Plant Biology portion of BSC2011 concepts and terms to review.

THIS SHEET IS FOR REFERENCE ONLY AND DOES NOT REPRESENT A COMPLETE LIST OF TOPICS
COVERED IN CLASS. NO GUARANTEE IS MADE THAT EXAM QUESTIONS WILL COVER ALL OR
ONLY THESE SUGGESTED STUDY TOPICS. ANY MATERIAL PRESENTED IN LECTURE, LAUNCHPAD,
OR DURING THE LEARNING ASSISTED ACTIVITIES IS POTENTIAL EXAM MATERIAL.

1) Phylogenetics what it is, one example of how they are constructed, and how they are
used

Terms: phylogeny, phylogenetic tree, cladogram, synapomorphy, monophyletic group,

clade, parsimony, taxon, morphology

2) Recognize diversity of photosynthesis photoheterotrophy vs. photoautotrophy, diversity

across eukaryotes

3) Recognize importance of photosynthesis in evolution, explain endosymbiotic theory

4) Explain primary vs. secondary endosymbiosis whats the difference, and which
organisms are which

5) Define plant and identify characteristics of the green plants

Terms: phycoplast, phragmoplast, green algae, oogamy, plasmodesmata

6) Key innovations involved with the transition to land (identify and/or explain)

Terms: cuticle, stomata, alternation of generations, sporophyte, sporangium, spores,

gametophyte, gametangium, archegonium, antheridium, gametes

7) Describe limitations of early land plants (like liverworts) and adaptations involved in
further diversification on land

Terms: vascular tissue

8) Identify features of a liverwort and two liverwort body plans

Terms: capsule, seta, rhizoids, gemmae (gemma cups)

9) Identify features of a moss

Terms: operculum, peristome

10) Draw the alternation of generations life cycle and appropriately label ploidy,
structures, processes and stages

11) Distinguish between individuals (=genetically different individuals) in the

alternation of generations lifecycle

12) Describe structure and function of vascular tissue

Terms: vascular cylinder, xylem, phloem, stomata, guard cells, turgor pressure, tracheids,
lignin, transpiration

13) Describe basic structure and function of roots and leaves (see also LaunchPad for
additional concepts and terms)
 Terms: root hairs, mesophyll, palisade and spongy mesophyll, apoplast, symplast,
Casparian strip

14) Explain the cohesion-tension model (transpiration, cohesion, tension mechanism),

and pressure-flow model

15) Lycophytes identify unique characteristics

Terms: microphyll, strobilus (strobili)

16) Monilophytes identify unique characteristics

Terms: megaphylls, fiddleheads, sorus (sori), indusium, annulus

17) Describe the differences between homospory and heterospory and give examples
plants in each category

18) Outline the process of pollination and fertilization in gymnosperms

19) Describe adaptations associated and involved with the evolution of the seed

Terms: Megasporangium, megaspore, megagametophyte, ovule, microsporangium,

microspore, microgametophyte, pollen grain, integument, pollen tube

20) Describe the structure, layering, and ploidy of layers in a gymnosperm seed

21) Explain the mechanisms underlaying the transpiration-cohesion-tension theory for

the upward movement of water in plants.

22) Describe the properties of water that make transpiration possible

23) Explain how plant structure and anatomy facilitate transpiration

24) Predict how different environmental conditions will affect the rate of transpiration

25) Define wood and describe the production of annual rings

Terms: secondary xylem, vascular cambium, secondary phloem

26) Describe and compare the sequence of development of angiosperm and

gymnosperm ovules and seeds

27) Differentiate the genetic relationship between the gametophyte and two sporophyte
generations in a seed

28) Describe and give examples of the four gymnosperm groups: Gnetophytes, Ginkgo,
Cycads, Conifers

29) Discuss the evolutionary advantage of key innovations: vascular tissue, leaves, the
seed, wood

30) Explain the process of primary growth

Terms: apical meristem, bud, root cap
31) Distinguish between and describe the the role of plant hormones (auxins,
gibberelins, ethylene, cytokinin, absciscic acid, florigen phytochromes)
Terms: gravitropism, phototropism, apical dominance, photoperiod

32) Identify desert plant adaptations

Terms: convergent evolution, Rubisco, photorespiration, C4 photosynthesis, CAM
photosynthesis

33) Identify adaptations to protect from herbivory

34) Identify other adaptations for low light, abundance of rain, asexual reproduction,
carnivory

35) Draw a phylogeny of the green plants, including a fully fleshed-out land plant clade
(all 11 lineages). Map the following synapomorphies on the phylogeny:
a. Phragmoplast
b. Seeds
c. Chlorophyll b
d. Vascular tissue
e. Flowers
f. Archegonia and antheridia
g. Elaters
h. Double fertilization
i. Vessels
j. Embryo retained
k. Mycorrhizae
l. Wood

36) What lineage is the most closely related lineage to the land plants?

37) What lineage is the most closely related lineage to the ferns?

38) What lineage is most closely related lineage to the angiosperms?

39) Fill in the following chart:

Plant group Vascular Seeds? Flowers Dominant Homosporou

tissue? and part of life s,
fruits? cycle Heterosporo
(gametophy us,
te or or some
sporophyte? lineages of
) each?
Mosses and
liverworts

Lycophytes

Monilophyt
es

Gymnosper
ms
 Angiosper
ms

40) Fill in the following chart to contrast:

Characteristics Xylem Phloem

Cell walls

Function

Direction of flow

State of mature cells

(living? dead?)

Model to describe flow

41) Draw a basic diagram of a liverwort. Include: gametophyte, sporophyte, capsule,

seta, rhizoids.

42) Describe the function of stomata and how they open and close. Be sure to use these
terms: guard cells, turgor pressure.
 43) What are annual rings? Be specific in your discussion. Include these terms:
secondary growth, xylem, temperate zone, spring wood (or cells), summer wood (or cells).

44) Complete the chart to contrast:

Characteristic Gymnosperm seed Angiosperm seed

Seed coat derived from:

Nutritive tissue derived

from:

Ovule is enclosed/not
enclosed? If enclosed, in
what?

45) Complete the following chart to contrast:

Characteristic Vessel elements Tracheids

Shape

Function

Found in:

46) Label the following

diagram:
 47) What is the likely
pollinator of this flower? Why?

48) Complete the following chart to contrast:

Characteristic Magnoliids Eudicots Monocots

Number of flower
parts

Type of pollen

Carpel morphology

Stamen
morphology

49) Complete the following chart to contrast:

Characteristic Eudicots Monocots

Leaf venation
Root type

Arrangement of vascular
bundles in stem

Cotyledons

Secondary growth?