFE and Animals & Us viii
Acknowledgements ix
INTRODUCTION 02
Animals in Factory Farms
SECTION 1 07
Units of Study: Animals in Factory Farms in the classroom
Social Studies 09 Science 19 Biology 35 English 45

Unit of Study 1 Unit of Study 2 Unit of Study 3 Unit of Study 4
(3.5 AS91600) (1.10 AS90949) (3.7 AS91607) (2.8 AS91105)
Taking a Stand Against Normal Behaviour Meat Chickens Unlocking

Factory Farming in Factory Farms Grow Fast, Die Young Factory Farms
SECTION 2 59
Resources: List of texts
EXTENDED WRITTEN TEXTS SHORT WRITTEN TEXTS
Non-Fiction (extracts from) Blog

Poultry Behaviour and Welfare. Appleby, Michael C., Mench, J.A. 64 SAFE. Colony Cage Con. 2014. 110
and Hughes, Barry O. 2004.
Conference Paper
Domestic Animal Behaviour and Welfare. Broom, D.M. and 67
Fraser, A.F. 2007. Research Consortium Sustainable Production. Sneddon, L.U. and 111
Bleating Hearts: The Hidden World of Animal Suffering. 77 Gentle, M.J. Pain in Farm Animals. 2001.
Hawthorne, Mark. 2013.
Government/Industry Publications
The Welfare of Pigs. Marchant-Forde, Jeremy N. (ed). 2009. 81
Chicken. Potts, Annie. 2012. 85 National Animal Welfare Advisory Committee (NAWAC). Code of 112
Welfare Layer Hens. 2012.
Animal Law in Australasia. Sankoff, Peter, White, Steven and Black, 88
Celeste (eds). 2013. National Animal Welfare Advisory Committee (NAWAC). Code of 114
Welfare Pigs. 2010.
Dominion: The Power of Man, the Suffering of Animals, and the 99
Call to Mercy. Scully, Matthew. 2002. Cobb Focus. Hardiman, John. Route to greater speed and accuracy 118
in breed progress. 2006.
Knowing Animals. Simmons, Laurence and Armstrong, Philip (eds). 101
2007. Journals
In Defense of Animals: The Second Wave. Singer, Peter (ed). 2006. 104
Society & Animals. Loveridge, Alison. Changes in Animal Welfare 120
Views in New Zealand: Responding to Global Change. 2013.
Canadian Journal of Animal Science. Webster, A.B. and Hurnik, J.F. 121
An Ethogram of White Leghorn-Type Hens in Battery Cages. 1990.
Applied Animal Behaviour Science. Vieuille-Thomas, Caroline, 124
Le Pape, G. and Signoret, J.P. Stereotypies in pregnant sows:
indications of influence of the housing system on the patterns
expressed by the animals. 1995.
Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Ethics. Weaver, S.A. and 128
Morris, M.C. Science, Pigs, and Politics: A New Zealand Perspective
on the Phase-Out of Sow Stalls. 2004.
ANIMALS IN factory farms | ISSUE 5 | iii

SHORT WRITTEN TEXTS Continued WRITTEN AND VISUAL TEXTS
Journals Continued Advertisements

Poulty Science. Zuidhof, M.J., Schneider, B.L., Carney, V.L., Korver, D.R. 132 SAFE. Your Say Matters! 2010. 186
and Robinson, F.E. Growth, efficiency, and yield of commercial SAFE. Saving Lucy. 2008. 187
broilers from 1957, 1978, and 2005. 2014.
SAFE. Finally, this pig has enough room to turn around. 2009. 188
Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Ethics. Morris, M.C. The 134
Ethics and Politics of Animal Welfare in New Zealand: Broiler Banners
Chicken Production as a Case Study. 2009.
Poultry Science. Siegel, P.B., Dodgson, J.B. and Andersson, L. 138 SAFE. Ban the Sow Crate. 2006. 189
Progress from Chicken Genetics to the Chicken Genome. 2006.
Cartoons
Media Releases
Manawatu Standard. Sure, its an inhumane practice, but the 190
SAFE. Mike King latest celebrity kingpin to condemn New 139 farm would be uneconomic without it! 2009.
Zealand pig cruelty. 2009. SAFE. Secret Origin. Holy Cow! No. 3. 2005. 191
SAFE. Welfare laws fail pigs miserably. 2009. 140 SAFE. The Price of Cheap Pork. Holy Cow! No. 1. 2005. 192
SAFE. Consumer ad campaign challenges pig industry. 2010. 141 SAFE. Beyond the Egg. Holy Cow! No. 2. 2005. 193
SAFE. Disturbing new pig cruelty footage reveals no change to 142
Leaflet
pig welfare. 2010.
SAFE. Govt fails to ban factory-farmed animals. 2010. 143 SAFE. For the love of pigs. 2007. 194
SAFE. Sow stall ban first important step. 2010. 144
Mail-Out/Campaign Report
Newspapers/Magazines SAFE. Meet Lucy Give Pigs a Chance. 2010. 195
NZPA. Comedian does U-turn on pork. 2009. 145 SAFE. Campaign Report 2008. 2008. 196
NZPA. Key finds pig probe disturbing. 2009. 146
Merchandise
Manawatu Standard. Piggery practice legal but not acceptable. 147
Editorial. Cummings, Michael. 2009. SAFE. Love Pigs merchandise. 2007. 197
The Dominion Post. To save your bacon, just add celebrity. 148 Pledge
Teleview. Clifton, Jane. 2009.
The Press. Let the light shine in. Mainlander. Matthews, Philip. 149 SAFE. Take the Pledge Against Pig Cruelty. 2009. 198
2009.
Postcards
The New Zealand Herald. Writing on the wall for sow stalls. 151
Editorial. 2009. SAFE. Lobbying for Lucy. 2006. 199
Rodney Times. Pig farming rules a legal cruelty. Opinion. 152 SAFE. Are Your Customers Fed Up With Pig Cruelty? 2006. 200
Booth, Pat. 2009.
The New Zealand Herald. Carter gives industry hurry-up on 153 Posters
sow crates. Politics. 2009. SAFE. Hi! Im. 2008. 201
New Scientist. Animals are conscious and should be treated 154
SAFE. Welfare Approved Pork Dont be Fooled! 2010. 202
as such. Comment. Bekoff, Marc. 2012.
SAFE. Freedom for Pigs Campaign. 2008. 203
New Scientist. Chicken genome plucked bare by inbreeding. 156
Daily News. MacKenzie, Debora. 2008. Rescue Pack
Reports SAFE. King of Pork Turns Pig Defender. Love Pigs Rescue Pack. 204
American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals 157 2009.
(ASPCA). A Growing Problem Selective Breeding in the Chicken
Industry: The Case for Slower Growth. 2015.
University of Nevada-Reno: Department of Animal Biotechnology. 162
Rauw, Wendy (ed). Resource Allocation Theory Applied to Farm
Animal Production. 2008.
Compassion in World Farming Trust (CIWF). Turner, Jacky, Garcs, 164
Leah and Smith, Wendy. The Welfare of Broiler Chickens in the
European Union. 2005.
Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI). Webster, Jim, 169
Cameron, Catherine and Rogers, Andrea. Survey of Lameness in
New Zealand Meat Chickens. 2013.
IBF International Consulting. Hiemstra, Sipke and Napel, Jan. 174
Study of the Impact of Genetic Selection on the Welfare of
Chickens Bred and Kept for Meat Production. 2013.
Scientific Veterinary Committee. Von Borell, E., Broom, D.M., 179
Csermely, D., Dijkhuizen, A.A., Hylkema, S., Edwards, S.A., Jensen, P.,
Madec, F. and Stamataris, C. The Welfare of Intensively Kept Pigs.
1997.
iv | ISSUE 5 | ANIMALS IN factory farms

SECTION 3 207
Other Resources, Links and Glossary
An introductory bibliography 209

Online resources 213
Website links 216
Glossary 219
Visual and Oral Texts on DVD
Current Affairs (Pigs) Outdoor pig Stop Factory Farming

Sunday Behavioural footage, November 2012,
ANIMALS IN If Pigs Could Talk 2015, 27 min 30 sec 8 min 41 sec
factory farms
(3 parts)
17 May 2009,
Farrowing crate pigs
Examples of stereotypies
Colony
April 2016,
ISSUE 5 education RESOURCE MATERIALS 26 min 3 sec Blantyre Farms NSW, 1 min 31 sec
Close Up 2013, 22 min 56 sec
Activist Footage
Pork Industry Plunges
Advertisements/Promotions Footage of an NZ Colony
into Panic
18 May 2009, Saving Lucy Cage System
9 min 57 sec 2008, 30 sec May 2012,
Love Pigs supermarket 1 min 33 sec
Breakfast
ISSN: 117-3804 Pork Industry Under Fire advert Farrowing Crates: A Life
Published by Save Animals From Exploitation Incorporated (SAFE) 18 May 2009, 2009, Featuring Mike of Torment for Pigs
New Zealand SAFE Inc 2016
www.safe.org.nz 6 min 16 sec King, 45 sec September 2014,
Victory! Sow stalls ban 4 min 31 sec
Current Affairs December 2015, Chicken growth
(Layer Hens) 2 min 35 sec August 2013, 25 sec
Sunday Vigil for chickens raised
Bad Eggs Educational Videos for meat
November 2011, Factory Farmed August 2013,
15 min 22 sec Pigs in New Zealand 6 min 2 sec
The Price of Pork Meat chickens on New
Behavioural Footage Compelling arguments Zealand farm
Outdoor hen against factory farming, December 2012,
Behavioural footage, 2009, 9 min 46 sec 1 min 50 sec
2015, 27 min 44 sec Live Fast Die Young
Colony caged hens The Story of the Broiler
Behavioural footage, Chicken
2015, 24 min 14 sec May 2007,
7 min 58 sec
ANIMALS IN factory farms | ISSUE 5 | v

Farmwatch
Foreword
In Aotearoa New Zealand we are extremely
fortunate to have SAFEs groundbreaking and
inspirational series Animals & Us available as a
teaching resource for secondary schools. I am
honoured to write the foreword for the latest
release in this series, Animals in Factory Farms.
This is an urgent subject for young people to engage
with critically, given what we know about other
species sentient lives (as well as the devastating
role of intensive farming in climate change).
In my own research and teaching at the New Zealand

Centre for Human-Animal Studies I aim to shed light on
the ways that birds, mammals and fish are selectively
bred, intensively farmed, slaughtered and consumed en
masse in New Zealand and elsewhere; I also study how
such exploitation impacts on the physical, emotional
and social well-being of animals used in agriculture.
When we understand other species to be sentient, the
subjects of their own lives, and not as objects for human
use, we are compelled to respond in ways that respect
their unique experiences of the world, as well as their
capacities for pain and suffering and also joy and
pleasure.
vi | ISSUE 5 | ANIMALS IN factory farms

Pigs, cows, chickens and sheep have all been shown to
form strong memories and to learn complicated tasks
readily. These animals can remember dozens of faces
(human and conspecific), even after long absences; and
chickens and sheep will express their dislike of those
who have mistreated them by turning away from them.
Studies also show pigs understand and respond to vocal
communications as rapidly and as well as dogs, and
have the ability to understand what another pig sees;
while cattle and chickens show empathy and behave
altruistically towards members of their own herds or
flocks. The fallacy of the dim-witted birdbrain has
been thoroughly debunked through studies confirming
that chickens demonstrate object permanence (the Dr Annie Potts | Associate Professor. Head of Cultural
ability to remember an object exists even when it is not
Studies and Co-Director of the New Zealand Centre for Human
visible), exercise delayed gratification (the decision to
Animal Studies. University of Canterbury.
defer a food reward if it is known that a better reward
will result if more time passes/more work occurs), Annie Potts is one of New Zealands leading authorities
and can count and perform basic geometry. In their in human-animal studies and has based a great deal of her
communications with each other about predators, research on the treatment of non-human animals in culture,
food and other concerns, chickens employ syntax society and history.
and semantics, qualities once thought to be exclusive
hallmarks of human language. Chickens, ducks and Author of Chicken (Reaktion Books
turkeys are referential learners, capable of remembering Animal series) and co-author of New
the past, anticipating the future, and therefore (like Zealand Book of Beasts: Animals in our
humans) experiencing frustration, anxiety and fear. This Culture, History and Everyday Life and
last fact is chilling, given the severe deprivation and Animals in Emergencies: Learning from
other brutalities billions of intensively farmed birds the Christchurch Earthquakes.
endure each day.
NZCHAS website: www.nzchas.
Thanks to organisations like SAFE, most consumers
canterbury.ac.nz/
are now aware of the miserable lives of caged hens in
the egg industry; fewer people are likely to realise that
layer hens are different birds from broiler chickens
When we examine the ways in which an animal is
bred for their meat. Even when they are confronted
made edible, and learn about what has been hidden,
with images of broiler chicks it is a harder task to
disguised or trivialised in the production of meat, we
convince consumers that these birds suffer this is
are freer to make informed choices about what and how
partly because they are kept in sheds (not cages), and
we consume. Animals in Factory Farms is a timely and
partly because they are huge, fully feathered birds, more
crucial teaching resource for younger people who care
likely to be stereotyped as greedy. Education is essential
about animals and where their food comes from. Most
to correct this assumption and teach how these birds
importantly, as is the case with all other modules in the
have been bred so that their bodies rapidly grow too
Animals & Us series, this resource encourages students
enormous for their skeletons to support, and they are in
to critique and rethink anthropocentric assumptions
fact still chicks with baby feathers, yet unable to walk,
and norms.
when taken to slaughter around six weeks of age. In
all factory farming situations, birds, mammals and fish As a tertiary educator specialising in human-animal
endure conditions where their fundamental natural studies (HAS) I find it exciting to know that students
inclinations and joys of life are cruelly curtailed. Instead coming from secondary schools to our 100-level courses
they are subjected to extreme confinement, deprivation in HAS at the University of Canterbury may already have
and suffering. To see such misery is shocking; therefore, engaged in compassionate learning if they have studied
intensive farming practices are deliberately concealed. this resource or any of the others in the Animals & Us
It is a rare occasion when members of the public or series.
media are permitted to freely view inside large-scale
farming operations. Annie Potts | Associate Professor, University of Canterbury
ANIMALS IN factory farms | ISSUE 5 | vii

About Safe and Animals & Us
SAFE for animals Sow stalls banned: The Mission Statement

intensive farming of pigs
Founded in 1932, SAFE (Save Animals & Us is a SAFE education
often involves the housing of
Animals From Exploitation) is initiative that:
pregnant sows in metal stalls
a leading and unique voice for
so small they cannot even turn provides professional resources
animals in New Zealand. SAFE
around. SAFE has campaigned specifically designed for the New
is New Zealands largest and
heavily on this issue and Zealand education framework
most respected animal rights
succeeded in a ban on the use of
organisation and is regularly advances knowledge and
sow stalls from 2016.
contacted for advice and comment critical thinking about the
on animal issues. These campaigns have not only social, economic, political,
changed public attitudes and environmental and scientific
SAFE undertakes high-profile relationship between human
behaviours regarding how we as a
campaigns, public stalls, displays, and non-human animals.
society view and treat animals, they
demonstrations, meetings,
have more significantly resulted in
education visits, research, and The quality of the Animals & Us
tangible improvements in the lives
promotional and publicity events programme is guaranteed by SAFEs
of the animals themselves. SAFE
to foster a more informed and ability to draw upon the knowledge
brings hope for a future where
compassionate understanding of the most experienced animal
animals are no longer mistreated,
of human-animal relations in advocates, and to combine this
abused or disregarded.
contemporary Aotearoa New with the expertise of researchers,
Zealand. academics and teachers working in
ANIMALS & US the area of human-animal studies.
SAFEs vision is of a society in
which all animals are understood Animals & Us is an education Five Animals & Us textbooks have
and respected in such a way that initiative created by SAFE in 2006. been published since 2007:
they are no longer exploited, abused One of the key areas of SAFEs work Issue 1 | Battery Hen Farming in
or made to suffer. Our purpose is education, and SAFE endeavours New Zealand A Critical Evaluation
is to achieve this vision through to provide schools, teachers and Issue 2 | Animal Rights, Human
educating and advocating to: students with relevant and factual Values, Social Action
information on the human-animal
change attitudes Issue 3 | Animals on Show A
relationship.
create awareness Critical Analysis of the Animal
Vision Entertainment Industry
foster compassion
That Animals & Us will advance Issue 4 | Animals in Science
challenge cruel and exploitative knowledge and critical thinking Ethical Arguments and Alternatives
practices. about the relationship between to Animal Experiments
SAFE has a long history of human and non-human animals Issue 5 | Animals in Factory Farms
advocating for animals. Some of while fostering attitudes and values Thinking Critically About our
our more recognised achievements of compassion, respect and empathy. Treatment of Animals.
include:
Layer hens in cages: SAFE has ISSUE: 1
A HUMANE EDUCATION RESOURCE ISSN: 117-3804 A HUMANE EDUCATION RESOURCE
been campaigning to free layer

hens from cages for decades.
Standard battery cages will
be banned in 2022 only to be A CRITICAL EVALUATION
replaced by another cage system

(called colony cages). SAFE
continues the battle against the
use of cages for layer hens.
Cosmetic testing banned: In
2015 New Zealand banned the Animals & Us textbooks: Battery Hen Farming in New Zealand Animal Rights,
testing of cosmetics on animals. Human Values, Social Action Animals on Show Animals in Science
This followed three years of
extensive campaigning on the
issue.
viii | ISSUE 5 | ANIMALS IN factory farms

Acknowledgements
Animal Studies at the University of
Canterbury).
No one has campaigned longer and
harder against the factory farming
of animals in New Zealand than
SAFE Executive Director Hans
Kriek. Our thanks for his tireless
dedication to animals and for
writing the introduction to this
textbook.
Before committing the lessons
to print we naturally have them
peer reviewed by teachers, and our
gratitude goes out to Samantha
Farmiloe (Rangitoto College) and
Animals in Factory Farms is the our designer, has done a beautiful Paula Devery (The Correspondence
fifth issue in the SAFE Animals & job in bringing to life the very School) who graciously took the
Us series. Animals in Factory Farms drab Word documents and scans time out of their busy schedules to
explores the treatment of animals we sent her. Thanks to illustrators look over our materials.
in modern-day factory farms where Ali Teo and Tom Williamson for
Extra special thanks to all
animals are reduced to products, their contributions. Many of the
those who have supported our
and profit margins take priority images used in this textbook were
programme financially (see donors
over animal welfare. taken by an amazing group of Kiwi
listed on page ii).
animal activists, Farmwatch, who
Producing each Animals & Us
fearlessly obtained the pictures and Animals in Factory Farms is
textbook is a huge undertaking.
footage of animals on factory farms. dedicated to the animals confined
Months of research, sourcing
Without them we would never in factory farms. It is only
materials, writing, editing,
know what happens in these dark with growing awareness and
proofreading and design go into
sheds hidden away from view. compassionate action that we can
each issue. There is always a long
make meaningful change for these
list of people to thank for their This is likely to be the last issue
animals. This textbook is a window
time, generosity and expertise. of the Animals & Us textbooks
into the world of factory farming.
to include a DVD. DVDs are
The most challenging aspect of With knowledge and understanding,
fast becoming obsolete. In the
creating a textbook is the editing and by taking social action, we can
meantime, we would like to thank
process. This topic had so many close the door on this chapter of
Debbie Matthews, Tandem and
materials and resources to choose our treatment of animals for good.
InfoTech for the DVD editing,
from that it was extremely difficult
production and replication.
to decide which to include. Our Nichola Kriek | Education Officer, SAFE
thanks to Alex Woodham and Lynne Unit 2 of the textbook compares
Robertson for assisting with this the lives of animals in factory
laborious task. farms to animals living outdoors.
Sourcing the footage necessary to
Proofing a school textbook is
make this comparison was no small
probably a proofreaders worst
feat. Special thanks to Fair Projects
nightmare every source needs
and The Animal Sanctuary, who
to be checked, and accuracy
allowed us to film Jose and Blue.
and consistency throughout the
Extra special thanks again to the
textbook are an absolute necessity.
brave activists from Farmwatch
Vicki Andrews has an incredibly
for obtaining the colony cage
keen eye for detail even to the
footage and to Aussie Farms for the
point of recognising when a comma
farrowing crate footage.
had been accidentally italicised!
We are very privileged and
Creating the look and feel of each
extremely grateful to have the
textbook takes a talented and
foreword written by Dr Annie Nichola Kriek | BA, BMus, Dip Teach
artistic individual. Any textbook
Potts (Associate Professor, Head of Education Officer, SAFE
aimed at young people needs to
Cultural Studies and Co-Director of
be engaging, attractive, inspiring Phone: 03 379 9711
the New Zealand Centre for Human-
and educational. Amber Wilkinson, Email: nichola@safe.org.nz
ANIMALS IN factory farms | ISSUE 5 | ix

x | ISSUE 5 | ANIMALS IN factory farms
introduction
Farmwatch
ANIMALS IN FACTORY FARMS
I grew up in Holland in a high-rise building. Like many kids, I was fond of
animals and loved watching nature films on television. Growing up in an
apartment, a setting devoid of nature and animals, my only way to interact
with animals was to bring them indoors. I had a large number of pets and
also looked after many injured and orphaned birds. My teachers made me
sit at the back of the class so I would not disturb the other pupils when
feeding the chirping baby birds I brought to school.
My connection to animals was an important part of my young life but I was
also connected to animals in a different manner. I ate them with abandon.
I remember once walking for nearly an hour to buy a rotisserie chicken,
simply because I felt like eating chicken.
This all changed when my biology teacher showed our class a video of
chickens and pigs on factory farms. I was shocked by the conditions shown
Hans Kriek was Executive Director of
and realised how unaware I was of the plight of animals farmed for food.
SAFE (Save Animals From Exploitation),
I decided to stop eating meat. I simply did not want to financially support
industries that are cruel to animals.
New Zealands leading animal rights
organisation, until November 2016. Hans
This newfound awareness of factory farmed animals set me on a path to was born in Leiden, The Netherlands.
help as many as I could. In my years working for animals I have spoken to From childhood he had a fascination and
hundreds of children with a similar passion for animals. I believe that this
empathy with animals. At age 16, after
latest edition of the Animals & Us series Animals in Factory Farms will help
learning about factory farming at school,
them and thousands of other children learn about this important issue and
inspire them to become advocates for the millions of animals suffering on
Hans decided to become a vegetarian
factory farms. and later turned vegan. This pivotal event
in his life propelled him towards a life of
animal activism. In 1985 Hans emigrated
to New Zealand and found work as
an inspector for the SPCA. He also
volunteered for SAFE and opened one of
New Zealands first cruelty-free shops.
In 1993 Hans appeared on 60 Minutes
and exposed previously unseen factory
farming practices on national television.
This shocking expos launched Hanss
career as a professional animal activist
and cemented his reputation as the New
Zealand medias most outspoken critic of
animal exploitation.
Farmwatch
2 | ISSUE 5 | ANIMALS IN factory farms

WHAT IS FACTORY FARMING?
Factory farming is the industrialised farming of animals
for human consumption. It favours productivity and
efficiency over the well-being of the animals and the
environment.
After World War II demand for cheap food increased
sharply, particularly for meat, dairy and eggs.
Conventional farming practices (where a combination
of different types of animal were kept in small numbers
in mainly outdoor settings) could not meet that demand.
A number of industries focused on keeping only one
species in large numbers sprang up. By bringing the
animals (mainly pigs and chickens) indoors, farmers
could better manage food intake and environmental conditions such
as light and temperature. Farms were transformed into factories with
thousands or even tens of thousands of animals confined in overcrowded
conditions. Higher stocking densities led to higher mortality, but this was
offset by increased production and lower overheads as fewer workers and
less land were required.
Factory farms soon became the norm. Consumers were happy with the wide
range of cheap animal products and did not question how these products
got to their plate. The connection to animals as feeling beings was rapidly
lost. For industry and consumers alike the focus became the product, not
the animals, who were simply forgotten.
FACTORY FARMING IN NEW ZEALAND

Despite having lots of available land and being blessed with a moderate
climate, New Zealand fully embraced the concept of factory farming. As
overseas, the production of plentiful and cheap animal protein trumped any
other concern.
As a result, New Zealand now factory farms well over a hundred million
animals per year.
Over three million layer hens are kept in battery and colony cages. Each hen
has a living space about the size of an A4 sheet of paper. These hens live a
mere 18 months before they are slaughtered. Their normal lifespan is up to
12 years.
As a result, New
The 100 million chickens raised for meat live even shorter lives. They are Zealand now
killed at only six weeks of age when they are literally chicks in adult bodies.
Their growth is so fast that many experience severe leg weakness and other
factory farms
health problems. Over 8,000 chickens die each day from disease in New well over a
Zealand.
hundred million
Hundreds of thousands of young pigs are fattened up in dark, barren
concrete pens, while their mothers languish in farrowing crates so narrow animals per year.
they cant even turn around. Their oppressive environment causes these
highly intelligent animals to show abnormal (stereotypic) behaviour which
indicates they do not cope with the conditions in which they are kept.
Only in recent years has factory farming become a contentious issue.
Studies by animal welfare and behaviour experts show that the extreme
confinement of intensively farmed animals causes major suffering.
ANIMALS IN factory farms | ISSUE 5 | 3

ANIMALS ARE SENTIENT
New Zealand law considers animals
as sentient (able to feel and perceive)
and yet permits animals to be factory
farmed. Public awareness about the
oppressive conditions has led to an
upsurge in concern about the plight
of factory farmed animals.
Many people now recognise pigs and
chickens as the sociable, intelligent
and feeling beings they are. These
animals are like us in that they share
many of our senses sight, hearing,
taste, smell, touch and the ability
to feel pain both physically and
emotionally.
There is a growing awareness that factory farming animals is wrong as it
denies the animals the opportunity to express their normal behaviour. Less
is known about the fact that many of these animals also suffer from foot,
leg and joint injuries, lameness, feather loss, skin lesions, muscle atrophy,
contact dermatitis, lung and heart problems, depression and stress.
OPPOSITION TO FACTORY FARMING

Society is now questioning whether it is ethical to dismiss the suffering
of other sentient beings simply because of the human desire to consume
cheap meat and eggs. This concern has seen thousands of people switching
to free-range products or giving up eating animal products altogether.
This public opposition to factory farming has seen a reluctant and slow
response from industry and government. A large number of free-range farms
have sprung up to meet demand for non-factory farmed products, and some
of the worst confinement systems are now either banned (sow stalls) or
being phased out (conventional battery hen cages).
While this progress sees some reduction in the suffering, it does not
address the broader issue of farming animals on factory farms. The reality
is that animals will continue to suffer as long as our appetite for cheap
meat and eggs continues. This resource will provide students with a better
understanding of the detrimental effects factory farming has on animals.
Armed with this knowledge they can decide their response. If they are like
me, having this material brought to their attention can be life-changing, not
only for them but also for the animals.
Hans Kriek | Former Executive Director of SAFE

(clockwise) A rescued battery hen is
checked by a vet An animal activist
films the conditions in a colony cage
A sow in a farrowing crate nurses
her piglets Chickens reared for
meat on a New Zealand farm
Farmwatch

section 1
units of study
Social Studies | Science | Biology | English
Farmwatch

In the Classroom
Animals in Factory Farms enables young people to learn TAKING A STAND AGAINST FACTORY FARMING
about an issue that combines critical thinking with social (Year 13) Social Studies
justice, and engages them in real-life decisions where they
In this Social Studies unit students will explore factory
can (as compassionate consumers and citizens) actively
farming and social action. Campaigns against factory
make a difference to our society, laws, practices, habits,
farming have resulted in a ban on sow stalls in New
ethics and philosophies in regard to the treatment of
Zealand from 3 December 2015. This unit provides
animals in factory farms.
an opportunity for students to examine how animal
Exposing this issue isnt easy. The animals concerned advocacy organisations have managed to influence
are carefully hidden from sight, locked inside innocuous social and legislative change on behalf of animals.
looking sheds. Thousands of pigs, three million layer hens
and over 100 million meat chickens exist for one purpose NORMAL BEHAVIOUR IN FACTORY FARMS
as meat or eggs for human consumption. Their lives are (Year 11) Science
short and pitiful, and lack many of the basic necessities In this Science unit students will investigate two life
that make life worth living. processes support and movement (behavioural
Pork producers keep female pigs (sows) in a perpetual needs of animals) and sensitivity (in particular, the
state of pregnancy and farrowing (the birth of piglets). suppression of biological needs resulting in abnormal
This is in order to turn out an endless supply of piglets for behaviours in animals). Students will create ethograms
fattening. and record behavioural data from animals housed
in cages, crates and outdoors in order to compare,
Egg producers hatch over six million layer chicks per explain and diagnose how and whether physical
year. The females are destined for colony or battery cages environmental constraints manifest in abnormal
where they will lay 300 eggs per year until they are literally biological and psychological behaviours.
spent hens. Their wild counterparts only lay 12 eggs per
year. Male chicks are killed on their first day of life as MEAT CHICKENS GROW FAST, DIE YOUNG
hatchery waste simply because they dont lay eggs.
(Year 13) Biology
Meat chicken producers hatch over 100 million meat In this Biology unit students will demonstrate
chickens per year. These chicks are farmed in dimly lit an understanding of how selective breeding and
windowless barns and grow at an alarming rate. In six modification of the expression of existing genes
weeks they transform from 0.2kg to 2.2kg thats an have resulted in meat chickens whose bodies grow
increase of 1,000%. These chickens have been selectively significantly faster than normal. Students will consider
bred to convert their feed into muscle and grow much the biological implications that breeding specifically
faster than regular domestic chickens. for increased production has had on the birds genetic
The four lessons in Animals in Factory Farms enable viability, health and well-being, and the ethical
learners to think critically about the complex social, considerations and ramifications (pain and suffering,
economic, biological, political, legal and ethical issues sentience, physical disorders and problems inherent
involved with factory farming. with mass production).
UNLOCKING FACTORY FARMS (Year 12) English

In this English unit students will read and research
texts relating to factory farming and form developed,
convincing and perceptive conclusions from these
texts. Students will explore the issue from a range of
perspectives and literary genres in order to explore
some of the key concerns, develop new insights and
challenge preconceived ideas.
Michael Cullen

social studies | UNIT STUDY 1 | PAGE 1/9 TEACHER GUIDELINES
social studies | UNIT OF STUDY 1

Year 13 Ncea As91600 Level 3.5 Credits 4 Duration 2 Weeks
this UNIT Supports internal assessment for Achievement Standard 91600

Examines a campaign of social action(s) to influence policy change(s)
Taking a Stand Against Factory Farming

How people power has made a difference for factory farmed animals
background
TEACHER GUIDELINES
On 3 December 2015 the use of dry sow stalls to house pregnant pigs was
The following guidelines are banned in New Zealand, after a five-year phase-out.
supplied to enable teachers to
carry out valid and consistent The campaign to ban sow stalls took many years to achieve a result. Animal
assessment using this internal advocates and other concerned individuals worked tirelessly to free the pigs
assessment resource. from this cruel farming system.
Teachers need to be very The use of sow stalls has been reduced to the first four weeks of pregnancy
familiar with the outcome in the European Union and banned in the United Kingdom, Sweden and some
being assessed by Achievement parts of the United States and Australia.
Standard Social Studies 91600. The success of this social action campaign relied on a series of key elements:
The achievement criteria and
A clear end goal Resourceful use of the media
the explanatory notes contain
Extensive knowledge of the issue Passionate and sincere champions
information, definitions and
requirements that are crucial Continual efforts to raise public Well-organised and effective
when interpreting the standard awareness promotion and advertising
and assessing students against it. Strategic direct action Cooperation between
Investigation and exposure of the organisations and supportive
conditions of the pigs on farms community and political groups
Comprehensive education Sustained fundraising efforts.
materials
A clear call for action from the
public

social studies | UNIT STUDY 1 | taking a stand Against Factory Farming | PAGE 2/9 TEACHER GUIDELINES
CONTEXT/SETTING
This activity requires students to write a report to describe a campaign of social
action(s) undertaken by New Zealand animal advocacy organisations.
The campaign students will focus on for this assessment is the opposition to
the use of the dry sow stall on factory farms.
Students will also explain how animal advocacy groups managed to influence
changes to New Zealands animal welfare legislation.
Before beginning this activity, provide opportunities for the students to
explore:
animal advocacy groups in New
Zealand
factory farming practices
a range of social action
components: media (media
releases, interviews, blogs),
promotion (advertising, billboards,
posters, bumper stickers, social
media, etc), exposure (gathering of
evidence, investigation, undercover
footage), education (stalls, leaflets,
public talks, website), call for
action (petitions, pledges, online
polls, submissions), direct action
(protests, vigils, street theatre),
mobilisation (enlisting supporters)
how campaigns against factory
farming have achieved legislative
change, societal change and
changes for animals
how animal advocacy campaigns
relate to the Social Studies
concepts (e.g. values, perspectives,
rights, responsibilities and identity).
CONDITIONS
It is suggested that students have two weeks of class time to complete this
assessment.
RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS
Internet access.
ACHIEVEMENT CRITERIA
Achievement Achievement with Merit Achievement with Excellence
Examine a campaign Examine, in depth, a Examine, comprehensively, a
of social action(s) campaign of social campaign of social action(s)
to influence policy action(s) to influence to influence policy change(s).
change(s). policy change(s).

social studies | UNIT STUDY 1 | PAGE 3/9 student instructions
social studies | UNIT OF STUDY 1


Examines a campaign of social action(s) to influence policy change(s)
Taking a Stand Against Factory Farming

How people power has made a difference for factory farmed animals
INTRODUCTION
Industrialised agriculture emerged after World War II. A number of
circumstances converged: mechanisation, the use of assembly lines, and the
desire for cheap meat and eggs. Animals were taken out of the paddocks and
crammed together in cages and crates in dark sheds. Automated systems
for feeding, lighting and egg collecting were introduced and the animals
essentially became cogs in the machine.
As the animals on factory farms are hidden away in inconspicuous sheds on
remote farms, the public remains blissfully unaware of the conditions in which
they are kept. In a further alignment of circumstances, the age of technology,
media saturation and determined animal activists with digital cameras have
exposed the cruel conditions on factory farms.
Animal advocacy groups are now actively campaigning to reveal this carefully
guarded industry and help the animals on factory farms.
This assessment activity requires you to write a report examining a campaign
of social action(s) undertaken by New Zealand animal advocacy organisations
in response to factory farming practices.
You will also explain how these organisations have managed to influence
changes to New Zealands animal welfare legislation.
You will be given two weeks of class time to complete this assessment. During
TEACHER note
this time you will be required to research your topic and present your findings
You can adjust the time frame as a written report.
of this task to meet the needs of
You will be assessed on the depth and comprehensiveness of your examination
your students.
of the selected campaign.

social studies | UNIT STUDY 1 | taking a stand Against Factory Farming | PAGE 4/9 student instructions
TASK
Write a report examining a campaign against factory farming and how it has
influenced change.
You need to apply your understanding of Social Studies concepts (e.g. policy,
change, responsibility, rights, perspectives, values) and provide specific
evidence in your analysis of the campaign.
Include in your report:
a description of factory farming from a range of different points of view
(animal advocates, industry, consumers, politicians and farmers)
a description of the animal advocacy groups plan and aims for the
campaign (SAFE and Open Rescue/Farmwatch)
an explanation of the differing reasons for animal advocacy groups being
involved in this campaign
an explanation for the animal advocacy groups reasons for selecting the
actions within the campaign
an exploration of the real and potential consequences of the animal
advocacy groups campaign
a critical evaluation of the effectiveness of the campaign, including possible
modifications which could have been made to improve the campaigns TEACHER note
influence on policy. Although the research
See pages 15-17 for a list of suggested resources to inform your report. component of this task is not
assessed, you may encourage the
You may use relevant images, statistics, graphs, points of view, quotes or students to hand in their rough
captions to support your ideas in your report. You may use your class notes notes or to keep a research log
relating to this topic to assist you. and bibliography to ensure the
You may work individually, in pairs or in groups to collect the required authenticity of their work.
information, but your report will be completed individually.

TASK continued
Focus topic for factory farming report
Love Pigs Not Pork campaign

Legislative change achieved sow stalls banned at the end of 2015.
In 2007 SAFE decided to embark on a single-issue
campaign with the goal to ban the use of sow stalls
(crates used to house pregnant female pigs) in New
Zealand. Animal rights and welfare groups had been
campaigning against the factory farming of pigs in
crates for many years prior to the launch of the Love
Pigs Not Pork campaign and public awareness was
slowly growing. As an animal rights group SAFE tended
to campaign on a number of issues without focusing on
one in particular.
SAFE took the strategic decision in 2007 to work
purposefully towards a sow stall ban. After three
years of intensive campaigning, in December 2010 the
government announced a ban on the use of sow stalls,
effective from December 2015. A five-year phase-out
period allowed farmers to prepare for the ban.
Media
7. How did the animal advocacy
groups engage with the media?
8. What was the medias response
to the Sunday show item in 2009?
9. Do you think the animal advocacy
spokesperson(s) had a strategy
when interviewed by the media?
What was the core message they
were trying to communicate?
10. Research the elements of a
successful interview. Did the
With regard to a social action Collection of Evidence/Exposure animal advocates succeed in
campaign how was this legislative promoting their social action?
change achieved? 4. How was evidence regarding the
inhumane treatment of pigs on Promotion/Advertisements
Consider the following questions factory farms gathered? What
when preparing your report. risks were involved and were they 11. In what ways did the animal
justified? advocates promote their social
The Issue: Sow Stalls action?
5. What kinds of evidence relating
1. Why were animal advocacy to animal cruelty did the animal 12. Which of the promotion
groups concerned about factory advocates collect? Which pieces materials do you think were the
pig farming? of evidence had the most impact most effective and engaging, and
and why? why (e.g. use of celebrities, strong
2. What was the situation for
imagery, identification with one
factory farmed pigs in New 6. What factors do you think animal)?
Zealand during the time of the contributed to Mike Kings
Love Pigs campaign? involvement in the expos
3. What did the animal advocates of factory pig farming on the
want to achieve for pigs? Sunday show in 2009 having such
an impact?

TASK continued
Focus topic for factory farming report continued
Education Call For Action Direct Action (Demonstrations/

13. What kinds of educational 16. In what ways did the animal
Public Protest)
material did the animal advocacy advocacy groups ask the public to 19. What different kinds of direct
groups produce and why? take action? action did the animal advocates
employ?
14. Who was the main audience 17. What kind of language and
(consumers, women, men, school visual strategies did the animal 20. Why do you think the animal
students, elderly people, ethnic advocates use to attract the advocates chose the types of
groups, those with sympathetic public to their cause? direct action they carried out?
values)? Was any effort made to
18. How effective do you think
target the key audience? Mobilisation
the various calls for action
15. How was the information implemented by the animal 21. In what ways did the animal
packaged in order to quickly advocates were? advocates enlist supporters to
engage the audience? the campaign?
22. Who were the animal advocates
directing their actions towards
in order to create change for
animals?

social studies | UNIT STUDY 1 | taking a stand Against Factory Farming | PAGE 7/9 SUGGESTED resources
RESOURCES
SHORT WRITTEN TEXTS Newspapers/Magazines p. 149 The Press.

Let the light shine in.
p. 145 NZPA. Mainlander. Matthews, Philip.
Media Releases Comedian does U-turn on pork. 23 May 2009.
17 May 2009.
p. 139 SAFE.
Comedian Mike King, who used
Mike King latest celebrity
to front the campaign promoting
kingpin to condemn New
pork products, says the callous
Zealand pig cruelty.
and evil practice of crate
May 2009.
farming pigs should be outlawed
Media release announcing the
immediately.
shocking expos of a NZ factory
pig farm by Mike King and the p. 146 NZPA.
Sunday show. Pigs were found Key finds pig probe
to be living in squalid conditions disturbing. 18 May 2009.
with open sores and injuries. Prime Minister John Key says
One pig was dead in her stall. he found television footage of
intensive pig farming very, very
p. 140 SAFE.
disturbing.
Welfare laws fail pigs
miserably. July 2009. p. 147 Manawatu Standard.
Media release criticising the Piggery practice legal but
MAF report that cleared the pig not acceptable. Editorial.
farm featured in the Sunday Cummings, Michael.
expos despite public outrage 20 May 2009. Its been a fantastic week for
and even Prime Minister John animal rights campaigners,
Key declaring that he found who have finally got the public
the programme very, very interested in the welfare of
disturbing. farmed pigs.
p. 141 SAFE. p. 151 The New Zealand Herald.
Consumer ad campaign Writing on the wall for sow
challenges pig industry. stalls. Editorial. 25 May 2009.
July 2010. The Agriculture Minister, David
Media release about the launch Carter, wants to issue a new
The power of publicity may have
of SAFEs new Dont be fooled welfare code for pigs by the
just saved tens of thousands
consumer campaign which end of the year. This, indeed,
of pigs in this country from a
exposed the 100% New Zealand may be necessary to prevent a
tormented life that was only
Welfare Approved Pork label as sizeable drop in the purchase of
ever made possible by the
a fraud. Christmas hams this December.
indifference of the pork industry,
p. 142 SAFE. and the ignorance of everybody p. 152 Rodney Times.
Disturbing new pig cruelty else. Pig farming rules a legal
footage reveals no change to pig cruelty. Opinion. Booth, Pat.
p. 148 The Dominion Post.
welfare. 26 May 2009.
To save your bacon, just add
April 2010. Just about everyones a loser
celebrity. Teleview. Clifton, Jane.
Media release following up in the great pork controversy.
21 May 2009.
on the 2009 pig farm expos. Particularly the pigs. A few
Activists visit Waikato pig farms influential humans look and
and reveal appalling conditions sound unthinking/irresponsible/
and pig suffering on the farms. inhumane in varying degrees.
p. 143 SAFE. p. 153 The New Zealand Herald.
Govt fails to ban factory-farmed Carter gives industry hurry-up
animals. on sow crates. Politics.
November 2010. 21 July 2009.
Media release condemning the Minister says mood of public is
government for deliberately for change before 2015 deadline.
voting against the Animal The pork industry should address
Welfare (Treatment of Animals) consumer concerns about
Amendment Bill that would have animal welfare and reductions
seen sow crates and battery to the length of time sows can
cages banned within five years. It can be hard to credit the brute be kept in dry stalls need to kick
power of the television-created in sooner, Agriculture Minister
p. 144 SAFE.
celebrity greater, it turns out, David Carter says.
Sow stall ban first important
than the power of television
step. NOTE: Page numbers refer to
itself. As TV3s Campbell Live
December 2010.
reminded viewers on Tuesday, Animals in Factory Farms
Media release celebrating the
the now infamous footage of
announcement that the NZ
suffering pigs that TV Ones
Government has banned sow
Sunday programme made so
stalls from 2016. SAFE vows to
much of this week is absolutely
continue campaigning in order
nothing new.
to ban farrowing crates as well.

RESOURCES continued
Written And Visual Texts
Advertisements
p. 186 SAFE.
Your Say Matters! 2010.
Newspaper advertisement and
submission form asking Prime
Minister John Key and NAWAC
to ban sow stalls and farrowing
crates.
p. 187 SAFE. Mail-Out/Campaign Report Postcards
Saving Lucy. October 2008.
p. 195 SAFE. p. 199 SAFE.
Meet Lucy Give Pigs a Chance. Lobbying for Lucy. 2006.
2010. Postcard to Parliament asking
Mail-out to SAFE supporters the Minister to uphold the
asking them to support the Love Animal Welfare Act.
Pigs campaign.
p. 200 SAFE.
p. 196 SAFE. Are Your Customers Fed Up
Campaign Report 2008. 2008. With Pig Cruelty? 2006.
SAFE campaign report Postcard designed for
showcasing SAFE activities, compassionate customers to
victories and campaign updates give to caf managers who sold
Competition designed to (eight pages). factory farmed pork, bacon or
promote the Saving Lucy ham.
television advertisement.
Merchandise
p. 188 SAFE. Posters
p. 197 SAFE.
Finally, this pig has enough
p. 201 SAFE.
room to turn around. May 2009.
Hi! Im. 2008.
SAFE satirical advertisement
SAFE Love Pigs laminated
featured in the NZ Listener food
A4 posters to be worn with
section showing that the only
a pig costume during direct
time a mother pig is able to turn
actions (these were worn on
around is when her life is over
buses, during public events or
and she is reduced to a piece of
anywhere a volunteer thought
bacon in a frying pan.
they could make an impact).
Banners p. 202 SAFE.

Welfare Approved Pork
p. 189 SAFE. Dont be Fooled! 2010.
Ban the Sow Crate. 2006. Poster alerting the public to the
Protest banners. deception involved in the pork
Range of Love Pigs
industrys welfare approved
merchandise. 2007.
Cartoon labelling scheme.
p. 190 Manawatu Standard. Pledge p. 203 SAFE.

Sure, its an inhumane Freedom for Pigs Campaign.
p. 198 SAFE. 2008.
practice, but the farm would be
Take the Pledge Against Pig SAFEs For the love of pigs
uneconomic without it!
Cruelty. 2009. poster series. Four posters
20 May 2009.
Cartoon published in the wake of named: For the love of pigs;
the Sunday expos of inhumane No life for any Mum; Sow stall
pig farming practices. The pig cruelty; and Ways you can help.
farm in question was based in
the Manawatu district. Rescue Pack
p. 204 SAFE.
Leaflet King of Pork Turns Pig
p. 194 SAFE. Defender. Love Pigs Rescue
For the love of pigs. 2007. Pack. 2009.
SAFE campaign leaflet. SAFE special campaign rescue
Pledge form designed to enable pack booklet focusing on the
compassionate customers to Love Pigs campaign. Featuring
give feedback to supermarkets Mike King; pig farming Q&A; the
that sold factory farmed pig true cost of Kiwi pork; and make
meat. a difference take action!
NOTE: Page numbers refer to

Animals in Factory Farms

RESOURCES continued
Visual And Oral Texts On Dvd
Current Affairs (Pigs)

Sunday, TV1 (17 May 2009)
If Pigs Could Talk (Part 1)
(10 min 59 sec)
(7 min 8 sec)
(8 min 36 sec)
Mike King stand-up comic, TV
frontman and previously the face
of the New Zealand pork industry
accuses the industry he once
represented of legalised cruelty to
pigs.
Close Up, TV1 (18 May 2009)
Pork Industry Plunges into Panic
(9 min 57 sec)
Chris Trengrove (Chairman of the
New Zealand Pork Board), Hans Kriek
(Campaigns Director of SAFE) and
Mike King discuss the horrifying
SAFE Inc 2015
conditions the pigs were farmed in,
Victory! Sow stalls ban (2 min 35 sec)
exposed in the If Pigs Could Talk
Sow stalls banned! 3 December
item that aired on the Sunday show
2015 is a date for the history books.
the night before.
Following an expos in 2009 the
Breakfast, TV1 (18 May 2009) public took action and 3 December
Pork Industry Under Fire marked the final day of sow stalls in
(6 min 16 sec) New Zealand a cruel crate where
SAFE campaigns director Hans Kriek mother pigs were confined for
and Mike King discuss the shocking months on end, unable to even turn
footage of pig cruelty screened on around.
the Sunday programme the night
before. Educational Videos
SAFE Inc Love Pigs Campaign 2009
Advertisements/Promotions Factory Farmed Pigs in New Zealand
Aired on New Zealand national The Price of Pork
television 20089 (9 min 46 sec)
Saving Lucy (30 sec) Narrated by award-winning actor
SAFE produced this advert to Robyn Malcolm, the 10-minute
highlight the plight of sows in stalls documentary-styled presentation
in New Zealand. The footage was makes compelling arguments
shot on a New Zealand factory farm against factory farming. Robyn
by animal activists. The extreme takes us through how pregnant
close-up of Lucy shows the despair sows are cruelly treated inside sow
in her eyes, illustrating the fact that stalls and farrowing crates, and just
animals not only suffer physically in what happens to the young piglets
sow stalls but emotionally as well. destined to become pork.
Soundtrack: Wheres the door from This film was produced in 2008
the album Cage for a Song by Flip as part of SAFEs campaign against
Grater. factory pig farming. In 2010 the New
Zealand Government introduced a
Aired on New Zealand national phase-out of sow stalls after SAFEs
television 2009 campaign attracted widespread
Love Pigs supermarket advert with public support. Sow stalls could
Mike King (45 sec) be used for the first four weeks
In support of the Love Pigs campaign of the sows pregnancy and were
against sow crates, SAFE reproduced completely banned in December
and aired this advert on New 2015. Sows continue to suffer in
Zealand television in 2009. farrowing crates, and fattening
pigs can still be kept in barren
overcrowded pens.

SAFE volunteers and activists protest
against the use of sow crates prior to
the 2010 government announcement
to ban sow crates in New Zealand

science | UNIT STUDY 2 | PAGE 1/14 TEACHER GUIDELINES
science | UNIT OF STUDY 2


Investigates life processes and environmental factors that affect them
Normal Behaviour in Factory Farms

Investigate what constitutes normal behaviour in pigs and chickens and how the
confined living environment in factory farms affects these behaviours
TEACHER GUIDELINES
The following guidelines are
carry out valid and consistent
assessment using this internal
assessment resource.
Teachers need to be very familiar
with the outcome being assessed
by Achievement Standard Science
90949. The achievement criteria
and the explanatory notes
contain information, definitions
and requirements that are crucial
when interpreting the standard
CONTEXT/SETTING
and assessing students against it. This activity requires students to investigate two life processes relating to
whether (and how) the restrictive physical environment of a factory farm
manifests in physical, behavioural and psychological issues for animals
confined in cages or crates. The processes that will be investigated are:
Support and movement (physical biological behavioural needs in
particular, the inability to exercise) in mammals and birds. What happens to
the muscles, bones, skin and feathers of mammals and birds when they are
unable to exercise adequately?
Sensitivity (psychological biological needs the suppression of which
can lead to chronic situational depression or adjustment disorder
and stereotypical behaviours) in mammals and birds. What happens
psychologically to mammals and birds when they are not stimulated
socially and emotionally by their living environment?
The task involves practical investigation, interpretation, producing and
labelling biological drawings, and the relating of biological ideas to the
observations and findings.
The animals most typically kept on factory farms are pigs and chickens.
Students may base their findings on these animals or they may undertake a
more generic study of the physical biological behavioural and psychological
biological needs of mammals and/or birds.
Annotated diagrams and drawings can provide some evidence in this
assessment. Note that annotation of a diagram or drawing includes not only
labels to identify component parts but also descriptions of colour, textures
and so on, and explanations of basic behavioural needs, both individually and
together. Hence, annotated diagrams can provide evidence towards Achieved
and Merit. Effective annotation is a skill that needs to be overtly taught and
practised by students during the learning stage.

science | UNIT STUDY 2 | normal behaviour in factory farms | PAGE 2/14 TEACHER GUIDELINES
CONDITIONS
Allocate four to five hours to Students could use their
complete the task. observations and findings from a
fair test investigation carried out for
Investigation of the exercise/
Achievement Standard Biology 90925
social/behavioural requirements
Carry out a practical investigation in
of mammals and birds will take
a biological context, with direction
approximately one hour:
to provide evidence for either task,
Comparative ethograms that as long as it is in the context of the
show the physical differences life processes being investigated for
between long-term confinement Achievement Standard 90949.
and free-roaming situations.
The practical investigations can be
Diagrams that show the physical carried out in pairs, but the written
effects of long-term inactivity part is an individual task. The
(muscle atrophy, lameness, resource-based activities are also
weight gain or loss, pressure to be carried out individually. It is
sores, feather loss, cannibalism, expected that students would have
etc). covered the key ideas about support
and movement and sensitivity in
Charts that describe depressive
mammals and birds as part of their
behaviour (fatigue, lack of energy,
teaching and learning programme.
agitation, slow movements, lack Biological ideas relating to a life
of responsiveness, stereotypic Life processes may be selected process include the following (EN 8):
behaviours). from: support and movement,
structural features of the
reproduction, sensitivity, growth,
Students are required to record organism, such as its organ
excretion, nutrition and gas
observations (from photos and system or tissues as appropriate
exchange. At least two of these
video footage) and write about to the organism
processes must be selected (EN 6).
how confinement in cages and
functioning of the components of
crates impacts, physically and Environmental factors that affect life
any organ system or tissues
psychologically, on the behaviour of processes may be internal or external
mammals and birds. and may include: temperature, pH, identifying the biological
light intensity, photoperiod, moisture processes carried out by the
Students then use their observations,
levels, concentration of gases, organ system or tissues
ethograms and other resources to
hormone levels and nutrient supply
write about each of the life processes environmental factors that affect
(EN 7).
and an environmental factor that the life processes.
affects each (EN 3, 4 and 5).
Students will need access to the Video footage and photographs NOTE: Some resource materials
following resources in order to of pigs and chickens living in free- showing animals in cages and
complete the activity: roaming situations crates may be upsetting to the more
sensitive members of your class.
Internet access Books and articles that describe
the social and behavioural needs
Video footage and photographs
of mammals and birds
of pigs and chickens confined in
crates and cages Ethograms that depict normal
behaviour in mammals and birds.
Investigate life Investigate, in depth, Investigate,
processes and life processes and comprehensively, life
environmental environmental factors processes and environmental
factors that affect that affect them. factors that affect them.
them.

science | UNIT STUDY 2 | PAGE 3/14 student instructions
science | UNIT OF STUDY 2


Investigates life processes and environmental factors that affect them
Normal Behaviour in Factory Farms

Investigate what constitutes normal behaviour in pigs and chickens and how the
confined living environment in factory farms affects these behaviours
INTRODUCTION
NOTE
The debate surrounding the welfare of animals in factory farms has hinged on
The New Zealand Animal Welfare whether or not the animals have the opportunity to display normal patterns of
Act 1999 specifies that, when behaviour (see note at left).
responsible for an animal, people
must provide for their physical, What are the living conditions of chickens and pigs in
health and behavioural needs
factory farms?
by ensuring the animal has the
opportunity to display normal
Colony cage stocking densities
patterns of behaviour.
Must be a minimum of 750cm2 per hen or 13 hens per m2.
Source: Animal Welfare Act 1999,
section 4 Source: Animal Welfare (Layer Hens) Code of Welfare 2012 p. 16
www.legislation.govt.nz/
Colony cage dimensions (see diagram p. 23)
act/public/1999/0142/latest/
DLM50286.html 300cm length 150cm width 45cm height
Retrieved 20 March 2015

Farrowing crate dimensions (see diagram p. 24)
As a result of this debate PIANZ
210-235cm length 70-90cm width 90cm height
(Poultry Industry Association of
New Zealand) has introduced Sow crates were banned from 2016 but farrowing crates remain legal.
a new enriched cage for layer
hens called a colony cage. NOTE: This is the space allocated for the sow only, not sow and piglets.
Source: PigCare Farrowing Assessment May 2011, www.freshporkfarmers.co.nz/
audit/3_farrowing.pdf (retrieved 23 November 2015)

science | UNIT STUDY 2 | normal behaviour in factory farms | PAGE 4/14 student instructions
INTRODUCTION CONTinued
Colony cages and farrowing crates Questions to answer This task requires you to investigate
are legal despite the Animal Welfare two life processes in an animal
What is normal behaviour for
Act specifying that animals need context and the environmental
pigs and chickens?
to have the opportunity to display factors that affect them.
normal patterns of behaviour. How much and what kind of
These are support and movement
physical exercise do pigs and
Scientists are regularly asked to and sensitivity. The environmental
chickens require to remain
weigh into this debate in order to factor is restraint of movement.
healthy?
prove whether or not animal welfare
Support and movement (physical
is compromised in these situations. What kind of temperament does
biological behavioural needs
This task asks you to investigate the animal have (in relation to
in particular, the inability to
whether these two farming systems visual, auditory and sensory
exercise) in mammals and birds.
(colony cages and farrowing crates) stimuli)?
What happens to the physiology
allow hens and pigs to behave
What are the normal home of mammals and birds when they
normally.
ranges of pigs and chickens? are unable to exercise or move
around adequately?
How important (psychologically)
are nest building, dust or mud Sensitivity (psychological
TEACHER note bathing and social relationships biological needs the
Insert time allowances for each to pigs and chickens? suppression of which can lead to
task. Specify the resources being chronic situational depression
What evidence is there that
provided (e.g. ethograms, video or adjustment disorder and
animals placed in extreme
footage and reading texts). stereotypical behaviours) in
confinement suffer from
mammals and birds. What
depression and anxiety?
happens psychologically to
mammals and birds when they
are not stimulated socially
and emotionally by their living
environment?
The practical investigations can be
carried out in pairs but all other
work, including the annotation of
drawings and diagrams, is individual.

Colony Layer Hen Cage Illustration (750cm2 per bird = 150cm x 300cm)
Nest area
Perches
Water supply
Length of cage
300cm Wire floor (sloped)
Egg collector
Feed trough
Scratch pad
Width of cage 150cm

Farrowing Crate Illustration (210cm length, 70cm width, 90cm height)
Metal crate confines sow Feeding trough Water pipe
Wall Concrete floor Slotted floor
Length of crate Plywood

210cm divider
Creep (area where Width of crate 70cm Width of creep

piglets live) 50cm

TASK
There are several parts to this task. Complete all parts.
Investigation of normal behaviour

Use the ethograms provided to collect, record and graph data on normal
behaviours in pigs and chickens. You can use the observational footage
provided on the Animals in Factory Farms DVD.
Behaviour Sampling
Behaviour can be observed in two main ways: physical, relating to movement;
and emotional, in relation to responses and interactions with others and/or
the environment. A physical movement can be restricted or modified due to
environment; an emotional reaction may also occur due to stress or distress
caused by physical or social environments.
All animals have a behavioural repertoire: a set of behaviours that are common
to that animal. These could be grooming, dust bathing, foraging, pecking
or digging. Some behaviours (sleeping) are continuous; others are repeated
sequences (pecking). A series of ethograms has been created for you to use that
contains some of the most common behaviours for hens and pigs. These have
been applied to the two different circumstances for each set of animals (living
outdoors or living inside a factory farm). When collating your data you will be
looking for action patterns. These are series of behaviours that the animal
makes during the observation period. You will be comparing behaviours and
action patterns from the animals living in factory farms with the animals living
outdoors in a more natural setting.
Things to consider are:
the presence or absence of a particular action/activity
how frequently an action/activity occurs
how long an action/activity occurs
whether there are any factors that affect the timing of the action/activity
how intense or apathetic the action/activity is.
PART 1: Collate your data

There are a number of ways you can collate your data.
Examples have been provided of how you can collate
your results. It is possible to do this in a variety of
ways:
Behaviour sampling (conspicuous behaviour
recording) = looking for only one or two kinds of
behaviour. This is useful when looking for rare
behaviours.
Point sampling (instantaneous sampling) = recording
behaviours that happen at regular, predetermined
points in time (e.g. every 15 seconds). This method
can allow a number of activities to be recorded if
numerous individuals are being observed, but can
miss some behaviours.
Period occurrence (one-zero sampling) = recording
behaviours that occur within a set period of time
(e.g. during a ten-minute time period). This method
can also allow a number of activities and individuals
to be observed and can capture rare behaviours.
Depending on the period of time some behaviours
may be missed.

TASK CONTinued
PART 2: Data analysis Observation Footage on DVD Observation Footage on DVD
Use the chi-square test to identify

significant differences between the
behaviours of the animals in factory
farms and those living outdoors.
Non-Caged Hen Non-Crated Pig

Hen at The Animal Sanctuary at Pig at The Animal Sanctuary at
Matakana Matakana
(Raw footage filmed on 11 June (Raw footage filmed on 11 June
2015) 2015)
Footage of a hen called Blue who Footage of a pig called Jose who
lives at The Animal Sanctuary. lives at The Animal Sanctuary.
This footage was filmed over one This footage was filmed over one
day and has been edited into 110 day and has been edited into 110
15-second fragments. 15-second fragments.
(Duration 27 min 44 sec) (Duration 27 min 30 sec)
Observation Footage on DVD Observation Footage on DVD
Caged Hens Crated Pigs

Hens in a New Zealand colony Pigs in farrowing crates on
cage system Blantyre Farms, NSW, Australia
(Raw footage filmed on 28 June (Raw footage filmed in April 2013)
2015) Footage of sows and piglets in
Footage of layer hens in a colony farrowing crates on an Australian
cage on a New Zealand factory factory farm.
farm. This footage was filmed (Duration 22 min 56 sec)
over one day and has been edited
into 84 15-second fragments.
(Duration 24 min 14 sec)
TEACHER note
Students could use their
observations and findings
from a fair test investigation
carried out for Achievement
Standard Biology 90925 Carry
out a practical investigation
in a biological context, with
direction.

Descriptive Ethogram of the Domestic Hen

Table 1. Behaviours that are possible in both cages and outdoors
Behaviour Description
Displace (DP) The bird pushes past another hen and takes her place.
Head flick (HF) The bird remains immobile except for the head moving to the side or up and down; the neck
remains relatively still.
Mounting (MT) The bird climbs onto the back of another bird.
Resting (RT) An apparent sleepy state with eyes closed. Usually performed while sitting but sometimes
while standing.
Ruffling feathers (RF) Action of ruffling or shaking all feathers.
Sitting (SG) The bird remains in a sitting position for at least five seconds.
Standing (ST) The bird remains immobile and erect for at least five seconds.
Table 2. Behaviours that are limited but possible in cages

Avoidance (AV) The bird changes direction in order to avoid another bird.
Lying down (LD) The bird sits or lies down on the ground.
Opening wings (OW) The bird flaps both wings.
Perching (PC) The bird sits or stands on a perch.
Preening (PN) The bird grooms her feathers with her beak.
Stretching (SH) The bird stretches one wing and one leg from the same side.
Walking (WK) The bird walks from one point to another.
Table 3. Behaviours that can be difficult or impossible to carry out in a cage

Bob (BB) The bird repetitively moves the head and neck backwards and forwards (usually while walking
or prior to laying an egg).
Chasing (CH) One bird chases after another in an aggressive manner.
1. Dust bathing (DB) 1. The bird lowers her body into the soil and 2. The bird lowers her body and mimics the
or scratches with her feet to release dust up into movements consistent with dust bathing
2. Sham dust bathing her feathers. She ruffles her feathers and wings (scratching feet and ruffling feathers).
(SDB) at the same time.
1. Foraging (FG) 1. Movement of scratching the ground 2. The bird extends her head towards the
or backwards with her feet in search of food. floor of the cage while standing or sitting so
2. Sham forgaging (SFG) the head cannot be seen. (Note: This could be
some kind of sham foraging behaviour.)
Nesting (NT) The bird retreats to a nesting area to lay an egg.
Running (RN) Movement of the bird between two points at high speed.
Sun bathing (SB) The bird lies on the ground and fans out one of her wings.
Threatening (TH) The bird targets another bird and chases her.
Table 4. Behaviours that can become excessive in cage environments

Drinking (DK) The bird drinks.
Eating (ET) The bird eats.
1. Object peck (OP) 1. The bird pecks at an object in her 2. The bird pecks at any object in the cage
or environment repeatedly that is not food, water, other than food, water, floor or another bird
2. Cage peck (CP) the ground or another bird. (often performed in a repetitive stereotyped
manner).
Pecking (PK) The bird aggressively pecks at any body part of another bird.

Descriptive Ethogram of the Pig

Table 5. Behaviours that are possible in both crates Table 6. Behaviours that are limited but possible in crates
and outdoors
Behaviour Description 1. Exploring (EP) 1. The pig smells 2. The pig smells
Chewing (CW) The pig chews on food. or and touches her and touches her
2. Sham exploring surroundings crate with her
Drinking (DK) The pig drinks.
(SEP) with her nose. nose.
Eating (ET) The pig eats.
Greeting (GR) Gentle touching of snouts or grunt of
Nursing (NG) The sow lies with piglets at her udders. greeting.
Resting (RT) The pig lies still with eyes closed for at Itching (IT) The pig scratches against an object.
least five seconds.
Shakes (SK) The pig shakes her body.
Sitting (SG) The pig remains in a sitting position for
at least five seconds.
Standing (ST) The pig remains immobile and erect for
at least five seconds.
Stretch (SH) The pig stretches.
Yawns (YN) The pig yawns.
Table 7. Behaviours that can be difficult or impossible to carry out in a crate

Behaviour Description Behaviour Description
Chase (CH) One pig chases after another. Nosing (NS) The pig smells a newcomer to
the group.
Communal nesting (CN) Pigs sleep on top of each
other. Playing (PY) The pig plays with other pigs
(non-aggressive ramming with
Fighting (FT) One pig fights with another
head, lifting with snout).
pig (aggressive biting, jumping
on). Rooting (RO) The pig uses her snout to
upturn soil in search of food.
Foraging (FG) The pig searches for food,
sniffing the ground and Running (RN) Movement of the pig between
upturning leaves and soil with two points at high speed.
her snout. Threatening (TH) Dominant pig barks at
Mud bathing (MB) The pig wallows in mud. subordinate pig.
Nest building (NB) The pregnant sow seeks out a Walking (WK) The pig walks from one point
secluded location and builds a to another.
nest from twigs and grass.
Table 8. Behaviours only seen in crate environments

Behaviour Description Behaviour Description
Abnormal Persistent biting of the ear or tail of Food seeking (FS) The pig places her head into empty
behaviour (AB) another pig and bar biting. feeder.
Backing up (BU) The pig backs up into the rear of the Head weaving (HW) The pig repetitively rolls her head
crate. in circles.
Difficult ascent The pig moves awkwardly from Phantom rooting The pig repetitively makes an
(DA) lying to standing in an effort to (PRT) upward movement of her snout
avoid trampling on her piglets or (mimicking the rooting up of soil in
due to leg weakness. search of food).
Difficult descent The pig slowly moves awkwardly Sham chewing (SC) The pig chews on imaginary food
(DD) from standing to lying in an effort source.
to avoid lying on top of her piglets. Unresponsive (UN) The pig is unresponsive to direct
Dog sitting (DS) The pig lies in an abnormal position stimuli.
with her front legs low and
extended and her rump elevated.

Ethogram Results
Table 9. EXAMPLE of results table for domestic hen Table 10. EXAMPLE of results table for domestic pig
behaviour (caged or unconfined) behaviour (crated or unconfined)
AV BB CH CP DB DK DP ET FG HF LD MT NT OP OW PC PK PN RF RN RT SB SDB SFG SG SH ST TH WK
FT GR HW IT MB NB NG NS PRT PY RN RO RT SC SEP SG SH SK ST TH WK UN YN
4
x
x
x
x
3
x
1
x
2
x
x
2
x
x
2
x
1
2
x
x
2
x
1
x
1
x
1
2
x
x
2
x
x
x
1
x
1
x
x
1
3
x
x
x
x
AB BU CH CN CW DA DD DK DS EP ET FG FS
2
x
x
2
x
2
x
x
x
1
Behaviour
2
x
x
2
x
x
Time (min/sec)
1
TOTAL
0.30
0.45
2.30
2.45
0.15
1.30
1.45
2.15
1.15
0
2
1
Behaviour
Place an x at the time the hen displays the coded

2
x
x
behaviour.
NOTE
Time (min/sec)
Select up to four behaviours for each animal.

TOTAL
Expand these results tables to include more time as

2.30
2.45
0.30
0.45
0.15
1.30
1.45
2.15
1.15
necessary.
2
0
Indicate whether the results are from caged, crated or

Place an x at the time the pig displays the coded
unconfined animals.
behaviour.

PART 3: Investigation of animal behaviour

Tabulate your results and draw a graph of behaviour types for crated/caged and
non-crated/caged animals.
Use your graphed data to interpret trends in behaviour.
Explain which behaviours are most prevalent in each situation, and how these
behaviours contribute to the life processes of support and movement and
sensitivity for the animals concerned.
PART 4: Health and well-being

Read the information about the physical and social needs of pigs and chickens
(see recommended reading list on pages 31-32).
Describe the types of behaviour pigs and chickens need on a daily basis to
remain physically and socially healthy.
Explain how the environmental constraint of crates or cages physically and
psychologically impacts on the biological behavioural needs of pigs and
chickens.
PART 5: Normal vs abnormal behaviour

Use your findings to discuss which behaviours are normal and which are
abnormal (maladaptive or malfunctional). Explain the influence of environment
in contributing to these behaviours.
PART 6: Welfare and the law

Imagine you have been asked by the National Animal Welfare Advisory
Committee (NAWAC) to provide scientific evidence on whether farrowing crates
or colony cages meet the requirements of the Animal Welfare Act 1999 in regard
to the opportunity for animals farmed in farrowing crates and colony cages to
display normal patterns of behaviour.
Try to be impartial in regard to the species of animal (coming to the same
conclusion regardless of whether the animal concerned is a pig or a dog, or a
chicken or a kiwi) placed in this environment.
What would your conclusion be in regard to whether farrowing crates and
colony cages meet the requirements of the Animal Welfare Act 1999 in regard to
the animals ability to display normal patterns of behaviour?
EXTENSION EXERCISE
Write a 750-word essay for NAWAC describing how intensive farming
systems (farrowing crates and colony cages) impact physiologically and
psychologically on hens and pigs. Use sources from the reading materials
provided in this textbook to back up your arguments. Provide an ethical
comment on the morality of intensive farming practices.

science | UNIT STUDY 2 | normal behaviour in factory farms | PAGE 13/14 suggested resources
RESOURCES
EXTENDED WRITTEN TEXTS p. 128 Weaver, S.A. and Morris, M.C. VISUAL AND ORAL TEXTS ONline
(2004).
Science, Pigs, and Politics: A
Non-Fiction (extracts from) New Zealand Perspective on the Current Affairs (Layer Hens)
p. 64 Appleby, Michael C., Mench, Joy Phase-Out of Sow Stalls. Campbell Live. Caged colony or free
A. and Hughes, Barry O. (2004). Journal of Agricultural & range eggs do you know what
Poultry Behaviour and Welfare. Environmental Ethics, Vol 17, youre buying?, 7 August 2014, 15 min
Issue 1. 40 sec, accessed 15 September 2016.
p. 67 Broom, D.M. and Fraser, A.F.
www.3news.co.nz/tvshows/
(2007).
Domestic Animal Behaviour and
Report campbelllive/caged-colony-or-free-
range-eggs--do-you-know-what-
Welfare. p. 179 Von Borell, E., Broom, D.M., youre-buying-2014080719
Csermely, D., Dijkhuizen, A.A.,
p. 81 Marchant-Forde, Jeremy N. (ed)
Hylkema, S., Edwards, S.A., Campbell Live. Chickens, eggs,
(2009).
Jensen, P., Madec, F. and colony systems: Whats the big
The Welfare of Pigs.
Stamataris, C. (1997). secret?, 25 July 2011, 7 min 32 sec,
The Welfare of Intensively Kept accessed 15 September 2016.
SHORT WRITTEN TEXTS Pigs. www.3news.co.nz/tvshows/
Report of the Scientific campbelllive/chickens-eggs-
Veterinary Committee. colony-systems-whats-the-big-
Government Publications
secret-2011072520
p. 112 National Animal Welfare
Advisory Committee (NAWAC).
VISUAL AND ORAL TEXTS ON DVD Campbell Live. Video reveals
replacement for battery hen cages
Code of Welfare Layer Hens
in NZ, 19 March 2012, 9 min 3 sec,
(2012). NZ Government. Behavioural Footage
accessed 15 September 2016.
p. 114 National Animal Welfare Colony caged hens (2015) www.3news.co.nz/tvshows/
Advisory Committee (NAWAC). (24 min 14 sec) campbelllive/video-reveals-
Code of Welfare Pigs (2010). replacement-for-battery-hen-cages-
Crated sows (2013)
NZ Government. in-nz-2012031916
(22 min 56 sec)
Journals Outdoor hen (June 2015)

(27 min 44 sec)
p. 121 Webster, A.B. and Hurnik, J.F.
(1990). Outdoor pig (June 2015)
An Ethogram of White Leghorn- (27 min 30 sec)
Type Hens in Battery Cages.
Canadian Journal of Animal Activist Footage
Science, Vol 70, Issue 3.
Farmwatch. Farrowing Crates: A
p. 124 Vieuille-Thomas, C., Le Pape, G. Life of Torment for Pigs
and Signoret, J.P. (1995). (4 min 31 sec) (September 2014).
Stereotypies in pregnant sows:
indications of influence of the SAFE Inc. Footage of an NZ Colony
housing system on the patterns Cage System (1 min 33 sec).
expressed by the animals. Mainland Poultry, Waikouaiti (2012).
Applied Animal Behaviour
Science, Vol 44, Issue 1.

science | UNIT STUDY 2 | normal behaviour in factory farms | PAGE 14/14 suggested resources
OTHER RESOURCES (not in textbook)
SHORT WRITTEN TEXTS
Articles
Grillo, Robert.
Chicken Behaviour: An Overview of
Recent Science.
www.freefromharm.org/chicken-
behavior-an-overview-of-recent-
science/
McCormick Donaldson, Tammy.
Is Boredom Driving Pigs Crazy?
www.webpages.uidaho.edu/
range556/appl_behave/projects/
pigs_ster.html
Conference Paper
Gaston, W., Armstrong, J.B., Arjo, W.
and Stribling, H.L. (2008).
Home Range and Habitat Use of
Feral Hogs (Sus scrofa) on Lowndes Reports Research
County WMA, Alabama. National Species: Pigs.
Conference on Feral Hogs. Humane Society Veterinary Medical
www.ciwf.org.uk/research/species-
www.digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/ Association (HSVMA). HSVMA Report
pigs/
viewcontent.cgi?article= on Gestation Crates (2013).
Retrieved 26 August 2015
1003&context=feralhog www.hsvma.org/assets/pdfs/
hsvma_veterinary_report_ United Poultry Concerns
gestation_crates.pdf Providing a good home for
Journal Retrieved 20 March 2015 chickens.
Arshad, Muhammad Irshad and www.upc-online.org/home.html
Broom, D.M. Statement of Witness
Zakaria, Mohamed (2011). Retrieved 24 March 2015
Professor DM Broom Sows in
Variation in Home Range Size Farrowing Crates (2014).
Exhibited by Red Junglefowl (Gallus www.aussiepigs.com/documents/ VISUAL AND ORAL TEXTS
gallus spadiceus) in Oil Palm Pig%20slaughter%20video%20
Plantation Habitat, Malaysia. Broom.pdf
Pakistan Journal of Zoology, Vol 43(5)
Documentaries
www.djurensratt.se/sites/default/ Real Stories BBC Scotland (July 2010).
files/lund/science.pdf Websites The Private Life of Chickens.
Compassion in World Farming (CIWF) (59 min 2 sec)
Farm Animals. www.youtube.com/
www.ciwf.org.uk/farm-animals/ watch?v=1c06xOF4uQ8
Retrieved 26 August 2015 Retrieved 27 March 2015
Research Real Stories BBC Scotland (May 2015).

Species: Laying hens. The Private Life of Pigs.
www.ciwf.org.uk/research/species- (58 min 37 sec)
laying-hens/ www.youtube.com/watch?v=_
Retrieved 26 August 2015 ixJXruwWOY
Retrieved 2 February 2016

(clockwise) Young pigs in a fattening
pen Layer hens in conventional
battery cages (to be phased out in 2022)
A sow in a farrowing crate nurses
her piglets Cage eggs for sale

biology | UNIT STUDY 3 | PAGE 1/8 TEACHER GUIDELINES
biology | UNIT OF STUDY 3

Year 13 Ncea AS91607 Level 3.7 Credits 3 Duration 3 Weeks

Demonstrates understanding of human manipulations of genetic transfer and its biological implications
Meat Chickens Grow Fast, Die Young

Demonstrate an understanding of how selective breeding and modification of the
expression of existing genes impact on the biological fitness of meat chickens and
the ethical considerations involved
CONTEXT/SETTING
TEACHER GUIDELINES
This activity requires students to produce a presentation/report (with
The following guidelines are accompanying visual aids as appropriate) discussing the human manipulation
supplied to enable teachers to of genetic transfer i.e. selective breeding and modification of the expression
carry out valid and consistent of existing genes of chickens raised for meat (which could include embryo
assessment using this internal selection, animal breeding, compromised physiological function, resource
assessment resource. allocation theory, phenotypes and single-nucleotide polymorphism).
Teachers need to be very familiar Students need to cover both the human manipulations (selective breeding
with the outcome being assessed and modification of the expression of existing genes) and two of the biological
by Achievement Standard Biology implications (genetic biodiversity, health or survival of individuals, survival
91607. The achievement criteria of populations, evolution of populations and metabolic diseases) in order to
and the explanatory notes demonstrate sufficient understanding at this level.
contain information, definitions
and requirements that are crucial Suitable assessment formats include a report, a PowerPoint presentation or
when interpreting the standard a speech to an appropriate audience. In these formats, students may need
and assessing students against it. to submit more supporting evidence on the human manipulation of meat
chickens and resulting biological implications to meet the requirements of the
achievement criteria.
CONDITIONS
It is suggested that this assessment will take approximately three weeks of in-
class and out-of-class time. Adjust this to suit your students. Students must be
allowed sufficient time to demonstrate their understanding at this level since
the manipulations and implications are in a state of continual development.
Students work independently and are assessed individually.

biology | UNIT STUDY 3 | Meat Chickens Grow Fast, Die Young | PAGE 2/8 TEACHER GUIDELINES
The information students use to complete this activity can be obtained from
a variety of sources (e.g. the internet, teaching notes, practical investigations,
guest speakers, field trips, reference resource material supplied).
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Conditions of assessment related to
this achievement standard can be
found at:
www.tki.org.nz/e/community/ncea/
conditions-assessment.php
Students will need to have background
knowledge of:
the basic principles of gene
expression, gene technology,
genetic engineering and genetic
modification
techniques used in gene technology
(e.g. restriction enzymes, ligation,
polymerase chain reaction,
electrophoresis, tissue culture, DNA
sequencing)
an understanding of the ethics
relating to gene technology.
A selection of resources on selective
breeding and modification of the
expression of existing genes of meat
chickens accompanies this lesson.
Students may also choose to discuss
ethical considerations associated with
selective breeding and its biological
implications.
Farmwatch
Demonstrate Demonstrate in-depth Demonstrate comprehensive
understanding understanding of understanding of human
of human human manipulations of manipulations of genetic
manipulations of genetic transfer and its transfer and its biological
genetic transfer biological implications. implications.
and its biological
implications.

biology | UNIT STUDY 3 | PAGE 3/8 student instructions
biology | UNIT OF STUDY 3


Demonstrates understanding of human manipulations of genetic transfer and its biological implications
Meat Chickens Grow Fast, Die Young

Demonstrate an understanding of how selective breeding and modification of the
expression of existing genes impact on the biological fitness of meat chickens and
the ethical considerations involved
INTRODUCTION
There is one animal that far outweighs any other in regard to human
consumption the chicken. In New Zealand alone we factory farm three million
layer hens and 100 million meat chickens per year. Globally over 70 billion
poultry are slaughtered annually for meat and egg production (chickens make
up more than 90% of all land animals slaughtered).1
Chickens have been selectively bred since the 1950s to meet the growing
pressures from a society that demands cheap meat and eggs. Producers push
the chickens bodies harder and harder each year to create a profitable chicken
that lays more, weighs more, grows faster and consumes less. The biological
TEACHER NOTE implications of this intensity of selective breeding and modification of the
expression of existing genes are immense, and most dramatically evident in
Select a time frame that ensures meat chickens. Poultry expert Professor John Webster describes our selective
students have enough time breeding of meat chickens as the single most severe, systematic example of
to complete the assessment. mans inhumanity to another sentient animal.2
Specify a due date and milestone
points to monitor progress. This assessment activity requires you to produce a presentation/report that
discusses the human manipulation of genetic transfer in meat chickens,
For example: You have [insert the biological implications of selective breeding and modification of the
length of time] in which to expression of existing genes for these birds, and the ethical considerations
complete drafts and a final associated with this practice.
version of your presentation/
report. Your research material, You will be assessed on the comprehensiveness of your report and the extent to
including annotations and notes, which you link the biological ideas about selective breeding and modification
will be available for you to use of the expression of existing genes of meat chickens with the biological
when writing the presentation/ implications and ethical considerations.
report. At the end of each period Working individually, you have approximately three weeks of in-class and out-
you will be required to hand in of-class time to write your presentation/report.
all researched material and all
versions of the project. A selection of resources on selective breeding and modification of the
expression of existing genes of meat chickens accompanies this lesson. You can
You may allow your students to also discuss ethical considerations associated with selective breeding and its
conduct the preliminary research biological implications.
in groups prior to individually
writing their final presentation. 1. United Poultry Concerns www.upc-online.org/slaughter/92704stats.htm (retrieved 7 April 2015)
2. Webster, J. Animal Welfare: Limping towards Eden (2005)

biology | UNIT STUDY 3 | Meat Chickens Grow Fast, Die Young | PAGE 4/8 student instructions
Zuidhof, M.J., Schneider, B.L., Carney, V.L., Korver, D.R. and Robinson, F.E. Growth, efficiency, and yield of commercial broilers from 1957, 1978, and 2005.
Poultry Science 93:1-13 (2014). Reproduced with permission of Oxford University Press.

TASK
Farmwatch Farmwatch
Follow the steps outlined below to
prepare a presentation/report.
Research the way that humans
manipulate genetic transfer, the
biological implications of these
manipulations and the ethical
considerations in regard to meat
chickens.
The following headings will help you
frame your research. Within these
headings consider the following
subjects: 3. Biological implications NOTE: The following aspects of meat
chicken production could impact
1. Selective breeding of meat Genetic biodiversity
on both biological implications and
chickens
Health or survival of individuals ethical considerations
Embryo selection
Skeletal disorders Behavioural deprivation (lack of
Animal breeding enrichment)
Lameness
Phenotypic traits (e.g. breast Litter quality
Hunger
weight)
Stocking density
Pain and suffering
Inbreeding.
Air quality
Contact dermatitis (foot
(Some traits chicken producers are
burn through contact with Transport and collection
manipulating include growth rate,
ammonia soaked litter) techniques.
muscle yield, skeletal conformation
and feed efficiency) Survival of populations
2. Modification of the expression of Evolution of populations
existing genes
Metabolic diseases
SNP (single-nucleotide
Sudden death syndrome
polymorphism)
Ascites.
Homozygotes vs heterozygotes &
heterosis 4. Ethical considerations
Genotypes Pain and suffering
Genetic markers. Sentience.

WRITE THE PRESENTATION/REPORT

Produce a written presentation/report that discusses Explain the biological implications of each
selective breeding, modification of the expression of manipulation, such as the impact on:
existing genes and the biological implications associated
Genetic biodiversity
with each human manipulation for meat chickens.
Health or survival of individuals (mortality rates)
Include a section outlining the ethical considerations
(lameness) (hunger) (pain and suffering) (contact
associated with selective breeding and modification of the
dermatitis) (skeletal disorders)
expression of existing genes of the commercial farming of
meat chickens. Survival of populations
In your presentation/report: Evolution of populations
Outline the biological ideas to explain how humans Metabolic diseases (sudden death syndrome)
manipulate genetic transfer in selective breeding and (ascites).
modification of the expression of existing genes of
Discuss the ethical considerations of manipulating
meat chickens:
meat chickens in this way:
1. Selective breeding
Pain and suffering
Embryo selection
Sentience
Animal breeding
Behavioural deprivation (lack of enrichment).
Phenotypic traits (e.g. breast weight)
Link the biological ideas about each manipulation
Inbreeding. to at least two biological implications and ethical
considerations of selective breeding and modification
(Some traits chicken producers are manipulating
of the expression of existing genes. The linking of
include growth rate, muscle yield, skeletal
ideas will involve comparing and contrasting aspects
conformation and feed efficiency)
of the manipulations.
2. Modification of the expression of existing genes
Support your researched information with diagrams
SNP (single-nucleotide polymorphism) or models to illustrate concepts or other visual
representations as appropriate.
Homozygotes vs heterozygotes & heterosis
A written copy of your assignment with visual aids
Genotypes
and supporting information must be handed in for
Genetic markers. assessment.
Farmwatch

biology | UNIT STUDY 3 | Meat Chickens Grow Fast, Die Young | PAGE 7/8 suggested resources
RESOURCES
Farmwatch
SHORT WRITTEN TEXTS p. 138 Siegel, P.B., Dodgson, J.B. and Reports
Andersson, L.
Progress from Chicken Genetics p. 157 American Society for the
Conference Paper to the Chicken Genome. Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
Poultry Science 85(12):2050-2060 (ASPCA).
p. 111 Sneddon, L.U. and Gentle, M.J.
Pain in Farm Animals. (2006).
Research Consortium
Sustainable Production (2001). Newspapers/Magazines
p. 154 Bekoff, Marc.
Industry Publication
p. 118 Hardiman, John.
Route to greater speed and
accuracy in breed progress.
Cobb Focus (2006).
Journals A Growing Problem Selective

Breeding in the Chicken
p. 132 Zuidhof, M.J., Schneider, B.L.,
Industry: The Case for Slower
Carney, V.L., Korver, D.R. and
Growth (2015).
Robinson, F.E.
p. 162 University of Nevada-Reno:
Department of Animal
Biotechnology.
Rauw, Wendy (ed).
Resource Allocation Theory
Applied to Farm Animal
Animals are conscious and Production.
should be treated as such. CABI (2008).
New Scientist, Issue 2883,
Comment (22 September 2012). p. 164 Turner, Jacky, Garcs, Leah and
Smith, Wendy.
p. 156 MacKenzie, Debora. The Welfare of Broiler Chickens
Chicken genome plucked bare in the European Union.
Growth, efficiency, and yield of
by inbreeding. Compassion in World Farming
commercial broilers from 1957,
New Scientist, Daily News Trust (2005).
1978, and 2005.
(4 November 2008).
Poultry Science (2014). p. 169 Webster, Jim, Cameron,
p. 134 Morris, M.C. Catherine and Rogers, Andrea.
The Ethics and Politics of Survey of Lameness in New
Animal Welfare in New Zealand: Zealand Meat Chickens.
Broiler Chicken Production as a Ministry for Primary Industries
Case Study. (2013).
Journal of Agricultural & p. 174 Hiemstra, Sipke and Napel, Jan.
Environmental Ethics22(1):15-30 Study of the Impact of Genetic
(2009). Selection on the Welfare of
Chickens Bred and Kept for
Meat Production.
IBF International Consulting
(2013).

biology | UNIT STUDY 3 | Meat Chickens Grow Fast, Die Young | PAGE 8/8 suggested resources
RESOURCES continued
VISUAL AND ORAL TEXTS ONLINE RESOURCES Report

ON DVD Compassion in World Farming Trust
Articles (CIWF)
Educational Video The Life of: Broiler chickens (2013)
Day, Cheryl
www.ciwf.org.uk/media/5235306/
Compassion in World Farming Yielding more chicken without
The-life-of-Broiler-chickens.pdf
(CIWF) growth enhancers
Retrieved 8 April 2015
Live Fast Die Young The Story of Feedstuffs Foodlink (Oct 2014)
the Broiler Chicken www.feedstuffsfoodlink.com/story-
(7 min 58 sec) (May 2007) yielding-more-chicken-without- Websites
growth-enhancers-0-119150
CBC News
Retrieved 31 August 2016
Activist Footage Chickens are 4 times bigger today
Zhai, Wei and Wells, Jessica than in 1950s (2014)
Farmwatch Why the Rapid Growth Rate in www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/
Chicken growth Todays Chickens? chickens-are-4-times-bigger-today-
(25 sec) (Aug 2013) Mississippi State University (2012) than-in-1950s-1.2792628
(Chicken growth over 1-5 weeks on a www.thepoultrysite.com/ Retrieved 5 April 2016
farm in New Zealand) articles/2699/why-the-rapid-growth-
Charles, Dan
Farmwatch rate-in-todays-chickens/
Why Whole Foods Wants A Slower-
Vigil for chickens raised for meat Retrieved 31 August 2016
Growing Chicken
(6 min 2 sec) (Aug 2013) The salt: Whats on Your Plate
SAFE
Journal (30 Mar 2016)
Meat chickens on New Zealand www.npr.org/sections/
Broom, D.M.
farm (1 min 50 sec) (Dec 2012) thesalt/2016/03/30/472167748/
Considering animals feelings:
why-whole-foods-wants-a-slower-
Prcis of Sentience and animal
growing-chicken#
welfare
Animal Sentience 2016005. (2016)
www.animalstudiesrepository.org/ SAFE
animsent/vol1/iss5/1/ Factory Farming: Meat Chickens
Retrieved 5 April 2016 SAFE Inc
www.safe.org.nz/issue/factory-
farming-meat-chickens
Farmwatch

(clockwise) Baby chicks
facing an unhappy future
A lame chicken on a
meat production farm in
New Zealand Heavily
crowded conditions in a New
Zealand meat chicken shed

english | UNIT STUDY 4 | PAGE 1/12 TEACHER GUIDELINES
english | UNIT OF STUDY 4


Uses information literacy skills to form developed conclusion(s) about a factory farming topic
Unlocking Factory Farms

Use information literacy skills to complete an inquiry and form developed
conclusions on the factory farming of animals
CONTEXT/SETTING
TEACHER GUIDELINES
This activity requires students to complete an inquiry into a topic linked to a
The following guidelines are written, visual or oral text relating to the factory farming of animals.
carry out valid and consistent The purpose of the inquiry is to give students a context through which to
assessment using this internal demonstrate their information literacy skills and the formation of developed,
assessment resource. convincing and perceptive conclusions from their investigation.
Teachers need to be very familiar For this assessment the context for the inquiry is factory farming of animals.
with the outcome being assessed Factory farming is a topic which crosses multiple subject areas that can be
by Achievement Standard investigated individually or in regard to how they interrelate:
English 91105. The achievement Biological relating to the animals on factory farms (physical and
criteria and the explanatory psychological deprivation).
notes contain information,
Economic relating to the economic justifications for factory farming
definitions and requirements
(affordable for the public, profitable for the producer).
that are crucial when
interpreting the standard and Legal relating to the legislation that protects or (in the case of factory
assessing students against it. farming) fails animals.
Political relating to the differing political opinions on
factory farming.
Cultural relating to the differing opinions within
society (farmers, producers, media, politicians,
activists, the general public, academics, artists).
Linguistic relating to the jargon/language used by
farmers and producers, the general public and animal
activists.
Underpinning all of these social issues is the question of
ethics (which is elaborated on in the Student Instructions).
Over the past 20 years the opposition to factory farming
in New Zealand and overseas has gained momentum. This
is likely to be due to a range of factors: a better scientific
understanding of the psychological and physical needs
of animals; the rise of the animal rights movement;
exposure of what happens on factory farms (as a result of
technological advances such as the internet and YouTube);
and political pressure internationally to improve animal
welfare conditions and legislation.
A wide range of texts is available on this topic and a
selection has been provided with this lesson.
NOTE: Students are not limited to this selection, but self-
chosen texts may need to be approved.

english | UNIT STUDY 4 | Unlocking Factory Farms | PAGE 2/12 TEACHER GUIDELINES
CONDITIONS RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS

This is an individual activity. As part of your class Students will select their own texts relating to the issue
programme, you will model key parts of the inquiry process of factory farming as part of their inquiry. These texts may
with students to ensure they are aware of the need to be written, oral and/or visual. A range of texts on factory
focus on the process. You will also model the process farming is available in this textbook.
of integrating existing knowledge with new learning to
Access to opinion writing (columnists and editorials),
create new ideas and knowledge and to form developed
recording equipment, computers, the library and
conclusions from this knowledge.
information technologies is required.
You will guide students through the inquiry on a factory
farming related issue. Acceptable guidance would ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
be teaching interventions focused on revisiting the
development of information literacy skills at critical points The mode in which students present their conclusions may
in the process. be assessed against other standards such as writing and
oral presentation standards. Wherever such integration
Students are expected to form questions independently between different parts of the programme occurs,
and then to seek, locate, select, record and evaluate teachers must ensure that the work presented for each
information themselves. It is also essential that students assessment is developed sufficiently in order to meet
express new understandings independently. In other the criteria for each standard. In all such cases, teachers
words, the understandings expressed in the final product should refer closely to each relevant standard including
must be the students own work. See the Conditions of the explanatory notes and the Conditions of Assessment
Assessment guidelines for comments on developing guidelines.
and practising the skills required, use of modelling and
scaffolded practice, assembling evidence, and independent The assessment activity is based around the concept of
student work. guided inquiry: www.cissl.rutgers.edu/guided_inquiry/
introduction.html
Ensure that students lead the process of their individual
inquiry. Students may collect information in and out of Useful websites to use with students to scaffold the
class time. Students can reframe their inquiry questions, teaching of information literacy skills include:
if required, as part of the process. You will need to www.lib.colostate.edu/tutorials/share/
oversee the process, including implementing checkpoint www.readwritethink.org
procedures, to ensure authenticity of students work.
Research notes, including the data evaluation and self- EPIC: www.tki.org.nz/r/epic [school user name and
evaluation charts, could be checked during the process. password needed]
INNZ: www.tki.org.nz/e/tki/innz [school user name and
Students can present their findings in written, oral or
password needed].
visual form.
The student uses information literacy The student uses information literacy The student uses information literacy
skills to form developed conclusion(s) skills to form convincing developed skills to form perceptive developed
about a factory farming topic by: conclusion(s) about a factory farming conclusion(s) about a factory farming
framing the inquiry around an topic by: topic by:
issue discussed in a published framing the inquiry around an issue framing the inquiry around an issue
piece of writing discussed in a published piece of discussed in a published piece of
selecting and using appropriate writing writing
strategies for locating and selecting and using appropriate selecting and using appropriate
processing information strategies for locating and strategies for locating and
evaluating the reliability and processing information processing information
usefulness of the selected evaluating the reliability and evaluating the reliability and
information in relation to the usefulness of the selected usefulness of the selected
inquiry information in relation to the information in relation to the
creating and building conclusions inquiry inquiry
based on information gathered creating and building reasoned creating and building insightful
in the inquiry. Conclusion(s) may and clear conclusions based and/or original conclusions based
include the expression of an on information gathered in the on information gathered in the
opinion or judgement, reaching a inquiry. Convincing conclusion(s) inquiry. Perceptive conclusion(s)
decision or suggesting a solution. may include the expression of an may include the expression of an
All conclusions must be linked to opinion or judgement, reaching a opinion or judgement, reaching a
the purpose of the inquiry. decision or suggesting a solution. decision or suggesting a solution.
All conclusions must be linked to All conclusions must be linked to
the purpose of the inquiry. the purpose of the inquiry.

english | UNIT STUDY 4 | PAGE 3/12 student instructions
english | UNIT OF STUDY 4


Uses information literacy skills to form developed conclusion(s) about a factory farming topic
Unlocking Factory Farms

Use information literacy skills to complete an inquiry and form developed
conclusions on the factory farming of animals
INTRODUCTION Factory farming overview

This assessment activity requires you to carry out an Factory farms first appeared in the 1950s. Pig and chicken
independent inquiry into the ideas behind an article producers borrowed ideas and systems developed during
relating to the factory farming of animals. You will gather the industrial revolution. The assembly line, which
information and ideas from a range of sources in order to was first developed in the early 1900s to mass-produce
draw and present developed conclusions. cars (then adapted by the slaughterhouse to kill and
disassemble animals), was applied to factory farming.
You are going to be assessed on how you use information
Animals already part of the slaughterhouse assembly
literacy skills to form perceptive conclusions about the
line were taken indoors and mechanised into units of
topic of your selected article. Your conclusion(s) need to
production.
be based on the information you have gathered and must
be clearly connected to the purpose of the inquiry. You Chickens and pigs were treated to a new style of farming
can express your conclusion(s) as opinions, judgements or inside large, windowless sheds. There is not a speck
possible decisions. of grass or ray of sunlight to be seen. This reality is far
removed from storybook ideas of farming and no doubt
The following instructions provide you with a way to
inspired the dystopian movie The Matrix in which humans
structure your work to demonstrate what you have learnt
are farmed as energy units.
and allow you to achieve success in this standard.
The factory farmer is an expert in automated lighting
Factory farming is a term used to describe the
and feeding, and genetic manipulation and egg collection
industrialised commercial farming of animals.
systems. Animal welfare is a secondary concern.
Thousands of layer hens and hundreds of pigs are
typically confined in cages or crates, while millions of
teacher Note
meat chickens live out their short lives in densely packed
Read the student instructions and modify them if broiler sheds. This mass production system is focused on
necessary to suit your students. maximising egg and meat production at minimum cost
and maximum profit to the corporation.
The animals most commonly factory farmed are chickens
and pigs. Globally over 70 billion poultry are farmed and
killed each year for their meat and eggs1 (broken down,
thats 192 million chickens per day eight million per hour)
and over 900 million pigs.2
New Zealand factory farms around 100 million meat
chickens, three million layer hens and 30,000 sows in
farrowing crates each year.
For decades the public were not aware of the conditions
animals on factory farms lived in but in the 1970s, with
the rise of the animal rights movement, questions started
to be asked and the treatment of animals exposed. In
New Zealand, animal advocacy groups started to actively
campaign on the issue of factory farming in the 1990s and
continue to do so today.
1. United Poultry Concerns www.upc-online.org/slaughter/92704stats.htm
(retrieved 7 April 2015)
2. Livestock production: recent trends, future prospects. The Royal
Society Publishing 2010 www.rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/
content/365/1554/2853 (retrieved 14 April 2015)

english | UNIT STUDY 4 | unlocking factory farms | PAGE 4/12 student instructions
TASK
You need to meet the checkpoints set by your teacher during your study.
PART 1: Choose a factory farming topic

Read through a range or articles, editorials, columns Underpinning all of these social issues is the question of
and/or feature articles about the factory farming of ethics:
animals.
Is it ethical to farm animals in conditions that
See the suggested resources on pages 54-56. deprive them of some of the most basic physical
and psychological requirements for a fulfilling and
The topic of factory farming touches on a range of social
meaningful life (and that contravene the protections
issues that can be investigated in this assessment:
afforded to them by law)?
Biological relating to the animals on factory farms
Should economic considerations (for producers and
(physical and psychological deprivation).
consumers) take precedence over the suffering of
Economic relating to the economic justifications for animals in factory farms?
factory farming (affordable for the public, profitable
Is our legal system capable of, or willing to, protect the
for the producer).
most vulnerable and heavily exploited species in our
Legal relating to the legislation that protects or (in society?
the case of factory farming) fails animals.
How do politicians prioritise animal welfare against
Political relating to the differing political opinions on the societal, legal, economic and commercial elements
factory farming. of factory farming?
Cultural relating to the differing opinions within What kinds of opinion do different sectors of society
society (farmers, producers, media, politicians, have about factory farming (consumers, producers,
activists, the general public, academics, artists). animal activists, politicians)?
Linguistic relating to the jargon/language used by In what ways does the use of language influence our
farmers and producers, the general public and animal attitude towards animals? For example, producers
activists. on factory farms refer to animals as products while
animal activists refer to them as beings.

TASK continued
PART 2: Frame your inquiry PART 4: Develop your conclusions

Identify and record the facts and opinions expressed in Using the information you have gathered, form perceptive,
the example you have selected. developed conclusions related to the purpose of your
inquiry and the original source article. To do this, you need
Draw on your own knowledge, as well as the knowledge
to create new ideas/knowledge/understandings based on
of others, to build your background understanding of the
the information you have found.
issue.
You could do this by: expressing an opinion, questioning
Formulate effective key questions to help you explore and
or challenging ideas, making a judgement after weighing
draw conclusions about the focus of your inquiry.
the value of evidence from different sources or different
points of view, reaching a decision, suggesting a solution
PART 3: Select and use appropriate strategies
and/or making recommendations for the future.
to locate and process information
Skim and scan a range of other texts/sources for relevant PART 5: Present the results of your inquiry
material about your key questions.
Present your findings in written, oral or visual form, or use
Make notes of key information and evaluate the a combination of these methods. You can use presentation
information you have gathered (i.e. how useful and/or software to create illustrations, diagrams or video to
accurate it is). Make sure you reference your sources. support your work. Ensure that your final presentation
includes:
teacher Note detailed evidence that you have used key information
literacy skills
See page 50 for an example of a data chart for
students to use when gathering and evaluating their references for all gathered information
information. evidence that your conclusions are based on gathered
Support students to choose a suitable format for their information
final presentation so they can work within their areas developed, perceptive conclusions for all your key
of strength. questions.
See pages 51-53 Guidelines about your process for some
ideas about how you might carry out these steps.

EXAMPLE OF A DATA CHART (from Animals & Us: Battery Hen Farming in New Zealand p.46)
Key questions
What words and terms What effects do these How are these ways of using
are used in reference to words have on attitudes to language challenged by
battery hen farming? the birds in battery farms? opponents of battery hen
Date Sources farming?
Peter Singer, Animal Hen described by poultry Industrial farming views
Liberation, 2nd edn, industry leader as an egg animals as resources rather
Thorsons, 1991 production machine than as living beings
Jeffrey Masson, The People seem to feel Argue that referring to chickens
Pig Who Sang to the uncomfortable using as he or she rather than it
Moon, Ballantine, he or she to refer to a would remind us that these are
2003 chicken birds with individual sensations
and feelings
Jeffrey Masson, The Gives example of the all purpose
Pig Who Sang to the insult birdbrain implies
Moon, Ballantine, chickens are too unintelligent to
2003 be worthy of concern
Jeffrey Masson, The End-of-lay and spent Neutral-sounding term
Pig Who Sang to the hen as the terms for functions as a euphemism:
Moon, Ballantine, chickens that are no obscures the fact that
2003 longer regular egg these birds are slaughtered
producers although they are still
relatively young
Animal Welfare Act Key terms: normal Examples of terms that can
1999; Karen Peterson patterns of behaviour, be understood in different
and Anthony Terry, good practice, scientific ways: poultry industry
SAFE Submission on knowledge and animal advocates will
Draft 10 of the Animal argue about their meaning
Welfare (Layer Hens)
Code of Welfare 2002
Michael Morris, Life Public concerns Debate about what the
in a Cage: Science about battery hen term scientific actually
Say Chooks Should farming dismissed as means in the context of
Run Free, Organic unscientific battery hen debates
NZ, January/February
2005
Hans Kriek, media a life of hell and Such phrases are used to
release: Minister continued abuse counter the euphemistic jargon
Challenged over of battery hen industry
Abusive Battery Hen
and Pig Codes
Behind Bars, 60 Phrases used on Obscures the treatment of Challenge to label eggs in ways
Minutes, 1993; TV packaging of eggs: the birds that produced the that make clear whether they
current affairs item Happy Hens, Country eggs are from free-range or battery
Fresh, Farm Fresh hens
A data chart is a useful way of organising material you have selected as you prepare to write your report.
Evaluation
Look back at the information you have assembled.
Have you kept to your topic? Have any issues or questions arisen from your
Have you answered your key questions? investigation which you should mention in your
report?
Should you adapt any key questions, given the nature
of the information you have found?
Have some resources been more useful than others?

Guidelines about your process
Information literacy skills Choosing your topic

Information literacy skills include: The Animals in Factory Farms Examples of possible factory farming
textbook provides a range of topics include:
framing your inquiry, identifying
material about the factory farming of
the area for investigation and Text: Bleating Hearts: The Hidden
animals. Other useful sources include
posing questions World of Animal Suffering by
newspapers, magazines, databases,
Mark Hawthorne
understanding and using online articles and libraries.
Topic: Exploring animal sentience
keyword strategies
The issue on which you finally decide and the ethics of farming animals
finding information from a range to base your inquiry needs to have for food
of sources enough scope to allow you to find a
Text: Chicken by Annie Potts
range of information or viewpoints
using scanning and skimming Topic: Considering the evolution
about it. By choosing an issue that is
to select relevant resources and of factory farming and the pain
controversial and supports several
information, and making notes and suffering of animals in
viewpoints, you will have a richer
factory farms
evaluating the reliability of your source of material from which to
sources and information. form your perceptive developed Text: Animal Law in Australasia
conclusions. edited by Peter Sankoff, Steven
White and Celeste Black
Topic: Considering animal welfare
law and factory farming
Text: Dominion: The Power of
Man, the Suffering of Animals,
and the Call to Mercy by Matthew
Scully
Topic: The balance of power
between human and non-human
animals
Text: In Defense of Animals: The
Second Wave edited by Peter
Singer
Topic: Exploring the treatment of
animals as living machines.
Examples of other current topics
which could be the subject of an
investigation include:
economics vs animal welfare
political attitudes towards
factory farming
public opinions of factory
farming.
Once you have selected an article
and decided on the issue for your
investigation, you can embark on the
inquiry process.

Guidelines about your process continued
Framing your inquiry Selecting and using Investigate keyword refining

appropriate strategies strategies. For example, list six
You may already have some
to locate and process combinations of keywords or search
information from your text that is
information items that you could use to search
relevant.
for information to answer your key
Build background knowledge by Your key questions need to show questions.
skimming and scanning a few evidence that you understand
effective questions. For example, Search for information using your
sources that may be used in your
questions should be open and key questions in at least six different
research.
unbiased, and invite interpretation sources.
Discuss your chosen topic with rather than recall. You must select the sources and they
friends and family to see what views
Examples of questions that look at may be selected from written, oral
they have.
the how and why of an issue or that and/or visual texts. You should use at
Write out the points of view you have consider the extent of something, least two different types of source.
collated. based on the proposition (such as Possible sources could include:
Be careful to identify the difference Activism on behalf of animals kept in books in the school library
between a statement and a question factory farms is needed if our society
articles in databases accessible
while researching your topic and is to make positive and effective
through the school library, such
framing your inquiry. change for animals in the future),
as EPIC and INNZ
could include:
Examples of a statement and a
material on the internet
question using the An activists How does animal activism help
experience of social action animal animals in factory farms? current or archived reviews
activism against factory farming What conditions on factory farms archived magazines, which
topic: cause the most pain and suffering may be available in the schools
Activism on behalf of animals kept for animals? information file
in factory farms is needed if our Why do animal activists need DVDs of documentaries or film
society is to make positive and to campaign to help animals in adaptations of the text
effective change for animals in the factory farms?
future. (statement) an interview with someone who
In what ways is our society failing has knowledge of your topic or an
How does animal activism help animals in factory farms? opinion relevant to your topic.
animals in factory farms? (question)
You may need to change your
questions later or modify them in
some way. Think of the order of your
questions too. Some naturally come
before others.

Guidelines about your process continued

Skimming and scanning means that Self-evaluation checking Presenting the results of
you: your steps your inquiry
choose other texts which are also Use a check method to confirm that You can present your findings in
likely to have useful information you have provided evidence to your written, oral or visual form. Ask your
to answer at least one of your teacher of all the steps in the inquiry teacher for guidance.
questions process.
Make sure that the steps of your
highlight or make notes about Your teacher may provide some inquiry process and your developed
relevant ideas, words and phrases examples to guide you. Your teacher conclusions are evident. Whichever
as you scan. will check your self-evaluation. method you choose, you must show
You could draw up an information that you have:
organiser to record the results of framed your inquiry
your inquiry.
developed questions to explore
Assess how useful and/or accurate your focus area
your information is. You could draw
up a chart and record evidence of the used information literacy skills
evaluation of your sources and the effectively
information you have found. Your presented developed
teacher may provide an example to conclusions.
guide you.
Examples of how you might present
your developed conclusions include:
Written form: research report,
letter to the author/director, blog,
wiki.
Oral form: speech to your class
supported with computer-aided
display, seminar presentation,
podcast, radio programme.
Visual form: poster combining
visual and written text, use of
computer program such as Prezi,
film, multimedia text.

english | UNIT STUDY 4 | unlocking factory farms | PAGE 10/12 SUGGESTED resources
RESOURCES
Short Written Texts VISUAL AND ORAL TEXTS

Students may use texts from
ON DVD
other units of Animals & Us Issue
Blog
5: Animals in Factory Farms
p. 110 SAFE. Educational Videos
Colony Cage Con (2014) SAFE Inc Love Pigs Campaign
EXTENDED WRITTEN TEXTS (19 Nov 2009)
Journal Factory Farmed Pigs in New Zealand
The Price of Pork (9 min 46 sec)
Non-Fiction (extracts from) p. 120 Loveridge, Alison. Narrated by award-winning actor
Changes in Animal Welfare Robyn Malcolm, the 10-minute
p. 77 Hawthorne, Mark.
Views in New Zealand: documentary-styled presentation
Responding to Global Change. makes compelling arguments
Society & Animals (2013) against factory farming. Robyn
takes us through how pregnant
Newspapers sows are cruelly treated inside sow
stalls and farrowing crates, and just
(texts from Unit 1)
what happens to the young piglets
p. 147 Manawatu Standard destined to become pork.
Piggery practice legal but This film was produced in 2008
not acceptable. Editorial. as part of SAFEs campaign against
Cummings, Michael. 20 May 2009. factory pig farming. In 2010 the New
The power of publicity may have Zealand Government introduced a
Bleating Hearts: The Hidden just saved tens of thousands phase-out of sow stalls after SAFEs
World of Animal Suffering. of pigs in this country from a campaign attracted widespread
Changemaker Books (2013) tormented life that was only public support. Sow stalls could
ever made possible by the be used for the first four weeks
p. 85 otts, Annie.
P indifference of the pork industry, of the sows pregnancy and were
Chicken. and the ignorance of everybody completely banned in December
Reaktion Books (2012) else. 2015. Sows continue to suffer in
p. 88 ankoff, Peter, White, Steven and
S farrowing crates, and fattening
p. 151 The New Zealand Herald
Black, Celeste (eds). pigs can still be kept in barren
Writing on the wall for sow
Animal Law in Australasia. overcrowded pens.
stalls. Editorial. 25 May 2009.
The Federation Press (2013) The Agriculture Minister, David SAFE Inc (19 Nov 2012)
p. 99 cully, Matthew.
S Carter, wants to issue a new Stop Factory Farming (8 min 41 sec)
Dominion: The Power of Man, welfare code for pigs by the
SAFE Inc (6 Apr 2016)
the Suffering of Animals, and end of the year. This, indeed,
Colony (1 min 31 sec)
the Call to Mercy. may be necessary to prevent a
St Martins Press (2002) sizeable drop in the purchase of
Christmas hams this December. Current Affairs (Pigs)
p. 101 Simmons, Laurence and
Armstrong, Philip (eds). p. 152 Rodney Times Sunday, TV1 (17 May 2009)
Knowing Animals. Pig farming rules a legal If Pigs Could Talk (Part 1)
Brill (2007) cruelty. Opinion. Booth, Pat. (10 min 59 sec)
26 May 2009. If Pigs Could Talk (Part 2)
p. 104 Singer, Peter (ed). Just about everyones a loser (7 min 8 sec)
in the great pork controversy. If Pigs Could Talk (Part 3)
Particularly the pigs. A few (8 min 36 sec)
influential humans look and Mike King stand-up comic, TV
sound unthinking/irresponsible/ frontman and previously the face
inhumane in varying degrees. of the New Zealand pork industry
accuses the industry he once
represented of legalised cruelty to
WRITTEN AND VISUAL TEXTS
pigs.
Cartoons
p. 191 Williamson, Tom.
Secret Origin. Holy Cow! No. 3.
In Defense of Animals: The
SAFE (2005)
Second Wave.
Wiley Publishing (2006) p. 192 Williamson, Tom.
The Price of Cheap Pork. Holy
Cow! No. 1.
SAFE (2005)
p. 193 Williamson, Tom.
Beyond the Egg. Holy Cow!
No. 2. SAFE (2005)

20 KGS FARMED PIGS
PER YEAR Pigs are confined in large,
windowless, sheds for their entire
PER PERSON lives. The only time theyll see

daylight is on the way to slaughter.
english | UNIT STUDY 4 | unlocking factory farms | PAGE 11/12 SUGGESTED resources
THE SOWS NO LIFE FOR ANY MOTHER
FACTORY PIG FARMERS CONFINE
THEIR BREEDING SOWS
OTHER RESOURCES (not in textbook) (who produce the piglets destined to
become meat) in individual sow stalls for
the first four weeks of their 16 week
pregnancy.
EXTENDED WRITTEN TEXTS Graphic Novels 60cm
Coe, Sue and Cockburn, Alexander.

15,000
NUMBER OF FEMALE PIGS
Non-Fiction Dead Meat.

CONFINED TO SOW STALLS.
SOW STALLS ARE BARREN METAL
BARRED CAGES SO SMALL THEY 2m
Four Walls Eight Windows (1996) CAN'T EVEN TURN AROUND.

Singer, Peter. CAGES ARE ONLY 60 CM
WIDE x 2 M LONG BARELY
Animal Liberation. Coe, Sue. LARGER THAN THE ANIMALS
OWN BODIES.
Harper Collins Publishing (2002) Cruel: Bearing witness to animal
Mason, Jim and Singer, Peter.
exploitation.
OR Books (2012)
1 2
Animal Factories.
Crown Publishers (1980)
Journal
Safran Foer, Jonathan.
A sow is moved to a farrowing SHELL STAY THERE
Eating Animals. Thornton, Philip. crate when she is about to give
birth. She is not able to build a nest
UNTIL HER BABIES ARE
TAKEN AWAY AT 4 WEEKS.
Little, Brown and Company (2009) Livestock production: recent trends, or mother her piglets properly. Then she is returned to the
sow stall.
future prospects.
Amey, Catherine.
The Royal Society Publishing (2010)
Clean, Green and Cruelty Free?
www.rstb.royalsocietypublishing.
Rebel Press (2008)
Patterson, Charles.
org/content/365/1554/2853
3 The cycle of abuse
begins again.
Eternal Treblinka. SAFEs campaign to end

EVEN AFTER THIS DATE FARROWING CRATES
WILL STILL BE LEGAL, MEANING SOWS WILL
STILL BE CRUELLY CONFINED FOR AROUND
the use of sow crates for
Lantern Books (2002) WRITTEN AND VISUAL TEXTS pregnant sows led the
government to phase out
10 WEEKS PER
YEAR
67%
Wadiwel, Dinesh. this practice.
The War against Animals. HOWEVER

Infographics SOW STALLS WILL
Brill (2015) STILL BE IN USE of farmers use
SAFE Inc UNTIL 2016 farrowing crates
The Real Cost of Factory Farmed
Fiction Chicken
Levandoski, Rob. www.safe.org.nz/sites/default/files/ 2.5 LITTERS
PER YEAR
Fresh Eggs. SFFCostofChicken_0.pdf

The Permanent Press (2015, e-book) SAFE Inc
www.amazon.com/Fresh-Eggs- Pork Factory Farmed Production
Rob-Levandoski-ebook/dp/
B00WFNRN82/ref=sr_1_2?s=digital-
Horror
www.safe.org.nz/sites/default/files/
5 YEARS
AGE AT WHICH A SOW IS
text&ie=UTF8&qid=1452733299&sr CONSIDERED USELESS
PIGS%20infographic_0.pdf HER LIFE SPENT CONFINED TO
=1-2&keywords=levandoski PRODUCE PIGLETS, SHES THEN
SENT OFF TO SLAUGHTER
SAFE Inc
Pardoe, Vicki. Caged Hen Cruelty
Cooped Up: A Factory Farm Novel. PIGLETS FARMED FOR PORK
www.safe.org.nz/sites/default/files/
(2014, e-book)
www.amazon.com/COOPED-UP-
SFFCagedHenINFOG.pdf 4 weeks old
Retrieved 17 April 2015 Age at which piglets are
removed from their mother.
Factory-Farm-Novel-ebook/dp/ In the wild theyd wean
B00K1J4O84 at 17 weeks and females
would spend their lives
Websites with their social group.
SHORT WRITTEN TEXTS SAFE (Layer hens)

www.safe.org.nz/issue/factory- 800,000 PIGLETS
farming-layer-hens KILLED EACH YEAR IN NZ
Blogs Retrieved 13 April 2015
Many of them fattened up
in dark, concrete, barren Farmers cut
piglets tails off
pens, so stressed and instead of giving the
Five caged hen facts the Industry bored in their overcrowded animals more space.
SAFE (Pigs) conditions they bite each

others tails.
doesnt want you to know
16
(4 April 2015) Age piglets are
farming-pigs
www.safenewzealand. sent to slaughter
Retrieved 13 April 2015 Naturally they would
org/2015/04/04/five-caged-hen-facts/ WEEKS live up to 15 years
Retrieved 13 April 2015 SAFE (Meat chickens)

www.safe.org.nz/issue/factory- PIGS ARE CLEVERER THAN A
Ban the Ham
farming-meat-chickens 3 YEAR OLD CHILD
(11 December 2014) Life on a factory farm, for these highly
Retrieved 13 April 2015 intelligent and curious animals is torture.
www.safenewzealand. They suffer boredom, stress and
depression living in such cramped and
org/2014/12/11/ban-the-ham/ United Poultry Concerns (Battery barren environments.
Retrieved 13 April 2015 hens)
WILD PIGS WOULD SPEND
75%
www.upc-online.org/battery_hens/
Nine things they dont want you to
know about factory farming
OF THEIR DAY FORAGING
(20 May 2014) United Poultry Concerns (Broiler For factory farmed pigs kept in concrete
pens, life is miserable deprived of their
www.safenewzealand. chickens) most basic needs: fresh air, sunlight,
mud baths and soft bedding.
org/2014/05/20/nine-things-they- www.upc-online.org/broiler/
dont-want-you-to-know-about-
factory-farming/
42%
OF PIG PRODUCTS SOLD IN NZ
Retrieved 13 April 2015 IS IMPORTED FROM OTHER
COUNTRIES WHERE PIGS ARE KEPT
IN SIMILAR INTENSIVE FARMING
CONDITIONS
77%
Kiwis against farms | ISSUE 5 | 55
ANIMALS IN factory
pig factory farming!
The public has been shocked by televised images of
pig suffering and want to see an end to this cruelty.
english | UNIT STUDY 4 | unlocking factory farms | PAGE 12/12 suggested resources
OTHER RESOURCES (not in textbook) continued
VISUAL AND ORAL TEXTS Mark Devries

Speciesism 2013 (1 h 34 min)
Modern farms are struggling to keep a secret. Most of the
Documentary Films animals used for food in the United States are raised in
A Tribe of Heart giant, bizarre factory farms, hidden deep in remote areas
Peaceable Kingdom (2004) 1 h 18 min of the countryside. Speciesism: The Movie director Mark
A riveting story of Devries set out to investigate. The documentary takes
transformation and viewers on a sometimes funny, sometimes frightening
healing, PEACEABLE adventure, crawling through the bushes that hide these
KINGDOM: THE JOURNEY factories, flying in airplanes above their toxic manure
HOME explores the lagoons, and coming face-to-face with their owners.
awakening conscience of www.speciesismthemovie.com/
several people who grew Retrieved 13 April 2015
up in traditional farming Robert Kenner
culture and who have Food, Inc 2008 (1 h 34 min)
now come to question the Food, Inc exposes Americas industrialised food system
basic assumptions of their and its effect on our environment, health, economy and
way of life. workers rights.
www. www.takepart.com/foodinc
peaceablekingdomfilm. Retrieved 13 April 2015
org/home.htm
Activist Videos
Peta
Meet your meat (2002) 11 min 34 sec
In a moving narration, actor and activist Alec Baldwin
exposes the truth behind humanitys cruellest invention
the factory farm.
www.peta.org/videos/meet-your-meat/
Media That Matters
The Meatrix 2003 (3 min 58 sec)
When The Meatrix
launched in November
2003, the viral film broke
new ground in online
Kip Andersen and Keegan Kuhn grassroots advocacy,
Cowspiracy (2014) 1 h 25 min creating a unique vehicle
Cowspiracy: The by which to educate,
Sustainability Secret is a entertain and motivate
groundbreaking feature- people to create change.
length environmental The Meatrix movies,
documentary following now a series, have been
intrepid filmmaker Kip translated into more
Andersen as he uncovers than 30 languages and
the most destructive are one of the most
industry facing the planet successful online advocacy
today and investigates campaigns ever with well
why the worlds over 30 million viewers worldwide.
leading environmental www.youtube.com/watch?v=IMOAaciER6o
organisations are too Retrieved 13 April 2015
afraid to talk about it.
www.cowspiracy.com/
about/
Shaun Monson
Earthlings (2005) 1 h 35 min
Earthlings is a 2005 American documentary film about
humankinds total dependence on animals for economic
purposes. Presented in five chapters (pets, food, clothing,
entertainment and scientific research), the film is narrated
by Joaquin Phoenix, featuring music by Moby, and was
written, produced and directed by Shaun Monson.
www.earthlings.com/

(clockwise) In 2011 activist Carl Scott
confined himself in a cage for a month
to highlight the plight of battery hens
Social activism during the Christchurch
Marathon Protest against the killing
of three million male chicks considered
hatchery waste during egg production

section 2
resources
texts for units of study

LIST OF TEXTS
EXTENDED WRITTEN TEXTS Journals p. 143 SAFE.

Govt fails to ban factory-farmed
p. 120 Society & Animals. animals. 2010.
Non-Fiction (extracts from) Loveridge, Alison.
Changes in Animal Welfare p. 144 SAFE.
p. 64 oultry Behaviour and Welfare.
P
Views in New Zealand: Sow stall ban first important
Appleby, Michael, Mench, Joy and
Responding to Global Change. step. 2010.
Hughes, Barry. 2004.
2013.
p. 67 omestic Animal Behaviour and
D Newspapers/Magazines
p. 121 Canadian Journal of Animal
Welfare.
Science. p. 145 NZPA.
Broom, D.M. and Fraser, A.F. 2007.
Webster, A.B. and Hurnik, J.F. Comedian does U-turn on pork.
p. 77 leating Hearts: The Hidden
B An Ethogram of White Leghorn- 2009.
World of Animal Suffering. Type Hens in Battery Cages. 1990.
Hawthorne, Mark. 2013. p. 146 NZPA.
p. 124 Applied Animal Behaviour Key finds pig probe
p. 81 T he Welfare of Pigs. Science. disturbing. 2009.
Marchant-Forde, Jeremy (ed). Vieuille-Thomas, C., Le Pape, G.
2009. and Signoret, J.P. p. 147 Manawatu Standard.
Stereotypies in pregnant sows: Piggery practice legal but not
p. 85 Chicken. acceptable.
indications of influence of the
Potts, Annie. 2012. Editorial. Cummings, Michael.
housing system on the patterns
p. 88 nimal Law in Australasia.
A expressed by the animals. 1995. 2009.
Sankoff, Peter, White, Steven and p. 148 The Dominion Post.
p. 128 Journal of Agricultural &
Black, Celeste (eds). 2013. To save your bacon, just add
Environmental Ethics.
p. 99 ominion: The Power of Man,
D Weaver, S.A. and Morris, M.C. celebrity.
the Suffering of Animals, and Science, Pigs, and Politics: A Teleview. Clifton, Jane. 2009.
the Call to Mercy. New Zealand Perspective on the
p. 149 The Press.
Scully, Matthew. 2002. Phase-Out of Sow Stalls. 2004.
Let the light shine in.
p. 101 Knowing Animals. p. 132 Poulty Science. Mainlander. Matthews, Philip.
Simmons, Laurence and Zuidhof, M.J., Schneider, B.L., 2009.
Armstrong, Philip (eds). 2007. Carney, V.L., Korver, D.R. and
p. 151 The New Zealand Herald.
Robinson, F.E.
p. 104 In Defense of Animals: The Writing on the wall for sow
Growth, efficiency, and yield of
Second Wave. stalls.
commercial broilers from 1957,
Singer, Peter (ed). 2006. Editorial. 2009.
1978, and 2005. 2014.
p. 152 Rodney Times.
p. 134 Journal of Agricultural &
SHORT WRITTEN TEXTS Pig farming rules a legal
Environmental Ethics.
cruelty.
Morris, M.C.
Opinion. Booth, Pat. 2009.
Blog The Ethics and Politics of Animal
Welfare in New Zealand: Broiler p. 153 The New Zealand Herald.
p. 110 SAFE.
Chicken Production as a Case Carter gives industry hurry-up
Colony Cage Con. 2014.
Study. 2009. on sow crates. Politics. 2009.
p. 138 P
oultry Science. p. 154 New Scientist.
Conference Paper
Siegel, P.B., Dodgson, J.B. and Animals are conscious and
p. 111 Research Consortium Andersson, L. should be treated as such.
Sustainable Production. Progress from Chicken Genetics Comment. Bekoff, Marc. 2012.
Sneddon, L.U. and Gentle, M.J. to the Chicken Genome. 2006.
p. 156 New Scientist.
Pain in Farm Animals. 2001.
Chicken genome plucked bare by
Media Releases inbreeding.
Government/Industry Daily News. MacKenzie, Debora.
p. 139 SAFE.
Publications 2008.
Mike King latest celebrity
p. 112 National Animal Welfare kingpin to condemn New
Advisory Committee (NAWAC). Zealand pig cruelty. 2009. Reports
Code of Welfare Layer Hens. p. 140 SAFE. p. 157 American Society for the
2012. Welfare laws fail pigs Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
p. 114 National Animal Welfare miserably. 2009. (ASPCA).
Advisory Committee (NAWAC). A Growing Problem Selective
p. 141 SAFE.
Code of Welfare Pigs. 2010. Breeding in the Chicken
Consumer ad campaign
Industry: The Case for Slower
p. 118 Cobb Focus. challenges pig industry. 2010.
Growth. 2015.
Hardiman, John. p. 142 SAFE.
Route to greater speed and Disturbing new pig cruelty
accuracy in breed progress. footage reveals no change to pig
2006. welfare. 2010.

LIST OF TEXTS continued
p. 162 University of Nevada-Reno: Leaflet Current Affairs (Layer Hens)
Department of Animal
Biotechnology. p. 194 SAFE. Sunday
Rauw, Wendy (ed). For the love of pigs. 2007. Bad Eggs, November 2011, 15 min
Resource Allocation Theory 22 sec
Applied to Farm Animal Mail-Out/Campaign Report
Production. 2008.
p. 195 SAFE. Behavioural Footage
p. 164 Compassion in World Farming Meet Lucy Give Pigs a Chance.
Trust (CIWF). 2010. Outdoor hen
Turner, Jacky, Garcs, Leah and Behavioural footage, 2015,
Smith, Wendy. p. 196 SAFE. 27 min 44 sec
The Welfare of Broiler Chickens Campaign Report 2008. 2008.
Colony caged hens
in the European Union. 2005. Behavioural footage, 2015,
p. 169 Ministry for Primary Industries
Merchandise 24 min 14 sec
(MPI). p. 197 SAFE. Outdoor pig
Webster, Jim, Cameron, Love Pigs merchandise. 2007. Behavioural footage, 2015,
Catherine and Rogers, Andrea. 27 min 30 sec
Survey of Lameness in New
Zealand Meat Chickens. 2013.
Pledge Farrowing crate pigs
p. 198 SAFE. Examples of stereotypies Blantyre
p. 174 IBF International Consulting. Farms NSW, 2013,
Take the Pledge Against Pig
Hiemstra, Sipke and Napel, Jan. 22 min 56 sec
Cruelty. 2009.
Study of the Impact of Genetic
Selection on the Welfare of
Chickens Bred and Kept for Postcards Advertisements/Promotions
Meat Production. 2013. Saving Lucy
p. 199 SAFE.
p. 179 Scientific Veterinary Committee. Lobbying for Lucy. 2006. 2008, 30 sec
Von Borell, E., Broom, D.M., Love Pigs supermarket advert
Csermely, D., Dijkhuizen, A.A., p. 200 SAFE.
Are Your Customers Fed Up 2009, Featuring Mike King, 45 sec
Hylkema, S., Edwards, S.A.,
Jensen, P., Madec, F. and With Pig Cruelty? 2006. Victory! Sow stalls ban
Stamataris, C. December 2015, 2 min 35 sec
The Welfare of Intensively Kept Posters
Pigs. 1997. Educational Videos
p. 201 SAFE.
Hi! Im. 2008. Factory Farmed Pigs in New Zealand
WRITTEN AND VISUAL TEXTS The Price of Pork
p. 202 SAFE.
Welfare Approved Pork Compelling arguments against
Advertisements factory farming, 2009, 9 min 46 sec
Dont be Fooled! 2010.
p. 186 SAFE. Live Fast Die Young The Story of
p. 203 SAFE.
Your Say Matters! 2010. the Broiler Chicken
Freedom for Pigs Campaign.
p. 187 SAFE. 2008. May 2007, 7 min 58 sec
Saving Lucy. 2008. Stop Factory Farming
p. 188 SAFE. Rescue Pack November 2012, 8 min 41 sec
Finally, this pig has enough Colony
p. 204 SAFE.
room to turn around. 2009. April 2016, 1 min 31 sec
King of Pork Turns Pig
Defender. Love Pigs Rescue
Banners Pack. 2009. Activist Footage
p. 189 SAFE.
Footage of an NZ Colony Cage
Ban the Sow Crate. 2006. VISUAL AND ORAL TEXTS ON DVD System
May 2012, 1 min 33 sec
Cartoons Current Affairs (Pigs)
Farrowing Crates: A Life of Torment
p. 190 Manawatu Standard. Sunday for Pigs
Sure, its an inhumane If Pigs Could Talk (3 parts), September 2014, 4 min 31 sec
practice, but the farm would be
17 May 2009, 26 min 3 sec Chicken growth
uneconomic without it! 2009.
August 2013, 25 sec
p. 191 SAFE. Close Up
Secret Origin. Holy Cow! No. 3. Pork Industry Plunges into Panic, Vigil for chickens raised for meat
2005. 18 May 2009, 9 min 57 sec August 2013, 6 min 2 sec
p. 192 SAFE. Meat chickens on New Zealand farm

Breakfast December 2012, 1 min 50 sec
The Price of Cheap Pork. Holy
Pork Industry Under Fire,
Cow! No. 1. 2005.
18 May 2009, 6 min 16 sec
p. 193 SAFE.
Beyond the Egg. Holy Cow!
No. 2. 2005.

EXTENDED WRITTEN TEXTS

science texts
Extended Written Texts (Non-Fiction)
Appleby, M.C., Mench, J.A. & Hughes, B.O. Poultry Behaviour and Welfare. CAB International (2004).
Extracts from chapter 4 (pp. 47, 50, 60 & 61).
M.C. Appleby, J.A. Mench & B.O. Hughes (2004). Poultry Behaviour and Welfare. CAB International, Wallingford, UK. Reproduced with permission.

science texts
Extracts from chapter 4 (pp. 63, 64 & 65).

science texts
Chapter 5 Living in Groups

science texts
Broom, D.M. and Fraser, A.F. Domestic Animal Behaviour and Welfare (4th edition).
CAB International (2007). Extracts from chapter 2 (p. 17).
D.M. Broom and A.F. Fraser (2007). Domestic Animal Behaviour and Welfare (4th edition). CAB International, Wallingford, UK. Reproduced with permission.

science texts
CAB International (2007). Extracts from chapter 2 (pp. 19, 20 & 21).

science texts
CAB International (2007). Extracts from chapter 2 (p. 22).

science texts

science texts

science texts
CAB International (2007). Extracts from chapter 23 (pp. 230 & 231).

science texts

science texts

science texts
CAB International (2007). Extracts from chapter 26 (pp. 252 & 253).

science texts

english texts
Hawthorne, Mark. Bleating Hearts: The Hidden World of Animal Suffering. Changemaker Books (2013).
Extracts from pp. 6 & 7.
Mark Hawthorne (2013). Bleating Hearts: The Hidden World of Animal Suffering. Changemaker Books. Reproduced with permission.

english texts
Hawthorne, Mark. Bleating Hearts: The Hidden World of Animal Suffering. Changemaker Books
(2013). Extracts from pp. 7 & 8.

english texts
Hawthorne, Mark. Bleating Hearts: The Hidden World of Animal Suffering. Changemaker Books (2013).
Extracts from pp. 9, 18 & 19.

english texts
Hawthorne, Mark. Bleating Hearts: The Hidden World of Animal Suffering. Changemaker Books
(2013). Extracts from pp. 475, 476 & 477.

science texts
Marchant-Forde, J.N. (ed). The Welfare of Pigs. Springer, Netherlands (2009).
Springer, Netherlands, 2009. The Welfare of Pigs (ed J.N. Marchant-Forde). Reproduced with permission of Springer.

science texts
Extracts from chapter 4 (pp. 121 & 122).

science texts
Extracts from chapter 4 (pp. 122 & 124).

science texts

english texts
Potts, Annie. Chicken. Reaktion Books Animal Series (2012).
Extracts from chapter 6 (pp. 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145 & 153).
Potts, Annie (2012). Chicken. Reaktion Books Animal Series. Reproduced with permission.

english texts
Potts, Annie (2012). Chicken. Reaktion Books Animal Series. Reproduced with permission. Images courtesy of Farm Sanctuary.

english texts
Potts, Annie (2012). Chicken. Reaktion Books Animal Series. Reproduced with permission. Images courtesy of Farm Sanctuary.

english texts
Sankoff, Peter, White, Steven and Black, Celeste (eds). Animal Law in Australasia (2nd edition).
The Federation Press (2013). Extracts from chapter 1 The Protection Paradigm: Making the World a
Better Place for Animals? (pp. 1 & 2). Sankoff, Peter.
Sankoff, Peter, White, Steven and Black, Celeste (eds) (2013). Animal Law in Australasia (2nd edition). The Federation Press. Reproduced with permission.

english texts
Sankoff, Peter, White, Steven and Black, Celeste (eds). Animal Law in Australasia (2nd edition). The
Better Place for Animals? (pp. 5, 6 & 7). Sankoff, Peter.

english texts
Better Place for Animals? (pp. 12, 13 & 14). Sankoff, Peter.

english texts

english texts
The Difficulty: What Does Animal Welfare Mean?

english texts
Better Place for Animals? (p. 19). Sankoff, Peter.

english texts

english texts

english texts

english texts

english texts

english texts
Scully, Matthew. Dominion: The Power of Man, the Suffering of Animals, and the Call to Mercy.
St Martins Press (2002). Extracts from chapter 7 Nature and Natures God (pp. 294, 295 & 296).
Scully, Matthew (2002). Dominion: The Power of Man, the Suffering of Animals, and the Call to Mercy. Reproduced with permission of St Martins Press. All rights reserved.

english texts
Scully, Matthew. Dominion: The Power of Man, the Suffering of Animals, and the Call to Mercy.
St Martins Press (2002). Extracts from chapter 7 Nature and Natures God (pp. 296 & 297).
Scully, Matthew (2002). Dominion: The Power of Man, the Suffering of Animals, and the Call to Mercy. Reproduced with permission of St Martins Press. All rights reserved.

english texts
Simmons, Laurence and Armstrong, Philip (eds). Knowing Animals. Brill (2007). Extracts from
chapter 5 Farming Images: Animal Rights and Agribusiness in the Field of Vision (pp. 121 & 122).
Armstrong, Philip.
Simmons, Laurence and Armstrong, Philip (eds) (2007). Knowing Animals. Brill. Reproduced with permission.

english texts
Armstrong, Philip.

english texts
Armstrong, Philip.

english texts
Singer, Peter (ed). In Defense of Animals: The Second Wave. Wiley Publishing (2006).
Extracts from chapter 7 Brave New Farm? (pp. 104 & 105). Mason, Jim and Finelli, Mary.
Singer, Peter (ed) (2006). In Defense of Animals: The Second Wave. Wiley Publishing. Reproduced with permission.

english texts
Extracts from chapter 7 Brave New Farm? (pp. 105, 106, 108, 109 & 110). Mason, Jim and Finelli, Mary.

english texts
Extracts from chapter 7 Brave New Farm? (pp. 110, 111 & 112). Mason, Jim and Finelli, Mary.

english texts
Extracts from chapter 7 Brave New Farm? (pp. 112 & 119). Mason, Jim and Finelli, Mary.

short WRITTEN TEXTS

english texts
Short Written Texts (Blogs)
Kriek, Hans. Colony Cage Con. SAFE Talk Blog (2014).
Colony Cage Con

SAFEOCTOBER 7, 20146 COMMENTS
Having campaigned for the abolition of cruel battery
hen cages for nearly 30 years you would think I would
be pleased about the Governments decision to phase
out battery hen cages. Well I am not, because its all
spin, a lie, a con job, and you someone who cares
about the welfare of animals, is the one being conned.
Despite their promises the Government has no
intention to get rid of battery cages but they know you
dont like these cruel cages and want them banned.
The fact is that instead of banning battery cages the
Government is simply changing one cruel cage for
another. The new cages are larger (but house more
birds) and contain some token enrichments. These
new cages may appear better but the hens still have
not enough space and still cant express their normal
behavior. These cages will become mandatory for cage
will have brittle bones from calcium loss, will be unable
egg producers by 2022.
to flap her wings, let alone walk around or do anything
By moving away from current cages the Government nature intended for her. Join me in my anger just for her,
hopes that you will believe that hens will have a better and then put that anger into action.
life. So, in cahoots with the egg industry they have
The New Zealand egg industry is set to spend over 150
devised a plan to fool you. First, they do not refer to
million on installing colony cages, yet these cages are
these cages as cages. Instead they call them colony
not wanted by the New Zealand public. A large number
systems, or furnished colony systems. Then they
of political parties, including Labour and all animal
pretend that the hens lives will be vastly improved
welfare groups in New Zealand have condemned colony
in these cages. They even claim that the animals can
cages. Internationally there is also strong opposition
express their normal behavior as required by our
to colony cages. They are illegal in Switzerland; Austria
animal welfare legislation. It is a cruel deception as no
has banned all colony cages by 2020; Belgium by 2024.
hen can ever express her normal behavior in a space
Supermarkets in Germany and the Netherlands refuse
barely larger than an A4 sheet of paper. Eggs from hens
to sell colony cage produced eggs.
confined to these cages are sold as Colony Laid or
Colony Eggs in the supermarkets, deliberately leaving In New Zealand we must stop colony cages before they
consumers in the dark that these are in fact cage- become entrenched.There is a real chance that a future
produced eggs. New Zealand Government will ban colony cages, but
SAFE believes it is time for our current Government to
I feel angry for every single hen who will be made to
put a stop to any new layer hen cages being introduced
suffer in a colony battery cage. I understand that many
and legislate for alternative, cage-free, high welfare
people find it difficult to relate to the suffering of three
systems. SAFE will make this issue one of its top
million battery hens. The number is just too large to get
priorities and we will be calling on you to help our new
your head around, and a sense of helplessness results.If
campaign to free all New Zealands battery hens. Watch
this applies to you, then please do me a favour think
this space!
about one hen only. Imagine one hen confined in a
crowded wire cage; sore feet from standing on a wire Hans Kriek, Executive Director
floor; feathers missing due to being pecked by her cage
mates and rubbing against the sides of the cage. She
Kriek, Hans (2014). Colony Cage Con. SAFE Talk Blog. Reproduced with permission.

biology texts
Short Written Texts (Conference Papers)
Sneddon, L.U. and Gentle, M.J. Pain in Farm Animals. Research Consortium Sustainable Production (2001).
Lameness also effects broiler or meat chickens and changes but also should seek to reduce pain and
turkeys. Meat birds are selected for rapid growth and distress. This means prompt diagnosis and effective
become too heavy for their legs to carry their bodies treatment of damage or disease but in the situation
and their skeleton becomes distorted. This increased where the problem is a result of selective breeding, the
weight places unnatural stresses on their joints and solution will be more complex. For example, broiler
results in abnormal gait; impairs the ability to walk chickens, where skeletal disease is prevalent, can
and the affected individuals spend less time standing be fed a reduced diet thus slowing down their rapid
(Duncan et al. 1991; McGeown et al 1999). Studies muscle growth. To control pain we must know what
have shown that a normal chicken takes an average pain is and how it arises during farming. Therefore
11 seconds to walk a set distance whereas a lame we must invest in sound scientific research to assess
chicken takes 34 seconds. This time can be reduced pain and find methods of reducing it by using the
to 18 seconds if the drug carprofen, an analgesic, least painful method available and also the promotion
is administered which presumably reduces pain of the use of local anaesthesia and analgesia where
associated with lameness. appropriate. It is clear that the farmers support is
essential to any changes in practice and therefore,
Lameness is particularly prevalent in broiler chickens
awareness of welfare issues should be promoted by a
and turkeys and it has been shown that 90% of broilers
positive interaction between scientists, veterinarians,
at 7 weeks of age had detectable gait abnormalities
and farmers. Any changes, of course, have to be
(Kestin et al. 1992). These fast growing birds have more
economically viable but there is increasing public
breast muscle and shorter wider legs with immature
demand for more welfare and environmentally
bones. This leads to a gait which is typified by short
friendly products and the public must be informed if
steps, feet positioned wide apart and the feet turned
the products go up in price that this is to pay for the
out resulting in abnormally large mediolateral forces
reduction of pain and suffering in farm animals.
required to move the birds centre of gravity over the
stance leg (Corr 1999). Affected chickens take shorter
steps, walk more slowly and have greater stresses
placed upon the musculoskeletal system resulting
in an inefficient walking system. Broiler chickens, as
a consequence, spend much less time walking and
standing (Duncan et al. 1991; McGeown et al. 1999). The
possible pain resulting from skeletal disease has been
investigated using analgesics with some evidence of
pain associated with lameness (McGeown et al. 1999;
Danbury et al. 2000).
Minimising Pain and Suffering in Farm Animals
We have reviewed the various potentially painful
practices and conditions that farm animals endure.
Both behavioural and physiological measurements
have demonstrated that these painful experiences
have a detrimental effect on animal welfare and
consequently decrease financial gain. It is perhaps
impossible to totally eliminate pain in production
animals but suffering should be minimised since it
is in the farmers best interest to ensure his animals
wellbeing. Any measures should take into account
the profitability and practical nature of any proposed
Sneddon, L.U. and Gentle, M.J. (2001). Pain in Farm Animals. Research Consortium Sustainable Production. Reproduced with permission.

science texts
Short Written Texts (Government Publications)
National Animal Welfare Advisory Committee (NAWAC). Animal Welfare (Layer Hens) Code of
Welfare 2012. NZ Government (2012). Extract from section 6 Behaviour (p. 23).
Crown copyright. ISSN 978-0-478-40457-9. Animal Welfare (Layer Hens) Code of Welfare 2012 (National Animal Welfare Advisory Committee).

science texts
National Animal Welfare Advisory Committee (NAWAC). Animal Welfare (Layer Hens) Code of
Welfare 2012. NZ Government (2012). Extract from section 6 Behaviour (p. 24).
Crown copyright. ISSN 978-0-478-40457-9. Animal Welfare (Layer Hens) Code of Welfare 2012 (National Animal Welfare Advisory Committee).

science texts
National Animal Welfare Advisory Committee (NAWAC). Animal Welfare (Pigs) Code of Welfare
2010. NZ Government (2010). Extract from section 5 Behaviour (p. 17).
Crown copyright. ISSN 978-0-478-37503-9. Animal Welfare (Pigs) Code of Welfare 2010 (National Animal Welfare Advisory Committee).

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science texts
2010. NZ Government (2010). Extract from section 5 Behaviour (pp. 20 & 21).

biology texts
Short Written Texts (Industry Publications)
Hardiman, John. Route to greater speed and accuracy in breed progress. Cobb Focus (2006) (p. 6).
Cobb-Vantress, Inc (2006). Route to greater speed and accuracy in breed progress. Cobb Focus (2006). Reproduced with permission.

biology texts
Short Written Texts (Industry Publications)
Hardiman, John. Route to greater speed and accuracy in breed progress.
Cobb Focus (2006) (pp. 6 & 7).
Cobb-Vantress, Inc (2006). Route to greater speed and accuracy in breed progress. Cobb Focus (2006). Reproduced with permission.

english texts
Short Written Texts (Journals)
Loveridge, Alison. Changes in Animal Welfare Views in New Zealand: Responding to Global
Change. Society & Animals, Volume 21, Issue 4 (2013). Extracts from pp. 325-340.
Loveridge, Alison. Changes in Animal Welfare Views in New Zealand: Responding to Global Change. Society & Animals, Vol 21, Issue 4 (2013). Reproduced with permission of Brill.

science texts
Webster, A.B. and Hurnik, J.F. An Ethogram of White Leghorn-Type Hens in Battery Cages.
Canadian Journal of Animal Science, Vol 70, Issue 3 (1990). Extracts from pp. 751 & 753.
Webster, A.B. and Hurnik, J.F. An Ethogram of White Leghorn-Type Hens in Battery Cages. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, Vol 70, Issue 3 (1990). Reproduced with permission.

science texts
Canadian Journal of Animal Science, Vol 70, Issue 3 (1990). Extracts from pp. 755, 757 & 758.

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Canadian Journal of Animal Science, Vol 70, Issue 3 (1990). Extracts from pp. 758 & 759.

science texts
Vieuille-Thomas, C., Le Pape, G. and Signoret, J.P. Stereotypies in pregnant sows:
indications of influence of the housing system on the patterns expressed by the
animals. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, Volume 44, Issue 1 (1995).
Vieuille-Thomas, C., Le Pape, G. and Signoret, J.P. Stereotypies in pregnant sows: indications of influence of the housing system on the patterns expressed by the animals.
Applied Animal Behaviour Science, Vol 44, Issue 1 (1995). Reproduced with permission of Elsevier.

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Extract from p. 23.

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Extract from p. 25.

science texts
Weaver, S.A. and Morris, M.C. Science, Pigs, and Politics: A New Zealand Perspective on the
Phase-Out of Sow Stalls. Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Ethics, Volume 17, Issue 1 (2004).
Weaver, S.A. and Morris, M.C. Science, Pigs, and Politics: A New Zealand Perspective on the Phase-Out of Sow Stalls. Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Ethics, Vol 17,
Issue 1 (2004). Reproduced with permission of Springer.

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Extract from p. 63.

biology texts
Zuidhof, M.J., Schneider, B.L., Carney, V.L., Korver, D.R. and Robinson, F.E. Growth, efficiency, and
yield of commercial broilers from 1957, 1978, and 2005. Poultry Science 93:1-13 (August 19, 2014).
Extracts from p. 1.
Zuidhof, M.J., Schneider, B.L., Carney, V.L., Korver, D.R. and Robinson, F.E. Growth, efficiency, and yield of commercial broilers from 1957, 1978, and 2005. Poultry Science 93:1-13
(2014). Reproduced with permission of Oxford University Press.

biology texts
Zuidhof, M.J., Schneider, B.L., Carney, V.L., Korver, D.R. and Robinson, F.E. Growth, efficiency, and
yield of commercial broilers from 1957, 1978, and 2005. Poultry Science 93:1-13 (August 19, 2014).
Zuidhof, M.J., Schneider, B.L., Carney, V.L., Korver, D.R. and Robinson, F.E. Growth, efficiency, and yield of commercial broilers from 1957, 1978, and 2005. Poultry Science 93:1-13
(2014). Reproduced with permission of Oxford University Press.

biology texts
Morris, M.C. The Ethics and Politics of Animal Welfare in New Zealand: Broiler Chicken Production
as a Case Study. Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Ethics, Volume 22, Issue 1 (2009). Extracts
from pp. 15-30.
The Ethics and Politics of Animal Welfare in New Zealand:

Broiler Chicken Production as a Case Study
Abstract This study aims to summarize welfare issues
relevant to broiler chicken production, and relate
The cause of poor welfare in broilers is
these to the process of code development in New
multifactorial, but genotype is a major contributor.
Zealand.
Modern broilers have been bred for rapid growth,
and this leads to increases in lameness and In particular, I wish to explore whether the
ascites as the legs and hearts of the heavier birds process followed the stipulations of the Animal
find it difficult to cope with the extra demands Welfare Act, and whether government regulators
placed on them. Visible lameness indicative of took into consideration the welfare needs of the
pain is more common in New Zealand than in animals, the concerns of the members of public
Europe. The government, however, insists that and all interest groups who they are governing.
New Zealand welfare standards are higher than It recognizes the descriptive ethic, held by most
Europe. The government also appears to have westerners, that animals are sentient beings,
a strong antipathy to those demanding better and should not be subjected to unnecessary
welfare for broilers. Reasons for this antipathy suffering, even when being farmed for the table
and disparities between government statements (Rollin 1981). It recognizes a prescriptive ethic for
and research results are discussed. Government leaders in a democracy to provide a fair hearing
publications reveal that animal welfare is seen as a for all stakeholders. It also concerns the duty of
question of image for market access and that there government agents to tell the truth and evaluate
is little concern with animal welfare as an ethical scientific evidence impartially, even when the
imperative for its own sake. The Animal Welfare Act evidence points to conclusions that they do not
in theory makes it an offence to ill-treat an animal, want to hear.
but in practice allows exemptions for industrial
Welfare in broiler chickens
agriculture. The interests of animals may be better
protected by an independent animal welfare Until very recently, welfare issues concerning
advisory service. broiler chickens have been underreported and not
considered to be at the front of consumers minds.
Duncan (2004) points out that whereas welfare of
other farm animals has improved considerably, the
welfare of broiler chickens may actually be worse
than 40 years ago. A 2005 survey revealed that most
participants did not know much about broiler
welfare and confused broiler and layer production
(Hall and Sandilands 2007).
Morris, M.C. The Ethics and Politics of Animal Welfare in New Zealand: Broiler Chicken Production as a Case Study. Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Ethics, Vol 22,

biology texts
from pp. 15-30.

Broiler Chicken Production as a Case Study (continued)
Leg weakness shows up as lameness in broiler 30% (Kestin et al. 1992; Sanotra et al. 2003). Dawkins
houses, including breeders (Mench 2004). The et al. (2004) did not use the Kestin et al (1992) scoring
measurement of lameness in Europe and in other criteria, but in their survey of British and Danish
countries has been quantified using a gait scoring broiler houses they record a mean visible lameness
system that has consistently given the same result of 26.4%.
when used by different observers (Kestin et al.
The pain associated with lameness, its high
1992; Butterworth et al. 2007). This means that the
incidence in broiler houses, and the sheer numbers
degree of lameness and the associated suffering
of broiler chickens when compared with other
can be directly compared in different flocks and
intensively farmed animals, mean that lameness
countries. Kestin et al. (1992) divided walking ability
in broilers is arguably the most important
into 6 categories, with a score of 0 indicating no
welfare consideration in modern farming. In his
detectable walking abnormality, and 5 indicating
comparative study of animal welfare in different
the bird was incapable of sustained walking on
farming systems, Webster (1994) states how the
its feet. A gait score of 3 was described as a state
issue of lameness in poultry must be in both
whereby the bird had an obvious gait defect.
magnitude and severity, the single most severe,
Kestin et al. (1992) argued that birds with a gait systematic example of mans inhumanity to another
score of 3 or more were in pain. The basis for this sentient animal.
was the argument from analogy. The authors
Haslam and Kestin (2004) list mortality as a
compared the condition of the birds with a dairy
major indicator of poor welfare. Mortality can be
cow suffering in a similar way. Such a cow, the
indicative of Sudden Death Syndrome (SDS) or of
authors argue, would require veterinary attention,
death from ascites. SDS is not considered a welfare
and if it could not be cured, would be euthanized.
concern as loss of consciousness is quick (Julian
Two later experiments provided more direct 2004).5
evidence that a lameness score of 3 or more is
Ascites are however a welfare issue, as it is a painful
painful. McGeown et al. (1999) found that lame birds
condition. It is caused by fluid build up as a result of
with a gait score of 3 were slower at negotiating
the heart overworking to pump blood into heavier
obstacles than healthy birds, but this difference
birds. High mortality rates can indicate high levels
decreased when the lame birds were given
of ascites (Haslam and Kestin 2004).
analgesics. Danbury et al. (2000) found that lame
birds with a gait score of 3 self selected food treated
with analgesics, and that birds given analgesics
improved their gait score.
The proportion of birds with severe enough
lameness to be in continuous pain is likely to be
high. A survey of UK broiler flocks found that 3%
had a lameness score of 3 or above (SCAHAW 2000).
However, other figures in the literature for Europe
report visible lameness ranging between 14 and

biology texts
from pp. 15-30.

Broiler Chicken Production as a Case Study (continued).
Indicators for poor welfare This demonstrates the importance of genotype
as a predictor for lameness. Slow growing strains
Most expert reviews emphasize the role of
reared in the same conditions as conventional
genotype in welfare problems (Bessei 2006, Duncan
breeds also showed more active behavior, fewer
2004, Mench 2004). Kestin et al. (1992) monitored
heart abnormalities, less tendon degeneration
lameness in commercial chicken breeds and in
(Bokkers 2003), lower mortality, lower culling rate
a strain that had been allowed to breed with no
and fewer ascites (Castellini et al 2002). Substituting
selection pressure for 11 generations. This wild type
commercial breeds for slower growing strains
bird had no lameness, compared with scores of
should therefore be a priority for any legislature
2-27% in the commercial lines.
that is seriously committed to improving broiler
Ascites and other metabolic disorders are also welfare.
associated with the faster growing genotypes, as
The process of Code formulation in New Zealand
the heart has to pump harder in the heavier strains
(Maxwell and Robertson 1997, Julian 2004). The While many of the conclusions reached by Bagshaw
SCAHAW (2000) compared the mortality of standard and Matthews (2001, unpublished) mirror those of
commercial broilers with the slower growing label the SCAHAW (2000) report in agreeing that genotype
rouge strain, which has a lower mortality. An is the main causal factor for poor welfare, the style
increase in stocking density from 34 to 40 kg per sq. of writing and the language used reflects a lower
m was found to affect mortality in an experimental sensitivity to the pain of non-human animals and a
set up within a single commercial operation (Hall reluctance to even acknowledge that animals feel
2001). However, when compared across different pain. So for example, Bagshaw and Matthews (2001)
companies other husbandry factors within the discuss previous experiments showing that lame
company had a far greater effect (Dawkins et al. chickens and turkeys perform better when given
2004). or offered feed containing analgesics (McGeown
et al. 1999; Hocking et al. 1999; Danbury et al. 2000).
Keeping commercial breeds under free range
Bagshaw and Matthews (2001, unpublished) then
conditions reduced, but did not eliminate lameness,
conclude that these studies show some indirect
though selective breeding for slower growth
evidence that poultry feel pain or discomfort when
reduced lameness almost to zero (Kestin et al. 1992).
lame.

biology texts
from pp. 15-30.

Broiler Chicken Production as a Case Study (continued).
Bagshaw and Matthews (2001, unpublished) agree A survey of broiler operations in New Zealand
with the PIANZ (2001, unpublished) that lameness commissioned by MAF policy (Bagshaw et al.
would likely be rarer in New Zealand because some 2006, unpublished) is therefore an important
notifiable infectious diseases like Infectious Bursal development, and it is instructive to determine the
Disease are not present. In this, they are likely to results and the way these were interpreted.
have exaggerated the importance of infectious
The study involved flying in experts from Bristol
agents. For example, the SCAHAW (2000) lists
University to train observers in the Kestin et al.
dyschondtroplasia as the most common lesion
(1992) gait scoring system. After training, observers
seen in broilers, accounting for most lameness,
showed good consistency with each other and
and provides evidence for a strong genetic link.
with a reference standard, validating the technique
Butterworth (1999) describes how infectious agents
(Butterworth et al. 2007). The gait scoring system
can cause small numbers of birds to become
was then used on birds in New Zealand, and clearly
profoundly lame, and this can be contrasted with
showed that more than 40% of older birds had a
skeletal abnormalities that cause larger number
lameness score of 3 or more. This is higher than
of birds to be moderately disabled (Pattison 1992).
the scores of 3-30% for European birds (SCAHAW
As discussed earlier, even moderate lameness (a
2000; Sanotra et al. 2003; Dawkins et al. 2004), and
score of 3 or more on the Kestin et al. (1992) scale)
contradicts earlier assumptions by Bagshaw and
can cause pain, so it is unlikely that an absence
Matthews (2001, unpublished) that New Zealands
of infectious agents would have much effect on
disease free status would result in fewer lame birds.
painful lameness.

biology texts
Siegel, P.B., Dodgson, J.B. and Andersson, L. Progress from Chicken Genetics to the Chicken
Genome. Poultry Science 85(12):2050-2060 (2006). Extracts from pp. 2051, 2052, 2057 & 2058.
Notes:
MAS = Marker assisted selection. Where morphological genetic or
biochemical markers are used for indirect selection of deteminants of traits
such as growth or disease resisitance.
QTL = quantitative Trait Locus. A section of DNA that correlates with
phenotype variation.
Haplotype = A set of DNA variation that tends to be inherited together.
Siegel, P.B., Dodgson, J.B. and Andersson, L. Progress from Chicken Genetics to the Chicken Genome. Poultry Science 85(12) (2006). Reproduced with permission of Oxford
University Press.

SOCIAL STUDIES texts
Short Written Texts (Media Releases)
Mike King latest celebrity kingpin to condemn New Zealand pig cruelty.
SAFE Media Release (May 2009).
www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PO0905/S00230/mike-king-condemns-nz-pig-cruelty.htm (retrieved 26 November 2015)

SAFE Inc 2009. Mike King latest celebrity kingpin to condemn New Zealand pig cruelty. SAFE Media Release. Reproduced with permission.

Welfare laws fail pigs miserably. SAFE Media Release (July 2009).
www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PO0907/S00037.htm (retrieved 26 November 2015)

SAFE Inc 2009. Welfare laws fail pigs miserably. SAFE Media Release. Reproduced with permission.

Consumer ad campaign challenges pig industry. SAFE Media Release (July 2010).
www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PO1007/S00201.htm (retrieved 26 November 2015)

SAFE Inc 2010. Consumer ad campaign challenges pig industry. SAFE Media Release. Reproduced with permission.

Disturbing new pig cruelty footage reveals no change to pig welfare. SAFE Media Release (April 2010).
www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PO1004/S00095/no-change-to-pig-welfare.htm (retrieved 3 June 2016)

SAFE Inc 2010. Disturbing new pig cruelty footage reveals no change to pig welfare. SAFE Media Release. Reproduced with permission.

Govt fails to ban factory-farmed animals. SAFE Media Release (November 2010).
www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PO1011/S00166/govt-fails-to-ban-factory-farmed-animals.htm (retrieved 26 November 2015)

SAFE Inc 2010. Govt fails to ban factory-farmed animals. SAFE Media Release. Reproduced with permission.

Sow stall ban first important step. SAFE Media Release (December 2010).
www.scoop.co.nz/stories/AK1012/S00026/sow-stall-ban-first-important-step.htm (retrieved 26 November 2015)

SAFE Inc 2010. Sow stall ban first important step. SAFE Media Release. Reproduced with permission.

Short Written Texts (Newspapers)
Comedian does U-turn on pork. NZPA. Stuff (17 May 2009).
www.stuff.co.nz/national/2418545/Comedian-does-U-turn-on-pork (retrieved 19 March 2015)

This article is protected by copyright. You may not copy, store or distribute it in any form or by any means without the prior written consent of the Print Media Copyright Agency.
Phone (09) 306 1657 or email info@pmca.co.nz for further information.
Key finds pig probe disturbing. NZPA. Stuff (18 May 2009).
www.stuff.co.nz/business/farming/2420198/Key-finds-pig-probe-disturbing (retrieved 16 March 2015)

Piggery practice legal but not acceptable. Manawatu Standard. Editorial. Michael Cummings (20 May 2009).

To save your bacon, just add celebrity. The Dominion Post. Teleview. Jane Clifton (21 May 2009).

Let the light shine in. The Press. Mainlander. Philip Matthews (23 May 2009).

Let the light shine in. The Press. Mainlander. Philip Matthews (23 May 2009).

Writing on the wall for sow stalls. The New Zealand Herald. Editorial (25 May 2009).
www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10574336 (retrieved 17 March 2015)

Pig farming rules a legal cruelty. Rodney Times. Opinion. Pat Booth (26 May 2009).
www.stuff.co.nz/auckland/local-news/local-blogs/off-pat/2437916/Pig-farming-rules-a-legal-cruelty (retrieved 19 March 2015)

Carter gives industry hurry-up on sow crates. The New Zealand Herald. Politics (21 July 2009).

biology texts
Short Written Texts (Newspapers/Magazines)
Bekoff, Marc. Animals are conscious and should be treated as such. New Scientist, Issue 2883,
Comment (September 22, 2012).
Animals are conscious and should be treated as such

Now that scientists have belatedly declared that mammals, birds and many other animals are
conscious, it is time for society to act
By Marc Bekoff
Marc Bekoffis an emeritus professor of ecology and indicates that humans are not unique in possessing
evolutionary biology at the University of Colorado, the neurological substrates that generate
Boulder. He has written many essays and books consciousness. Non-human animals, including all
about animal emotions, animal consciousness and mammals and birds, and many other creatures,
animal protection including octopuses, also possess these neurological
substrates.
ARE animals conscious? This question has a long
and venerable history. Charles Darwin asked it when My first take on the declaration was incredulity. Did
pondering the evolution of consciousness. His ideas we really need this statement of the obvious? Many
about evolutionary continuity that differences renowned researchers reached the same conclusion
between species are differences in degree rather years ago.
than kind lead to a firm conclusion that if we have
The declaration also contains some omissions. All
something, they (other animals) have it too.
but one of the signatories are lab researchers; the
In July of this year, the question was discussed declaration would have benefited from perspectives
in detail by a group of scientists gathered at the from researchers who have done long-term studies
University of Cambridge for the first annualFrancis of wild animals, including nonhuman primates, social
Crick Memorial Conference. Crick, co-discoverer of carnivores, cetaceans, rodents and birds.
DNA, spent the latter part of his career studying
I was also disappointed that the declaration did
consciousness and in 1994 published a book about
not include fish, because the evidence supporting
it,The Astonishing Hypothesis: The scientific search
consciousness in this group of vertebrates is also
for the soul.
compelling.
The upshot of the meeting was theCambridge
Nevertheless, we should applaud them for doing
Declaration on Consciousness, which waspublicly
this. The declaration is not aimed at scientists: as
proclaimed by three eminent neuroscientists,David
its author, Low, said prior to the declaration: We
Edelmanof the Neurosciences Institute in La
came to a consensus that now was perhaps the time
Jolla, California,Philip Low of Stanford University
to make a statement for the public It might be
andChristof Kochof the California Institute of
obvious to everybody in this room that animals have
Technology.
consciousness; it is not obvious to the rest of the
The declaration concludes that non-human animals world.
have the neuroanatomical, neurochemical, and
The important question now is: will this declaration
neurophysiological substrates of conscious states
make a difference? What are these scientists
along with the capacity to exhibit intentional
and others going to do now that they agree that
behaviors. Consequently, the weight of evidence
consciousness is widespread in the animal kingdom?
2012 Reed Business Information Ltd, England. All rights reserved. Distributed by Tribune Content Agency. Animals are conscious and should be treated as such. New Scientist.
Reproduced with permission.

biology texts
Bekoff, Marc. Animals are conscious and should be treated as such. New Scientist, Issue 2883,
Comment (September 22, 2012).
Animals are conscious and should be treated as such Continued

I hope the declaration will be used to protect animals
from being treated abusively and inhumanely.
All too often, sound scientific knowledge about
animal cognition, emotions and consciousness is
not recognised in animal welfare laws. We know,
for example, that mice, rats and chickens display
empathy, but this knowledge has not been factored
into the US Federal Animal Welfare Act. Around 25
million of these animals, including fish, are used in
invasive research each year. They account for more
than 95 per cent of animals used in research in the US.
Im constantly astounded that those who decide on
regulations on animal use have ignored these data.
All too often, scientific knowledge

about animal cognition is not
recognised in welfare laws
Not all legislation ignores the science. TheEuropean
Unions Treaty of Lisbon, which came into force
on 1 December 2009, recognises that animals are I consider this irresponsible. Those who choose to
sentient beings and calls on member states to pay harm animals can easily use Dawkinss position to
full regard to the welfare requirements of animals justify their actions. Perhaps given the conclusions
in agriculture, fisheries, transport, research and of the Cambridge gathering, what I call Dawkinss
development and space policies. Dangerous Idea will finally be shelved. I dont see
how anyone who keeps abreast of the literature on
There are still scientific sceptics about animal
animal pain, sentience and consciousness and has
consciousness. In his book, Crick wrote it is
worked closely with any of a wide array of animals
sentimental to idealize animals and that for many
could remain sceptical and agnostic about whether
animals life in captivity is better, longer and less
they are conscious.
brutal than life in the wild.
Let us applaud the Cambridge Declaration on
Similar views still prevail in some quarters. In
Consciousness and work hard to get animals the
her recent bookWhy Animals Matter: Animal
protection they deserve. And let us hope that the
consciousness, animal welfare, and human well-being,
declaration is not simply a grandstanding gesture
Marian Stamp Dawkins at the University of Oxford
but rather something with teeth, something that
claims we still dont really know if other animals are
leads to action. We should all take this opportunity
conscious and that we should remain skeptical and
to stop the abuse of millions upon millions of
agnostic Militantly agnostic if necessary.
conscious animals in the name of science, education,
Dawkins inexplicably ignores the data that those food, clothing and entertainment. We owe it to them
at the meeting used to formulate their declaration, to use what we know on their behalf and to factor
and goes so far as to claim that it is actually harmful compassion and empathy into our treatment of them.
to animals to base welfare decisions on their being
conscious.
2012 Reed Business Information Ltd, England. All rights reserved. Distributed by Tribune Content Agency. Animals are conscious and should be treated as such. New Scientist.

biology texts
MacKenzie, Debora. Chicken genome plucked bare by inbreeding. New Scientist (Daily News,
4 November 2008).
Chicken genome plucked bare by inbreeding

Modern livestock is bred to be super-productive. But Closer than auntie
at what cost? In the first genetic assessment of an
That means 10% of the genes of any two birds from
entire agricultural product, scientists have found
the four classic breeds that were adopted by modern
that, on average, super-productive modern chickens
producers are already identical.
have lost more than half the genes present in
ancestral populations. Some have lost 90%. Commercial breeding has pushed this commonality
to 15% over the whole industry. That makes any two
This means most of the worlds chickens lack
chickens more closely related than aunts and nieces
characteristics that evolved when they lived in the
in a typical human population, who on average share
wild, and may be useful again to help them face
12.5% of their genes.
stress and disease as livestock.
Most of the remaining genetic differences are
Scientists want to breed DNA for traits such as
between different companies breeding lines, which
disease resistance, or animal well-being, back into
never cross. Within lines, though, much more has
commercial birds without introducing undesirable
been lost.
traits at the same time.
Lines of chickens bred for eating share at least 30%
Inbreeding is a concern with chickens, as the industry
of their genes. Some lines of laying hens share a
is dominated by a few big corporations that produce
staggering 90% of genes meaning they have also
billions of birds from a handful of private breeding
lost 90% of their potential diversity.
lines.
Muir is heading an effort to reintroduce ancestral
Homogenised hens genes into modern chickens.
Bill Muirof Purdue University in West Lafayette, Journal reference:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,
DOI:10.1073/pnas.0806569105
Indiana, and colleagues used the recently sequenced
ByDebora MacKenzie
chicken genome to measure genetic diversity across
these lines, and compared it with 19th century breeds
and wild chickens.
They found that chickens had already lost a lot of
genetic diversity before modern breeders got started.
In the 19th century, breeders turned the common
European chicken variably coloured birds with
erratically shaped combs that periodically laid
clutches of green speckled eggs into breeds such
as the White Leghorn. These were white birds with
identical combs that laid a single white egg daily.
The basic level of inbreeding was already 10% when
modern poultry companies came into being, Muir
toldNew Scientist.
2008 Reed Business Information Ltd, England. All rights reserved. Distributed by Tribune Content Agency. Chicken genome plucked bare by inbreeding. New Scientist.

biology texts
Short Written Texts (Reports)
American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA). A Growing Problem
Selective Breeding in the Chicken Industry: The Case for Slower Growth (2015).
Photo credit: Compassion in World Farming
Photo credit: Mercy for Animals
American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA; 2015). A Growing Problem Selective Breeding in the Chicken Industry: The Case for Slower Growth.
All rights reserved.

biology texts
Selective Breeding in the Chicken Industry: The Case for Slower Growth (2015). Extract from p. 6.

biology texts

biology texts

biology texts

biology texts
University of Nevada-Reno: Department of Animal Biotechnology. Rauw, Wendy (ed). Resource
Allocation Theory Applied to Farm Animal Production. CABI (2008). Extracts from pp. 12 & 15.
CAB International (2008). Resource Allocation Theory Applied to Farm Animal Production. Reproduced with permission.

biology texts
University of Nevada-Reno: Department of Animal Biotechnology. Rauw, Wendy (ed). Resource
Allocation Theory Applied to Farm Animal Production. CABI (2008). Extracts from pp. 15 & 16.
CAB International (2008). Resource Allocation Theory Applied to Farm Animal Production. Reproduced with permission.

biology texts
Turner, Jacky, Garcs, Leah and Smith, Wendy. The Welfare of Broiler Chickens in the European
Union. Compassion in World Farming Trust (2005). Extracts from pp. 7 & 10.
Turner, Jacky, Garcs, Leah and Smith, Wendy (2005). The Welfare of Broiler Chickens in the European Union. Compassion in World Farming Trust. Reproduced with permission.

biology texts

biology texts

biology texts

biology texts

biology texts
Webster, Jim, Cameron, Catherine and Rogers, Andrea. Survey of Lameness in New Zealand Meat
Chickens. Ministry for Primary Industries (2013). Extracts from pp. 3 & 4.
NOTE: While this report was produced for MPI the opinions it contains may not be approved or endorsed by MPI.
Webster, Jim, Cameron, Catherine and Rogers, Andrea (2013). Survey of Lameness in New Zealand Meat Chickens. Ministry for Primary Industries. Reproduced with permission.

biology texts
Chickens. Ministry for Primary Industries (2013). Extracts from pp. 5, 6 & 7.

biology texts

biology texts
Chickens. Ministry for Primary Industries (2013). Extracts from pp. 19, 20 & 21.

biology texts

biology texts
Hiemstra, Sipke and Napel, Jan. Study of the Impact of Genetic Selection on the Welfare of
Chickens Bred and Kept for Meat Production. IBF International Consulting (2013). Extracts from
pp. 26, 30 & 31.
Hiemstra, Sipke and Napel, Jan (2013). Study of the Impact of Genetic Selection on the Welfare of Chickens Bred and Kept for Meat Production. IBF International Consulting.

biology texts
Chickens Bred and Kept for Meat Production. IBF International Consulting (2013). Extract from p. 42.

biology texts

biology texts

biology texts
Chickens Bred and Kept for Meat Production. IBF International Consulting (2013). Extracts from
pp. 45 & 46.

science texts
Von Borell, E., Broom, D.M., Csermely, D., Dijkhuizen, A.A., Hylkema, S., Edwards, S.A., Jensen, P., Madec, F. and
Stamataris, C. The Welfare of Intensively Kept Pigs. Scientific Veterinary Committee (1997). Extracts from pp. 18 & 19.
Report of the Scientific Veterinary Committee, 1997. The Welfare of Intensively Kept Pigs. Reproduced with permission.

science texts

science texts

science texts

science texts

WRITTEN AND VISUAL TEXTS
Hi! IM
LUNCHEON
I am sick,
lame and live
in pain.
LovePigs.org.nz

Written and Visual Texts (Advertisements)
Your Say Matters! Advertisement. SAFE (2010).
SAFE Inc 2010. Your Say Matters! SAFE Advertisement. Reproduced with permission.

Saving Lucy. TV Advert. SAFE (2008).
SAFE Inc 2008. Saving Lucy. SAFE TV Advertisement. Reproduced with permission.

Finally, this pig has enough room to turn around. Advertisement. SAFE (May 2009).
SAFE Inc 2009. Finally, this pig has enough room to turn around. SAFE Advertisement. Reproduced with permission.

Written and Visual Texts (Banners)
Ban the Sow Crate. Banners. SAFE (2006).
SAFE Inc 2006. Ban the Sow Crate. Banners. Reproduced with permission.

Written and Visual Texts (Cartoons)
Sure, its an inhumane practice, but the farm would be uneconomic without it! Manawatu Standard. Michael Moreu
(20 May 2009).

english texts
Williamson, Tom. Secret Origin. Holy Cow! No. 3. SAFE (2005).
Williamson, Tom (2005). Secret Origin. Holy Cow! No. 3. Reproduced with permission.

english texts
Williamson, Tom.The Price of Cheap Pork. Holy Cow! No. 1. SAFE (2005).
Williamson, Tom (2005). The Price of Cheap Pork. Holy Cow! No. 1. Reproduced with permission.

english texts
Williamson, Tom.Beyond the Egg! Holy Cow! No. 2. SAFE (2005).
Williamson, Tom (2005). Beyond the Egg! Holy Cow! No. 2. Reproduced with permission.

Written and Visual Texts (Leaflet)
For the love of pigs. Leaflet. SAFE (June 2007).
SAFE Inc 2007. For the love of pigs. SAFE Leaflet. Reproduced with permission.

Written and Visual Texts (Mail-out)
Meet Lucy Give Pigs a Chance. Mail-out. SAFE (2010).
SAFE Inc 2010. Meet Lucy Give Pigs a Chance. SAFE Mail-out. Reproduced with permission.

Written and Visual Texts (Campaign Report)
Campaign Report 2008. Campaign Report. SAFE (2008).
SAFE Inc 2008. Campaign Report 2008. SAFE Campaign Report. Reproduced with permission.

Written and Visual Texts (Merchandise)
Love Pigs. Merchandise. SAFE (2007).
SAFE Inc 2007. Love Pigs. SAFE Merchandise. Reproduced with permission.

Written and Visual Texts (Pledge)
Take the Pledge Against Pig Cruelty. Pledge. SAFE (2009).
SAFE Inc 2009. Take the Pledge. SAFE Pledge. Reproduced with permission.

Written and Visual Texts (Postcards)
Lobbying for Lucy. Postcards. SAFE (2006).
SAFE Inc 2006. Lobbying for Lucy. SAFE Postcards. Reproduced with permission.

Written and Visual Texts (Postcards)
Are Your Customers Fed Up with Pig Cruelty? Postcards. SAFE (2006).
SAFE Inc 2006. Are Your Customers Fed Up with Pig Cruelty? SAFE Postcards. Reproduced with permission.

Written and Visual Texts (Posters)
Hi! Im. Posters. SAFE (2008).
Hi! IM
LUNCHEON
I am sick,
lame and live
in pain.
LovePigs.org.nz
SAFE Inc 2008. Hi! Im. SAFE Posters. Reproduced with permission.

Written and Visual Texts (Street Poster)
Welfare Approved Pork Dont be Fooled! Street Poster. SAFE (July 2010).
SAFE Inc 2010. Welfare Approved Pork Dont be Fooled! SAFE Street Poster. Reproduced with permission.

Written and Visual Texts (Posters)
Freedom for Pigs Campaign. Posters. SAFE (September 2008).
SAFE Inc 2008. Freedom for Pigs Campaign. SAFE Posters. Reproduced with permission.

Written and Visual Texts (Love Pigs Rescue Pack)
King of Pork Turns Pig Defender. Love Pigs Rescue Pack. SAFE (2009).
SAFE Inc 2009. King of Pork Turns Pig Defender. SAFE Love Pigs Rescue Pack. Reproduced with permission.

section 3
other RESOURCES,
Links & Glossary
An Introductory Bibliography
Amey, Catherine. Baur, Gene. Cherry, Elizabeth.
Clean, Green and Cruelty Free? Farm Sanctuary: Changing Hearts Culture and Activism: Animal
The true story of animals in New and Minds About Animals and Rights in France and the United
Zealand. Food. States (Solving Social Problems).
Rebel Press. 2008. Touchstone. 2008. Routledge, Oxon and New York.
Aotearoa New Zealand is often InFarm Sanctuary, Baur 2016.
promoted as a peaceful land of provides a thought-provoking This book offers a well-researched
blue skies, pure streams and rich investigation of the ethical comparison of animal welfare
pastures a clean and green questions involved in the campaigners in two Western
paradise. In reality, our society production of beef, poultry, countries. It shows how cultural
is based on the sounds, smells pork, milk and eggs and what beliefs, values and practices
and blood of the slaughterhouse. each of us can do to stop the at the international, national
Every year New Zealanders kill mistreatment of farm animals and organisational levels shape
over a hundred million animals and promote compassion. the choices available to groups
for food or profit. Clean, Green of activists, and why activists
Bekoff, Marc.
and Cruelty Free? explodes the make the choices that they do.
The Emotional Lives of Animals:
myth of New Zealand as a pristine It provides an account of why
A Leading Scientist Explores
and animal-friendly environment. their achievements differ in
Animal Joy, Sorrow, and Empathy
spite of their shared ultimate
Balcombe, Jonathan. and Why They Matter.
goals and will appeal to students
Second Nature: The Inner Lives of New World Library, California.
of sociology, anthropology,
Animals. 2007.
political science and cultural
Palgrave Macmillan. 2010. Based on award-winning scientist
geography with interests in social
Do baboons have a sense of right Marc Bekoffs years studying
movements and social problems.
and wrong? Do cats and dogs social communication in a wide
have their feelings hurt? Animal range of species, this important Coe, Sue.
behaviour expert Jonathan book shows that animals have Cruel: Bearing Witness to Animal
Balcombe makes the case that rich emotional lives. Bekoff Exploitation.
animals, once viewed only as skilfully blends extraordinary OR Books. 2012.
mindless automatons, actually stories of animal joy, empathy, Cruelconveys the terrible beauty,
have rich sensory experiences grief, embarrassment, anger and and intense suffering, of both
and emotional complexity. love with the latest scientific the animals so sacrificed and the
Drawing on new research, research confirming the existence workers involved in their violent
observational studies and of emotions that common destruction. While unexpectedly
personal anecdotes to reveal sense and experience have long beautiful in its depiction of the
the full spectrum of animal implied. Filled with Bekoffs light brutal consequences of meat
experience, Balcombe paints a humour and touching stories, The eating, this is a deeply moving,
new picture of the inner lives Emotional Lives of Animals is a upsetting work, not for the faint
of animals that diverges from clarion call for reassessing both of heart. Armed only with her
the fight or die image often how we view animals and how we sketchpad, Coe is often allowed
presented in the popular media. treat them. access to places no photographer
He challenges traditional views or reporter is admitted: the result
Bohanec, Hope.
of animals and makes the case is a passionate testimony to the
The Ultimate Betrayal: Is There
for why the human-animal waste and violence perpetrated
Happy Meat?
relationship needs a complete by one species against so many
iUniverse LLC, New York. 2013.
overhaul. others.
Drawing on peer-reviewed
research, worker and rescuer Coe, Sue.
testimony, and encounters with Dead Meat.
the farm animals themselves, Four Walls Eight Windows. 1995.
The Ultimate Betrayal discusses A nationally prominent,
the recent shift in raising and politically oriented artist offers
labelling animals processed for an unsparingly critical view of
food and the misinformation the meat industry in scores of
surrounding this new method illustrations, documenting the
of farming. This book explores skewing, flaying, dismembering,
how language manipulates castrating, debeaking,
consumers concepts about electrocuting and decapitating of
sustainability, humane treatment animals.
and what is truly healthy.

An Introductory Bibliography continued
Davidow, Ben. Fudge, Erica. Ingold, Tim (ed).
Uncaged: Top Activists Share Animal. What Is an Animal?
Their Wisdom on Effective Farm London: Reaktion. 2002. London: Routledge. 1994.
Animal Advocacy. Animal is an overview of the This is a collection of
Kindle only. many ways in which we live anthropological essays about
In Uncaged, 30 leading animal with animals, and asks, for what animals mean in human
activists, including Paul Shapiro, example, why is the pet that sits societies and cultures, written
Peter Singer and Colleen Patrick- by the dinner table never for from the perspectives of
Goudreau, offer their hard-won eating? Examining novels such philosophy and biology and
insights on effective farm animal as Charlottes Web, films such anthropology. It offers a unique
advocacy. Whether youre an as Old Yeller and Babe, science challenge to the assumptions
aspiring or seasoned activist, and advertising, fashion and about animals and their nature
Uncaged provides an abundance philosophy, Animal evaluates the that are deeply embedded in our
of wisdom and inspiration that ways in which we think about thinking.
will help you have a big impact animals and challenges a number
Joy, Melanie.
for farm animals. of the assumptions we hold.
Why We Love Dogs, Eat Pigs, and
De Waal, Frans. Hatkoff, Amy. Wear Cows.
Are We Smart Enough to Know The Inner World of Farm Animals: Conari Press. 2009.
How Smart Animals Are? Their Amazing Social, Emotional, InWhy We Love Dogs, Eat Pigs,
W. W. Norton & Company Inc, New and Intellectual Capacities. and Wear CowsJoy investigates
York. 2016. Stewart, Tabori and Chang, New factory farming, exposing
What separates your mind from York. 2009. how cruelly the animals are
an animals? Maybe you think Chickens can count. Pigs are treated, the hazards that
its your ability to design tools, smarter than poodles. Cows form meatpacking workers face, and
your sense of self or your grasp close friendships. Turkeys know the environmental impact of
of past and future all traits that one another by their voices, and raising 10 billion animals for food
have helped us define ourselves sheep recognise faces of other each year. Controversial and
as the planets pre-eminent sheep, and of people. Far from challenging, this book will change
species. But in recent decades, lacking thoughts and feelings, the way you think about food
these claims have eroded, or farm animals demonstrate forever.
even been disproven outright, sophisticated problem-solving
Lymbery, Philip.
by a revolution in the study of abilities, possess rich social
Farmageddon: The True Cost of
animal cognition. Frans de Waal lives and feel a wide range
Cheap Meat.
explores both the scope and the of emotions. In other words,
Bloomsbury Publishing, London.
depth of animal intelligence. He theyre much like humans in
2014.
explains how science has stood countless ways. And, like us, they
Farmageddon is a fascinating
traditional behaviourism on its suffer physical pain and mental
and terrifying journey behind
head by revealing how smart anguish. This book combines
the closed doors of the intensive
animals really are, and how weve research, anecdotes and
food industry across the world,
underestimated their abilities for beautiful photography to call for
and covers human health, the
too long. compassion and respect for farm
environment and food security. It
animals.
De Waal, Frans and Tyack, Peter is both a wake-up call to change
(eds). Hawthorne, Mark. our current food production and
Animal Social Complexity: A Vegan Ethic: Embracing a Life of eating practices and an attempt
Intelligence, Culture, and Compassion Toward All. to find a way to a better farming
Individualised Societies. Changemaker Books. 2016. future.
Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Following Bleating Hearts, A
Mason, Jim and Singer, Peter.
University Press. 2005. Vegan Ethic looks at the work of
Animal Factories.
A large collection of essays activists in a number of different
Crown Publishers. 1980.
by leading zoologists that areas, not just animal rights,
The American animal farm has
exemplify the new approaches to examine how all forms of
become Big Business. Small,
to understanding animal oppression including racism,
diversified family farms are
behaviour, intelligence and social sexism and speciesism are
giving way to large, systematised
organisation. connected. He promotes the idea
confinement systems, where
that, by recognising how social
animals live indoors for their
justice issues overlap, we can
full life spans, crowded into
develop collaborative strategies
cages, stalls and pens, their
for finding solutions.
needs tended by mechanised

An Introductory Bibliography continued
production with little labour. Pacelle, Wayne. Safran Foer, Jonathan.
Although the new ways are The Humane Economy: How Eating Animals.
intended to maximise efficiency Innovators and Enlightened Back Bay Books. 2010.
and productivity, they carry a Consumers Are Transforming the Travelling to the darkest corners
high cost for consumers, farmers Lives of Animals. of our dining habits, Foer raises
and farm animals. William Morrow. 2016. the unspoken question behind
Wayne Pacelle of the Humane every fish we eat, every chicken
Masson, Jeffrey.
Society of the United States we fry and every burger we
The Pig Who Sang to the Moon:
reveals how entrepreneurs, grill. Part memoir and part
The Emotional World of Farm
Fortune 500 CEOs, world-class investigative report,Eating
Animals.
scientists, a new class of political Animalsis a book that, in the
Ballentine Books. 2004.
leaders and, most importantly, words of theLos Angeles Times,
Weaving history, literature,
consumers are driving the growth places Jonathan Safran Foer
anecdotes, scientific studies and
of the humane economy. Every at the table with our greatest
Massons own vivid experiences
business grounded on animal philosophers.
observing pigs, cows, sheep, goats
exploitation, Pacelle argues,
and chickens over the course of Singer, Peter.
is ripe for disruption. This new
five years, this important book Animal Liberation: The Definitive
economy promises to relieve
at last gives voice, meaning and Classic of the Animal Movement.
or end the suffering of billions
dignity to these gentle beasts Harper Collins Publishing, New
of creatures, while businesses
that are bred to be milked, York. 2009.
sensitive to the animal welfare
shorn, butchered and eaten. Since its original publication
concerns of their customers
Can we ever know what makes in 1975, this groundbreaking
flourish. Pacelle shows, for
an animal happy? Many animal work has awakened millions of
instance, how the cruelties of
behaviourists say no. But Jeffrey people to the shocking abuse of
industrial chicken farming are
Masson has a different view: animals everywhere. It inspired
quickly becoming obsolete with
an animal is happy if it can live a worldwide movement to
a visit to the worlds fastest-
according to its own nature. Farm eliminate much of the cruel and
growing food start-up ever,
animals suffer greatly in this unnecessary experimentation
the makers of a plant-based
regard. Chickens, for instance, like of years past. Singer offers
egg substitute. Pacelle also
to perch in trees at night, to avoid sound humane solutions to
recounts stories of established
predators and to nestle with what has become a profound
companies who are joining in this
friends. The obvious conclusion: environmental, social and moral
economic transformation, such
they cannot be happy when issue.
as major US food retailers which
confined 20 to a cage.
are embracing animal welfare Wadiwel, Dinesh.
Ozeki, Ruth. standards that are one by one The War against Animals.
My Year of Meats (also published unwinding the horrors of the Brill Rodopi, Amsterdam. 2015.
as My Year of Meat). factory farm. Are non-human animals our
Penguin Books, New York. 1999. friends or enemies? In this
Patterson, Charles.
A novel that explores, among provocative book, Dinesh
Eternal Treblinka: Our Treatment
other things, the linguistic Wadiwel argues that our
of Animals and the Holocaust.
manipulations used by mainstay relationships with
Lantern Books. 2002.
advertisers, and the meat billions of animals are essentially
This book explores the similar
processing industrys practices hostile. The War against Animals
attitudes and methods behind
that they do not want us to challenges us to examine this
modern societys treatment of
know about. Awarded the idea in all aspects of our lives, as
animals and the way humans
Kirayama Prize for Literature of individuals and as a society.
have often treated each other,
the Pacific Rim, and particularly
most notably during the
recommended for fans of Michael
Holocaust. The books epigraph
Pollan, Margaret Atwood and
and title are from The Letter
Barbara Kingsolver.
Writer, a story by the Yiddish
writer and Nobel Laureate Isaac
Bashevis Singer: In relation to
them, all people are Nazis; for the
animals it is an eternal Treblinka.

ONLINE RESOURCES
Activist Videos Blogs Andersen, Kip and Kuhn, Keegan

Cowspiracy (2014)
PETA Carter, Mandy (2014)
1 h 25 min, accessed 31 May 2016
Meet your meat (2002) 11 min Nine things they dont want you
www.cowspiracy.com/about/
34 sec, accessed 31 May 2016 to know about factory farming
www.peta.org/videos/meet-your- SAFE Talk Blog, 20 May 2014, Monson, Shaun
meat/ accessed 31 May 2016 Earthlings (2005)
www.safenewzealand. 1 h 35 min, accessed 31 May 2016
Media That Matters
org/2014/05/20/nine-things-they- www.earthlings.com/
The Meatrix (2003) 3 min 58 sec,
dont-want-you-to-know-about-
accessed 31 May 2016 Devries, Mark
factory-farming/
www.youtube.com/ Speciesism (2013)
watch?v=IMOAaciER6o Kriek, Hans (2014) 1 h 34 min, accessed 31 May 2016
Colony Cage Con www.speciesismthemovie.com/
Articles SAFE Talk Blog, 7 October 2014,
Kenner, Robert
accessed 31 May 2016
Day, Cheryl (2014) Food, Inc (2008)
www.safenewzealand.
Yielding more chicken without 1 h 34 min, accessed 31 May 2016
org/2014/10/07/colony-cage-con/
growth enhancers www.takepart.com/foodinc
Feedstuffs Foodlink, accessed Kriek, Hans (2014)
8 September 2016 Ban the Ham Fiction
www.feedstuffsfoodlink. SAFE Talk Blog, 11 December 2014,
Levandoski, Rob (2015)
com/story-yielding-more- accessed 31 May 2016
Fresh Eggs
chicken-without-growth- www.safenewzealand.
The Permanent Press, e-book,
enhancers-0-119150 org/2014/12/11/ban-the-ham/
Grillo, Robert (2014) Izzard, Abi (2015) www.amazon.com/
Chicken Behaviour: An Overview Five caged hen facts the Fresh-Eggs-Rob-Levandoski-
of Recent Science Industry doesnt want you to ebook/dp/B00WFNRN82/
Free From Harm, accessed 31 May know ref=sr_1_2?s=digital-text&ie=
2016 SAFE Talk Blog, 4 April 2015, UTF8&qid=1452733299&sr=
www.freefromharm.org/chicken- accessed 31 May 2016 1-2&keywords=levandoski
behavior-an-overview-of-recent- www.safenewzealand.
Pardoe, Vicki (2014)
science/ org/2015/04/04/five-caged-hen-
Cooped Up: A Factory Farm Novel
facts/
McCormick Donaldson, Tammy e-book, accessed 31 May 2016
Is Boredom Driving Pigs Crazy? www.amazon.com/COOPED-UP-
Documentaries/Films Factory-Farm-Novel-ebook/dp/
University of Idaho, accessed
31 May 2016 Real Stories BBC Scotland B00K1J4O84
www.webpages.uidaho.edu/ (July 2010)
range556/appl_behave/projects/ The Private Life of Chickens
pigs_ster.html 59 min 2 sec, accessed 31 May
2016
Zhai, Wei and Wells, Jessica (2012)
www.youtube.com/
Why the Rapid Growth Rate in
watch?v=1c06xOF4uQ8
Todays Chickens?
Mississippi State University, Real Stories BBC Scotland
accessed 8 September 2016 (May 2015)
www.thepoultrysite.com/ The Private Life of Pigs
articles/2699/why-the-rapid- 58 min 37 sec, accessed 31 May
growth-rate-in-todays-chickens/ 2016
www.youtube.com/watch?v=_
ixJXruwWOY
A Tribe of Heart
Peaceable Kingdom (2004)
1 h 18 min, accessed 31 May 2016
www.peaceablekingdomfilm.org/
home.htm

ONLINE RESOURCES continued
Industry Publication Media Releases SAFE (2010)

MPs called to support new
Wahlstrom, Annsofie (2013) SAFE (2009)
welfare bill
The importance of seven-day Pig farmer to be identified not
Scoop Independent News,
weight a rogue, say pig advocates
6 August 2010, accessed 1 June
World Poultry, accessed 31 May Scoop Independent News,
2016
2016 19 May 2009, accessed 1 June 2016
www.scoop.co.nz/stories/
www.worldpoultry.net/Breeders/ www.scoop.co.nz/stories/
PO1008/S00079/mps-called-to-
Nutrition/2013/4/The-importance- PO0905/S00243/pig-farmer-to-be-
support-new-welfare-bill.htm
of-seven-day-weight-1211707W/ identified-by-advocates.htm
SAFE (2009) Newspapers/Magazines
Infographics
Pig welfare campaigners target
Blundell, Kay
The Real Cost of Factory Farmed pork conference
Farmer insists: My pigs meet the
Chicken Scoop Independent News,
welfare code
n.d. SAFE Inc, accessed 31 May 8 June 2009, accessed 1 June 2016
The Dominion Post, 20 May 2009,
2016 www.scoop.co.nz/stories/
www.safe.org.nz/sites/default/ PO0906/S00082/pig-welfare-
www.stuff.co.nz/business/
files/SFFCostofChicken_0.pdf campaigners-target-pork-
farming/2424876/Farmer-insists-
conference.htm
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No plan to develop free-range
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files/SFFCagedHenINFOG.pdf cruelty
Rilkoff, Matt (2009)
Imports put pressure on pig
Journals 3 November 2009, accessed 1 June
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www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PO0911/
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S00017.htm
Prcis of Sentience and animal www.stuff.co.nz/business/
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Animal Sentience 2016.005, Code spells pigs in crates pressure-on-pig-farmers
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Blundell, Kay (2009)
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Pig welfare code review ordered
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PO1003/S00067.htm
trends, future prospects politics/2428065/Pig-welfare-
The Royal Society Publishing, SAFE (2010) code-review-ordered
accessed 31 May 2016 No change to pig welfare
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Documents reveal NZ Pork farming/2431333/Out-of-the-
defiant crate-and-into-the-public-eye
20 June 2010, accessed 1 June 2016
BU1006/S00550.htm

ONLINE RESOURCES continued
Gibson, Eloise (2009) Websites
Minister calls for urgent review
CBC News (2014)
of sow crates
Chickens are 4 times bigger
The New Zealand Herald, 23 May
today than in 1950s
2009, accessed 31 May 2016
Accessed 1 June 2016
www.nzherald.co.nz/
www.cbc.ca/news/canada/
nz/news/article.cfm?c_
calgary/chickens-are-4-
id=1&objectid=10574044
times-bigger-today-than-in-
1950s-1.2792628
Reports
Charles, Dan (2016)
Compassion in World Farming
Why Whole Foods Wants a
Trust (2013)
Slower-Growing Chicken
The Life of: Broiler chickens
The salt: Whats on Your Plate,
Farm Animal Welfare
accessed 1 June 2016
Compendium, 1 May 2013,
www.npr.org/sections/
thesalt/2016/03/30/472167748/
www.ciwf.org.uk/media/5235306/
why-whole-foods-wants-a-slower-
The-life-of-Broiler-chickens.pdf
growing-chicken#
Hiemstra, Sipke and Napel, Jan
SAFE n.d.
(2013)
Factory Farming: Meat
Study of the Impact of Genetic
Chickens
Selection on the Welfare of
SAFE, accessed 1 June 2016
Chickens Bred and Kept for Meat
Production
farming-meat-chickens
IBF International Consulting,
accessed 1 June 2016 Voiceless (2008)
www.wing-vechta.de/service/ From Nest to Nugget An
literaturdatenbank/service. Expos of Australias Chicken
html?con_temp=literatur_ Factories
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Turner, Jacky, Garcs, Leah and
default/files/from_nest_to_
Smith, Wendy (2005)
nugget_report_online_final.pdf
The Welfare of Broiler Chickens
in the European Union SAFE (Factory Farming: Layer
Compassion in World Farming, hens)
accessed 1 June 2016 SAFE, accessed 15 July 2016
www.ciwf.org.uk/media/3818904/ www.safe.org.nz/issue/factory-
welfare-of-broilers-in-the-eu.pdf farming-layer-hens
Webster, Jim, Cameron, Catherine SAFE (Factory Farming: Pigs)
and Rogers, Andrea (2013) SAFE, accessed 15 July 2016
Survey of Lameness in New www.safe.org.nz/issue/factory-
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United Poultry Concerns (Battery
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hens/
United Poultry Concerns (Broiler
chickens)
UPC, accessed 15 July 2016
www.upc-online.org/broiler/

Website Links
Accessed 8 May 2016

Animal Aid (United Kingdom) Animals Australia
www.animalaid.org.uk/ www.animalsaustralia.org/
Animal Aid is the UKs Animals Australia is
largest animal rights Australias foremost
group. They campaign national animal
peacefully against all protection organisation,
forms of animal abuse and representing some
promote a cruelty-free 40 member groups
lifestyle. They investigate and over 1.5 million
and expose animal cruelty, individual supporters.
and their undercover Animals Australia, along
investigations and other with its global arm Animals International, has an
evidence are often used by the media, bringing these unprecedented track record in investigating and
issues to public attention. exposing animal cruelty and for conducting world-first
strategic public awareness campaigns.
Animals & Society Institute
www.animalsandsociety.org/ Black Sheep Sanctuary (Aotearoa New Zealand)
The Animals & Society www.theblacksheep.org.nz/
Institute develops The Black Sheep Animal
knowledge in the field of Sanctuary is a safe and
human-animal studies, sustainable space to
supports practices to rehabilitate and rehome
address the relationship abused, injured and
between animal cruelty neglected non-human
and other violence, and animals. They are a
promotes action to protect animals through the relatively new sanctuary
adoption of ethical, compassionate public policy. on 26 acres of land at Otaki Forks, an hours drive north
of Wellington, Aotearoa New Zealand. The Sanctuary
Animal Liberation Victoria (Australia)
operates according to animal rights principles and
www.alv.org.au/
promotes animal liberation.
Animal Liberation Victoria
(ALV) was founded over Brightside Animal Sanctuary (Australia)
35 years ago, with the www.brightside.org.au/
mission of saving lives Brightside is a farm
and ending animal sanctuary and shelter for
exploitation. What animals set on 50 acres in
sets ALV apart from the Tasmanias Huon Valley.
majority of other animal Brightside educates,
organisations is that they advocates and campaigns
will never support calls for for farm and companion
bigger cages or more humane killing: they fight to end animals. They provide
violence against animals, not regulate it. ALV believes hundreds of abused and neglected animals with a
that all sentient beings, regardless of species, have the permanent loving and secure home. Their mission is to
right to be treated as independent entities and not as raise awareness with regard to the plight of millions of
the property of others. factory farmed animals in Australia.
Animal Sanctuary (Aotearoa New Zealand) Centre for Animals and Social Justice (CASJ)
www.animalsanctuary.co.nz/ www.casj.org.uk/
The Sanctuary is an animal The Centre for Animals
refuge run by Shawn and Social Justice (CASJ)
Bishop and Michael is a think tank founded
Dixon in Matakana, New by leading academics
Zealand. They provide and animal advocates
a safe haven for abused that heralds a unique
and neglected animals, and innovative approach
and care for injured or to advancing animal
orphaned native birds. protection. It is dedicated to research, education and
policy engagement that establish animals rightful
status as recipients of social justice.

Website Links continued
Accessed 8 May 2016

Compassion in World Humane Society (United States)
Farming (United Kingdom) www.humanesociety.org/
www.ciwf.org.uk/ The Humane Society of
Compassion in World the United States (HSUS)
Farming was founded in is the nations largest and
1967 by a British farmer who became horrified by the most effective animal
development of modern, intensive factory farming. protection organisation.
Today they campaign peacefully to end all factory HSUS and their affiliates
farming practices. They believe that the biggest cause provide hands-on care and services to more than
of cruelty on the planet deserves a focused, specialised 100,000 animals each year, and professionalise the field
approach so they only work on farm animal welfare. through education and training for local organisations.
They are the leading animal advocacy organisation,
Edgars Mission (Australia)
seeking a humane world for people and animals alike.
www.edgarsmission.org.au/
Edgars Mission is a not for Mercy For Animals (United States)
profit farm sanctuary that www.mercyforanimals.org/
seeks to create a humane Mercy For Animals is on the
and just world for humans front lines fighting to protect
and non-humans. Edgars Mission Farm Sanctuary is farmed animals. From
set on 153 peaceable acres and provides lifelong love factory farms to corporate
and care to over 350 rescued animals. boardrooms, courts of justice
to courts of public opinion,
Farm Sanctuary (United States)
Mercy For Animals is there to speak up against cruelty
www.farmsanctuary.org/learn/factory-farming/#
and for compassion.
Farm Sanctuary was founded
in 1986 to combat the abuses New Zealand Centre for Human-Animal Studies
of factory farming and www.nzchas.canterbury.ac.nz/
encourage a new awareness The New Zealand Centre
and understanding about for Human-Animal Studies,
farm animals. Today, Farm Sanctuary is the largest based at the University
and most effective farm animal rescue and protection of Canterbury, brings
organisation in the United States. Farm Sanctuary together scholars from
is committed to ending cruelty to farm animals and the humanities and social
promoting compassionate vegan living through sciences whose research is concerned with the
rescue, education and advocacy efforts. conceptual and material treatment of non-human
animals in culture, society and history. Human-animal
Farmwatch (Aotearoa New Zealand)
studies is a growing area of research. The centre says
www.farmwatch.org.nz/
it believes this kind of research and scholarship brings
Farmwatch serves as a voice
with it a responsibility to challenge attitudes towards
for animals by investigating
animals and to account for the interests of animals.
and exposing cruelty.
This site has useful links to other research sites.
Animals experience feelings
very similar to our own and NZ Vegetarian Society (Aotearoa New Zealand)
deserve to live a natural life, free from suffering and www.vegetarian.org.nz/
slaughter. Farmwatch works to create a future where The NZ Vegetarian Society
all animals are treated with the compassion and is an organisation for all
respect they deserve. Exposing the reality of animal vegetarians. They endeavour
industries is essential to show the consuming public to support all types of
how farmed animals are bred and killed. vegetarians and also to
help in the transition to
HUHA (Aotearoa New Zealand)
vegetarianism and to
www.huha.org.nz/
veganism. The NZ Vegetarian
Helping you help animals
Society believes every action that reduces animal
(HUHA) is a charitable trust
deaths is a valuable one. The fact that they include
dedicated to teaching
all vegetarians is one of the things that makes the NZ
empathy to the community
Vegetarian Society unique and special.
and providing shelter for
those less fortunate animals that struggle to survive in
todays disposable culture.

Website Links continued
Accessed 8 May 2016

People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) Vegan Society (Aotearoa New Zealand)
www.peta.org/issues/animals-used-for-food/ www.vegansociety.org.nz/
People for the Ethical The Vegan Society
Treatment of Animals supports and facilitates
(PETA) is the largest animal a vegan lifestyle and
rights organisation in plant-based eating
the world, with more by creating a vibrant,
than five million members and supporters. PETA visible and influential
focuses its attention on the four areas in which community, and by
the largest number of animals suffer the most providing information and
intensely for the longest periods of time: in the food resources.
industry, in the clothing trade, in laboratories and
Vegan Society (United Kingdom)
in the entertainment industry. They also work on a
www.vegansociety.com/
variety of other issues, including the cruel killing of
Founded in 1944, the
rodents, birds and other pests as well as cruelty to
Vegan Society works
domesticated animals.
towards making veganism
SAFE (Aotearoa New Zealand) an easily adopted and
www.safe.org.nz/ widely recognised
Founded in 1932, SAFE approach to reducing
aims to make significant animal and human
improvements to the suffering.
lives of animals by raising
Voiceless: The Animal Protection Institute (Australia)
awareness, challenging
www.voiceless.org.au/
cruel practices, changing attitudes and fostering
Voiceless is a non-profit
compassion so that they are no longer exploited or
think tank led by father-
abused by humans. SAFE undertakes high-profile
daughter team Brian
campaigns, public stalls, displays, demonstrations,
and Ondine Sherman,
meetings, education services and research to foster a
supported by patrons
more informed understanding of the state of human-
who include J M Coetzee,
animal relations in contemporary Aotearoa New
Hugo Weaving and Jane
Zealand.
Goodall. Established in 2004, Voiceless is a community
The Meatrix of informed and passionate animal advocates working
www.themeatrix.com/ together to make animal protection a social justice
The Meatrix website issue.
offers information on
World Animal Protection (formerly WSPA)
the issues surrounding
www.worldanimalprotection.org.nz/
factory farming, as
World Animal Protection
well as alternatives to
is the new name for an
conventionally raised meat, poultry, dairy and eggs.
organisation that has
The website also features The Meatrix Interactive 360,
been in existence since
a tool to help people learn about factory farming, with
1950. They campaign
in-depth information on the issues.
in many areas, such as
United Poultry Concerns (United States) bullfighting, dancing
www.upc-online.org bears, bears milked for
Founded in 1990 by Karen bile and factory farming.
Davis, United Poultry As WSPA, they began lobbying the EU in the 1980s, were
Concerns is the worlds given consultative status at the UN in 1981 and by the
foremost non-profit 1990s had been represented at the Council of Europe.
organisation dedicated They now regularly address the UN.
to promoting the respectful treatment of domestic
fowl. UPC runs a haven for chickens in Virginia, and
also teaches people about the egg and chicken meat
industries, the natural lives of free chickens, pleasures
and benefits of human-chicken companionship,
and alternatives to chicken farming and the use of
chickens in education and scientific experimentation.

GLOSSARY
Farmwatch
AAWS: Australian Animal Welfare Ammonia: a colourless gas with a Antagonist: a substance which
Strategy, a government document characteristic pungent smell, which interferes with or inhibits the
aimed at assisting in the creation of a dissolves in water to give a strongly physiological action of another.
more consistent and effective animal alkaline solution.
Antibody: a blood protein produced
welfare system.
Analgesic: (of a drug) acting to relieve by the body in response to and
Abattoir: a slaughterhouse, or facility pain. counteracting a specific antigen.
where animals are killed for food. Antibodies combine chemically
Analogy: a comparison between
with substances which the body
Abscess: a swollen area within body one thing and another made for
recognises as alien, such as bacteria,
tissue, containing an accumulation the purpose of explanation or
viruses and foreign substances in the
of pus. clarification.
blood.
ACT: Australian Capital Territory. Ancestral population: original
Apathy: lack of interest, enthusiasm
members of a genetically related
Action patterns: an instinctive or concern.
species.
behaviour sequence that is
Arbitrary dispensation: exemption
consistent within a species, and Animal advocate: a person who
from a rule or usual requirement.
inevitably runs to completion. works to bring about positive change
for animals. Ascites: the accumulation of fluid
Adjustment disorder: an abnormal
in the peritoneal cavity, causing
and excessive reaction to an Animal rights: the belief that animals
abdominal swelling.
identifiable life stressor. should not be exploited for human
advantage. Assuage: make (an unpleasant
Aggravate: make worse.
feeling) less intense.
Animal sanctuary: typically a place
Agnostic: having a doubtful or
where rescued farm, domesticated or Asymmetry: lack of equality or
non-committal attitude towards
wild animals are allowed to live out equivalence between parts or
something.
their normal lifespan under the care aspects of something; lack of
Agribusiness: the group of industries of humans. symmetry.
dealing with agricultural produce
Animal welfare: the belief that Atrophy: (of body tissue or an organ)
and services required in farming.
the well-being of animals should waste away, especially as a result of
Allele: each of two or more be considered when humans use the degeneration of cells.
alternative forms of a gene that arise animals. Reductions in welfare are
AWA: Animal Welfare Act, the law
by mutation and are found at the defined (and measured) as reductions
that is designed to protect animals in
same place on a chromosome. in biological fitness.
New Zealand.
Alleviate: make (pain or difficulty) Animal welfare paradigm: a way of
less severe. viewing the world that prioritises
animal welfare and challenges
conventional thinking about animals
as resources.

GLOSSARY
Bill Evans
Bacterial chondronecrosis: a bone Cardiovascular: relating to the heart Colony cages: a system of cages for
disease that leads to lameness. Also and blood vessels. layer hens that allow groups of up
known as femoral head necrosis. to 60 birds in one cage, with some
Cartesian: of or relating to the
additional features such as perches
Barbarism: extreme cruelty or French philosopher Ren Descartes
and scratch pads. Also known as
brutality. (1596-1650) and his ideas.
enriched cages.
Battery cages: a large number of Case law: the law as established by
Conformation: the shape or structure
small cages in which egg-laying hens the outcome of former cases.
of something, especially an animal.
are kept.
Castrate: remove the testicles of
Consciousness: the fact of awareness
Battery egg: an egg produced by a (a male animal or man).
by the mind of itself and the world.
battery hen.
Cellulitis: inflammation of
Constituency: a body of voters
Battery hen: colloquial term used to subcutaneous connective tissue.
in a specified area who elect a
describe an egg-laying hen that lives
Cetacean: a marine mammal of the representative to a legislative body.
in a battery cage. Also described by
order Cetacea; a whale, dolphin or
egg producers as a caged layer. Contact dermatitis: a medical
porpoise.
condition in which the skin becomes
Biodiversity: the variety of plant
Chi-square test: a statistical method red, swollen and sore, sometimes
and animal life in the world or in a
assessing the goodness of fit with small blisters, resulting from
particular habitat, a high level of
between a set of observed values and direct irritation of the skin by or
which is usually considered to be
those expected theoretically. allergic reaction to an external agent.
important and desirable.
Cloaca: a common cavity at the Corticosterone: a hormone secreted
Biological: relating to biology or
end of the digestive tract for the by the adrenal cortex, one of the
living organisms.
release of both excretory and genital glucocorticoids.
Broiler: a chicken that is bred and products in vertebrates (except most
Creep: a feeding enclosure for young
raised exclusively for their meat. mammals) and certain invertebrates.
animals. Usually adjacent to the
Bursa: a fluid-filled sac or sac-like Code of welfare layer hens: farrowing crate on intensive pig
cavity, especially one countering colloquial term used to describe the farms.
friction at a joint. Animal Welfare (Layer Hens) Code of
Cull: reduce a population by selective
Welfare.
Campaign: an organised course of slaughter.
action to achieve a goal, typically a Code of welfare pigs: colloquial term
Dam: the female parent of an animal,
political or social one. used to describe the Animal Welfare
especially a mammal.
(Pigs) Code of Welfare.
Cannibal: an animal that eats the
Debilitation: the state of being weak
flesh of its own species. Cognition: the mental action or
and infirm.
process of acquiring knowledge and
Carcass/carcase: the dead body of an
understanding through thought, Deep litter systems: indoor intensive
animal.
experience and the senses. farming systems where birds are
Cardiopulmonary: relating to the kept on flooring of sawdust or other
heart and the lungs. similar material. Often used in barn
and broiler systems.

GLOSSARY
Farmwatch
Defended hearing: a court hearing in Dyschondroplasia: a disease that Farrowing: (of a sow) giving birth to
which a judge decides cases where affects the growth of bone and (piglets).
the defendant has pleaded not guilty cartilage.
Farrowing crate: used to confine
but the charges do not warrant a jury
Electrophoresis: the movement of a sow who is due to give birth.
trial.
charged particles in a fluid or gel The crate includes a creep area for
Degenerative: (of a disease or under the influence of an electric piglets. The sow remains confined in
symptom) characterised by field. a narrow crate. All she can do is stand
progressive, often irreversible, or lie down to nurse her piglets.
Embryo selection: various
deterioration and loss of function in
technologies for selecting embryos FDP: foot pad dermatitis.
organs or tissues.
that have the desired chromosomes.
Feed conversion: a measurement
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA): a self-
Enriched: used to describe of how much feed is necessary to
replicating material which is present
environments that have additional produce a certain amount of milk or
in nearly all living organisms as the
features besides those required number of eggs.
main constituent of chromosomes. It
to sustain life; designed to allow
is the carrier of genetic information. Feedlot: an area or a building where
for some expression of natural
farm animals are fed and fattened up.
Descartes: a philosopher who behaviours.
believed that animals did not have Felony: a crime regarded in the US
Enzymes: biological molecules
consciousness and did not have the and many other judicial systems as
(proteins) that act as catalysts
ability to feel pain. more serious than a misdemeanour,
and help complex reactions occur
or minor crime.
Detrimental: having a harmful or everywhere in life.
negative effect. Femoral head necrosis: bacterial
Epistasis: interaction of genes that
chondronecrosis.
Diachronic: concerned with the are not alleles; in particular, the
way in which something (especially suppression of the effect of one such Foot pad dermatitis: dermatitis, or
language) has developed through gene by another. inflammation, of the foot pad.
time.
Ethical: acting according to a set Furl: roll, curl or fold up.
DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid. of moral principles, especially ones
Gait: manner of walking.
relating to or affirming a specified
DNA sequencing: the process of
group, field or form of conduct. Gait scoring system: a system for
determining the precise order of
rating the incidence or absence of
nucleotides within a DNA molecule. Ethogram: a catalogue or table of all
lameness.
the different kinds of behaviour or
Domesticate: bring (an animal
activity observed in an animal. Gene: a unit of heredity which
or species) under human control
is transferred from a parent to
for some specific purpose such as Euthanise: put (a living being) to
offspring and is held to determine
carrying loads, hunting or food. death humanely.
some characteristic of the offspring.
Dust bathing: the act of a bird Factory farming: a system of rearing
Gene mapping: methods used to
working dust into their feathers in livestock indoors under strictly
identify the locus (position) of a gene
order to clean them. controlled conditions.
and the distances between genes.

GLOSSARY
Farmwatch
Gene technology: a range of activities Gestation: the process or period of Hock burns: marks found on the
concerned with understanding gene developing inside the womb between upper joints of chickens and other
expression, modifying genes and conception and birth. birds raised on broiler farms, caused
transferring them to new hosts. by ammonia.
Gestation crates/housing: see Sow
Genetically modified: (of an stall. Holistic: characterised by the
organism) containing genetic belief that the parts of something
Gilt: a young sow.
material that has been artificially are intimately interconnected and
altered so as to produce a desired Gratuitous: done without good explicable only by reference to the
characteristic. reason; uncalled for. whole.
Genetic diversity: the total number Group-housed sows: adult female Homeostatic: having a tendency
of genetic characteristics in the pigs housed in large sheds instead of towards a relatively stable
genetic make-up of a species. being confined to individual stalls. equilibrium between interdependent
elements, especially as maintained
Genetic engineering: the deliberate Growth enhancers: hormones or
by physiological processes.
modification of the characteristics nutrients used to encourage growth.
of an organism by manipulating its Home range: the area in which an
Habituation: the diminishing of
genetic material. animal lives and moves on a daily
an innate response to a frequently
basis, and the additional area they
Genetic marker: a gene or DNA repeated stimulus.
cover at certain times of the year if
sequence with a known location on
Haemorrhage/hemorrhage: an they migrate to find food or mates.
a chromosome that can be used to
escape of blood from a ruptured
identify individuals or species. Homozygote: an individual having
blood vessel.
two identical alleles of a particular
Genetic viability: the degree of
Haplotype: a set of genetic gene or genes, and so breeding true
genetic diversity in a population,
determinants located on a single for the corresponding characteristic.
which shows if it has a realistic
chromosome.
chance of avoiding inbreeding and Hoop-housed sows: adult female pigs
the problems this brings. Heritable: transmissible from parent housed in unheated, arched tubular
to offspring. structures with deep bedding that
Genome: the complete set of genes
Heterosis: the tendency of a cross- allow the pigs to make nests and to
or genetic material present in a cell
bred individual to show qualities socialise freely with other pigs.
or organism.
superior to those of both parents. Hormone: a regulatory substance
Genomics: the branch of molecular
Also known as hybrid vigour. produced in an organism and
biology concerned with the structure,
Heterozygote: an individual having transported in tissue fluids such as
function, evolution and mapping of
two different alleles of a particular blood or sap to stimulate specific
genomes.
gene or genes, and so giving rise to cells or tissues into action.
Genotype: the genetic constitution
varying offspring. Humane: having or showing
of an individual organism.
compassion or benevolence.
Husbandry: the care, cultivation and
breeding of crops and animals.

GLOSSARY
Farmwatch
Hypothalamic appetite regulation: Institutionalised: apathetic and Latitude: leeway or scope for
the action of a region of the dependent after long-term residence freedom of action or thought.
forebrain below the thalamus which in an institution.
Layer hen: a sexually mature egg-
coordinates both the autonomic
Intensive farming: a method of producing bird from 18 weeks to
nervous system and the activity of
farming designed to increase end-of-lay.
the pituitary gland, controlling body
productivity by the expenditure
temperature, thirst, hunger and other Legislation: laws, considered
of more capital rather than by an
homeostatic systems, and involved in collectively; the process of making or
increase in the land or raw materials
sleep and emotional activity. enacting laws.
used. Intensive farming practices
Hypothesis: a supposition or include keeping animals indoors, Legislative: having the power to
proposed explanation made on the often in restricted spaces. Many of make laws.
basis of limited evidence as a starting these practices have unwelcome side
Leucosis shedders: animals that
point for further investigation. effects.
carry and can pass on a leukaemic
Hypothetical: supposed but not Inter alia: Latin phrase meaning disease of animals, especially one of
necessarily real or true. among other things. a group of malignant viral diseases of
poultry or cattle.
Immune function: the state in Interest group: a group of people
which the body recognises foreign seeking to influence legislators on a Life processes: the series of actions
materials and is able to neutralise particular issue. that are essential to determine if
them before they can do any harm. an animal is alive. Living things
Intrinsic: belonging naturally;
have seven essential processes in
Impinge: have an effect, especially a essential.
common: movement, respiration,
negative one.
Invasive: (of research) involving sensitivity, growth, reproduction,
Inbreeding: breeding from closely the introduction of instruments or excretion and nutrition.
related people or animals, especially other objects into the body or body
Ligation: the joining of two DNA
over many generations. cavities.
strands or other molecules by
Infectious bursal disease: a highly Judiciary: the judicial authorities of a phosphate ester linkage.
contagious disease of young country; judges collectively.
Lobbying: actions of a group
chickens caused by infectious bursal
Jurisdiction: a system of law courts. of people seeking to influence
disease virus (IBDV), characterised by
legislators on a particular issue.
immunosuppression and mortality Keel bone: in birds, a bone that is
generally at 3 to 6 weeks of age. an extension of the breastbone and Locomotion: movement or the ability
which anchors the wing muscles. to move from one place to another.
Instinct: an innate pattern of
behaviour in animals in response to Kinky back: spondylolisthesis. Maceration: a method of killing male
certain stimuli; an animals largely chicks in a high-speed grinder.
Lameness: inability to walk without
inheritable tendency to respond in a
difficulty as the result of an injury or MAF: Ministry of Agriculture and
particular way without reason.
illness affecting the leg or foot. Forestry, the former government
department responsible for
Latency: the state of existing but not
managing animal welfare policy and
yet being obvious or manifest.
practice in New Zealand.

GLOSSARY
Michael Cullen
Mammal: a warm-blooded vertebrate Morality: principles concerning the Neurologicals: drugs designed
animal of a class that is distinguished distinction between right and wrong to have an effect on an animal or
by the possession of hair or fur, the or good and bad behaviour. humans neurological system.
secretion of milk for the nourishment
Motor ability: relating to muscular Neurological system: another term
of young, and (typically) the birth of
movement or the nerves activating it. for the nervous system.
live young.
MP: Member of Parliament. Neurophysiological: relating to the
Manifest: (of an ailment) become
physiology of the nervous system.
apparent through the appearance of MPI: Ministry for Primary Industries,
symptoms. the government department Paradigm: a world view underlying
responsible for managing animal the theories and methodology of
Meat chicken: a chicken reared to be
welfare policy and practice in New a particular scientific subject; a
eaten.
Zealand. typical example, pattern or model of
Mediolateral force: a type of something.
Mutant: resulting from or showing
pressure exerted on the hip, knee and
the effect of mutation. Parameters: limits or boundaries
ankle joints by walking.
that define the scope of a particular
Mutation: a change in the structure
Metabolic: relating to the chemical process or activity.
of a gene resulting in a variant
processes that occur within a living
form which may be transmitted to Parity: the fact or condition of having
organism in order to maintain life.
subsequent generations, caused by given birth.
Minimum standards: specific actions the alteration of single base units
Pathology: the branch of medicine
that must be taken to meet the in DNA or the deletion, insertion or
concerned with the causes and
obligations of the Animal Welfare rearrangement of larger sections of
effects of diseases.
Act, set out in codes of welfare. genes or chromosomes.
Failure to meet a minimum standard Pectoralis major: in birds, the
NAWAC: National Animal Welfare
could result in legal action being main muscle of the chest, involved
Advisory Committee, a statutory
taken. primarily in the downward wing
committee set up to advise the
movement.
Minister: Member of Parliament with Minister of Agriculture on issues
responsibility for certain areas such relating to the welfare of animals Pectoralis minor: in birds, the
as agriculture, trade or justice. and to develop, and advise the chest muscle involved primarily in
Minister on, codes of welfare. shoulder movement, including the
Molecular genetics: the field of
upward movement of the wing.
biology and genetics that studies Nervous system: the network of
the structure and function of genes nerve cells and fibres that transmits Pedigree: the recorded ancestry or
at a molecular level. The study of nerve impulses between parts of the lineage of a person or family; a pure-
chromosomes and gene expression body. bred animal; a record showing such.
of an organism can give insight
Neuroanatomical: relating to the Phenotype: the set of observable
into heredity, genetic variation and
anatomy of the nervous system. characteristics of an individual
mutations.
resulting from the interaction of its
Neurochemical: relating to the
Moot: subject to debate, dispute genotype with the environment.
branch of biochemistry concerned
or uncertainty; having little or no
with the processes occurring in nerve
practical relevance.
tissue and the nervous system.

GLOSSARY
Farmwatch
Physiological: relating to the branch Prepathological: (of a physiological Resource allocation theory: a theory
of biology that deals with the normal or psychological state or change) that explains how a living organism
functions of living organisms and preceding or potentially leading to utilises available resources for
their parts. the development of a disease. maintenance, growth, production
and other processes in a balanced
PIANZ: Poultry Industry Association Prescriptive ethic: relating to the
way.
of New Zealand, the industry body imposition or enforcement of a rule
that promotes egg and chicken or method. Restriction enzymes: enzymes that
production for food. can modify DNA.
Prima facie: Latin phrase meaning
Plasticity: the adaptability of based on the first impression; Rooting: (of an animal) digging or
an organism to changes in its accepted as correct until proved pulling up a plant by the roots.
environment. otherwise.
Sadistic: having the tendency to
Plateau: a levelling out, with neither Prime Minister: leader of the political derive pleasure from inflicting pain,
an increase nor a decrease. party voted to power. suffering or humiliation on others.
Pleiotropy: the production by Proclivity: a tendency to choose Sanction: permit, allow.
a single gene of two or more or do something regularly; an
Schedule: an addition to a formal
apparently unrelated effects. inclination or predisposition towards
document or statute, such as a list or
a particular thing.
Polymerase: an enzyme which brings table.
about the formation of a particular Progeny: a descendant or the
Selective breeding: the process of
polymer, especially DNA or RNA. descendants of a person, animal or
choosing which males and females
plant; offspring.
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR): a will sexually reproduce in order to
method of making multiple copies of Protocol: a procedure for carrying develop particular characteristics.
a DNA sequence, involving repeated out a scientific experiment or a
Sensitise: cause (someone) to
reactions with a polymerase. course of medical treatment.
respond to certain stimuli; make
Post-mortem: a surgical examination Psychological: of, affecting or arising sensitive.
of a dead body to determine the in the mind; related to the mental
Sentience: the ability to perceive or
cause of death. and emotional state.
feel things.
Predicate (something) on: found or Pullet: a young female domestic fowl
Septicaemia: blood poisoning,
base (something) on. less than a year old.
especially that caused by bacteria or
Predisposition: a liability or Pulmonary hypertension: a state of their toxins.
tendency to suffer from a particular great physiological stress.
Single-nucleotide polymorphism
condition, hold a particular attitude
Quantitative trait: a characteristic (SNP): a genetic variation that can
or act in a particular way.
produced by the interaction or affect susceptibility to diseases.
Preening: (of a bird) tidying and combination of two or more genes.
Sire: the male parent of an animal,
cleaning the feathers using the beak.
Reify: make (something abstract) especially a stallion or bull kept for
more concrete or real. breeding.
Skeletal: relating to or functioning as
a skeleton; emaciated.

GLOSSARY
Farmwatch
SNP: single-nucleotide Stocking density: the number of Transgenic: relating to or denoting
polymorphism. animals in a specific area. an organism that contains genetic
material into which DNA from
Social action: actions to try and Subordinate: make subservient to or
an unrelated organism has been
change what is wrong in our society dependent on something else.
artificially introduced.
and introducing new ideas and
Sudden death syndrome (SDS):
processes for doing things better in Ulcer: an open sore on an external or
sudden death, usually due to heart
the future. internal surface of the body, caused
failure.
by a break in the skin or mucous
Sow: an adult female pig, especially
Synchronic: concerned with membrane which fails to heal.
one that has farrowed.
something (especially language) as it
Uropygial gland: a gland on the rump
Sow stall: a gestation crate in which exists at one point in time.
of a bird (the part supporting the tail
a breeding sow is kept.
TD: tibial dysplasia, a deformity feathers).
Spondylolisthesis: a congenital involving excessive bowing or
Utilitarianism: the doctrine that an
deformity of chickens involving curvature of the tibia (one of the long
action is right in so far as it promotes
displacement of a vertebra, or bone bones in the lower leg).
happiness, and that the greatest
in the spine, causing back pain and
Tendon: a flexible but inelastic cord happiness of the greatest number
numbness in the legs. Also known as
of strong fibrous tissue attaching a should be the guiding principle of
kinky back.
muscle to a bone. conduct.
Statute: a written law passed by a
Tethered sows: pigs kept in sow Vacuum/sham chewing: a fixed
legislative body.
stalls, in which their freedom of pattern of behaviour when an animal
Stereotypic behaviours: repetitive movement is severely restricted. makes chewing motions without
or ritualistic movements, postures actually having anything to chew on.
Tibial dyschondroplasia: a disease
or utterances, sometimes seen in
in which the tibia (one of the long Valgus: a deformity involving oblique
captive animals, particularly those
bones in the lower leg) does not displacement of part of a limb away
held in small enclosures with little
mature enough to harden and is from the midline.
opportunity to engage in more
prone to fracture, infection and
normal behaviours. These behaviours Varus: a deformity involving oblique
deformity.
may be maladaptive, involving displacement of part of a limb
self-injury or reduced reproductive Tissue culture: the growth of tissues towards the midline.
success. or cells separate from an organism,
Velleity: a wish or inclination not
usually using a liquid, semi-solid or
Stereotypy: the persistent repetition strong enough to lead to action.
solid growth medium such as broth
of an act, especially by an animal, for
or agar. Viability: the ability to survive or live
no obvious purpose.
successfully.
Trait: a genetically determined
Stimulus: a thing or event that
characteristic.
evokes a specific functional reaction
in an organ or tissue.

notes

notes

notes

notes

ISSUE: 5
A HUMANE EDUCATION RESOURCE ISSN: 117-3804

THINKING CRITIC ALLY AB OUT OUR TRE ATMENT OF ANIM AL S
www.animalsandus.org.nz | Animals & Us is a SAFE humane education
programme designed to advance knowledge and critical thinking about
the relationship between human and non-human animals, while fostering
attitudes and values of compassion, respect and empathy.
ISSUE:
A HUMAN 5
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RESOU
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ISSN:
117-380
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Issue 1 | Battery Hen Farming in New Zealand

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Issue 2 | Animal Rights, Human Values, Social Action

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Issue 3 | Animals on Show
UA
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Issue 4 | Animals in Science

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PO Box 13366, Armagh, Christchurch, 8141, New Zealand | www.safe.org.nz
ISSUE: 5
ISSN: 117-3804

SAFE Education Resource: Issue 5: Animals in Factory Farms

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ISSUE: 5

A HUMANE EDUCATION RESOURCE ISSN: 117-3804

ANIMALS IN factory farms

Issue 1 | Battery Hen Farming in New Zealand

Issue 2 | Animal Rights, Human Values, Social Action

Issue 4 | Animals in Science

PO Box 13366, Armagh, Christchurch, 8141, New Zealand | www.safe.org.nz

ISSUE 5 EDUCATION RESOURCE MATERIALS

footage and www.safe.org.nz

Analysis of the Animal Entertainment

Cover image: FARMWATCH

SAFE Christchurch SAFE Auckland SAFE Wellington

ii | ISSUE 5 | ANIMALS IN factory farms

Social Studies 09 Science 19 Biology 35 English 45

Taking a Stand Against Normal Behaviour Meat Chickens Unlocking

EXTENDED WRITTEN TEXTS SHORT WRITTEN TEXTS

Non-Fiction (extracts from) Blog

ANIMALS IN factory farms | ISSUE 5 | iii

Journals Continued Advertisements

iv | ISSUE 5 | ANIMALS IN factory farms

An introductory bibliography 209

Visual and Oral Texts on DVD

Current Affairs (Pigs) Outdoor pig Stop Factory Farming

ANIMALS IN factory farms | ISSUE 5 | v

In my own research and teaching at the New Zealand

vi | ISSUE 5 | ANIMALS IN factory farms

ANIMALS IN factory farms | ISSUE 5 | vii

SAFE for animals Sow stalls banned: The Mission Statement

been campaigning to free layer

replaced by another cage system

viii | ISSUE 5 | ANIMALS IN factory farms

ANIMALS IN factory farms | ISSUE 5 | ix

2 | ISSUE 5 | ANIMALS IN factory farms

FACTORY FARMING IN NEW ZEALAND

ANIMALS IN factory farms | ISSUE 5 | 3

OPPOSITION TO FACTORY FARMING

Hans Kriek | Former Executive Director of SAFE

4 | ISSUE 5 | ANIMALS IN factory farms

ANIMALS IN factory farms | ISSUE 5 | 5

ANIMALS IN factory farms | ISSUE 5 | 7

UNLOCKING FACTORY FARMS (Year 12) English

8 | ISSUE 5 | ANIMALS IN factory farms

social studies | UNIT OF STUDY 1

this UNIT Supports internal assessment for Achievement Standard 91600

Taking a Stand Against Factory Farming

ANIMALS IN factory farms | ISSUE 5 | 9

10 | ISSUE 5 | ANIMALS IN factory farms

social studies | UNIT OF STUDY 1

this UNIT Supports internal assessment for Achievement Standard 91600

Taking a Stand Against Factory Farming

ANIMALS IN factory farms | ISSUE 5 | 11

12 | ISSUE 5 | ANIMALS IN factory farms

Focus topic for factory farming report

Love Pigs Not Pork campaign

ANIMALS IN factory farms | ISSUE 5 | 13

Focus topic for factory farming report continued

Education Call For Action Direct Action (Demonstrations/

14 | ISSUE 5 | ANIMALS IN factory farms

SHORT WRITTEN TEXTS Newspapers/Magazines p. 149 The Press.

ANIMALS IN factory farms | ISSUE 5 | 15

Written And Visual Texts

Banners p. 202 SAFE.

p. 190 Manawatu Standard. Pledge p. 203 SAFE.

NOTE: Page numbers refer to