I 4.3.

1 Revision of Some Basic

Principles of Chemistry &
Physics
Medhat Al-Ghobashy, PhD

malghobashy@ngu.edu.eg

Date : 25 / 10 / 2016
Basic Principles of Chemistry & Physics

Learning Objectives

Recall basic principles of atomic / molecular structure & mass

Explore various concentration formats & practice simple calculations

Review the uses of main components of electromagnetic spectrum

Outline states of matter & basics of thermodynamics

Atomic structure

http://www.aboutthemcat.org/ http://www.jeremyneo.com/
Atomic structure
Atomic number (Z) = number of protons

Mass number (A) = number of protons (Z) +

number of neutrons (N)

Isotope (nuclide)

No. of protons - Fixed

No. of electrons Fixed
No. of neutrons - Variable

http://www.jeremyneo.com/ 1H (hydrogen) - 2H (deuterium) - 3H (tritium)

 Periodic table
Dmitri Mendeleev (18341907) in 1869
Rows (periods):
Number of concentric shells

Columns (groups):
Number of electrons in the outer
valence shell

Types:
Metals
Metalloids
Non-metals
noble
https://iupac.org
Biologically important?
 Reactivity
Atoms, Ions & Molecules

NaCl
Ionic bond Na+ (Gp 1) & Cl- (Gp 17)
Metal:Na Na+ + e
Halogen: Cl + e Cl-
Ionic bond (Na+ Cl-)
Inorganic molecules

CH4
Non-metal
C shares 4 valence electrons with H+
Covalent bond https://iupac.org
Single / Double / Triple bond
Organic molecules
Choose the best answer
Elements in the modern periodic table are arranged on the basis of their
A) Boiling Point
B) Atomic Mass
C) Atomic Number
D) Chemical Symbols alphabetically

Elements at the extreme right of the periodic table are

A) Halogens
B) Alkali Metals
C) Noble Gases
D) Transition Metals
Molecules
A unique combination of atoms in a fixed arrangement

The smallest repeating unit in a material

Unique set of chemical, physical & biological properties

Represented by:
Name
Formula
Molecular weight
Structure
Set of properties
Paracetamol (Acetaminophen)

Properties:
Melting point, solubility,..etc
Analgesic, antipyretic, antiplatelet,.

Identifiers:
CAS number: 103-90-2
Drug Bank number: DB00316
Chemical name (IUPAC): N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamide

Need more info? Formula: C8H9NO2

https://chemicalize.com
https://www.drugbank.ca
 Mole

Important info:

Avogadros number = 6.22 x 1023

1 Mole = Avogadros number of identical entities (atoms/ions/molecules) = No. of atoms in 1 g 12C

12C is used as a standard reference material

Dalton (D) = 1/12 of the mass of an atom of 12C

 Mole

Atomic mass Molecular mass

Mass of one individual atom (D) Mass of 1 Mole of identical molecules (g/mol)
Example: 12C 12.011 g/mol Example: Paracetamol 151.163 g/mol

Relative atomic mass = average mass of Relative molecular mass = sum of individual
atoms of a specific element to 1/12 of the relative atomic masses in a defined molecule
mass of 12C (Dimensionless??) (Dimensionless??)

Q: What is the difference between mass & weight?

Q: What is the difference between mass & concentrtion?
Cancentration calculation
Molar concentration (M)

A 1 Molar (1 M) solution contains 1 mole of substance in 1 Litre of

solution

M, mM, M,.

NaCl 58.5 g/mole

Paracetamol 151.163 g/mol

Q: How to prepare a 1 M solution of either NaCl or Paracetamol?

Cancentration calculation
Cholesterol

Knowing that Patients are recommended to

have < 5mmol/L cholesterol in their blood.
If Lab results revealed 250 mg/100 mL.

Cholesterol: Good or Bad?

Molecular mass = 386.65 g/mol
Is this a healthy level?
Cancentration calculation
Percentage (%)

How much substance / drug in 100 mL or 100 g of final product

Semi-solid products (Cream & ointment)

What is the difference between?

1% w/w 1% w/v

1% v/w 1% v/v
Cancentration calculation
parts per million (ppm)

1 ppm = 1 g substance in 1 million g of product (Solids / Liquids)

Example 1:
Fluoride in UK drinking water (1 ppm)
= 1 g in 1,000,000 g(or mL) = 1 mg/mL

Example 2:
Fluorinated toothpaste (1350 ppm)
= 1350 g in 1,000,000 g = 1.35 mg/g
Choose the best answer

Morphine sulfate injection is supplied at a

concentration of 5 g/L. For a dose of 10 mg, how many
milliliters should be administered?

A) 1.0 mL
B) 1.5 mL
C) 2.0 mL
D) 3.0 mL
Molecular mass = 285.34 g/mol
State of Matter

Mono-component (pure) systems

Phase transition diagram ( Temperature)

https://en.wikipedia.org
State of Matter: Solid
Mono-component (pure) systems

Regular pattern

Inter-molecular or Intra-atomic bonds

Defined volume at each temperature

Holds its shape Does not flow

www.tes.com

Example: Ice
State of Matter: Liquid
Mono-component (pure) systems

Irregular (random) pattern

No inter-molecular or Intra-atomic bonds

Some attraction between components

Does not hold its shape Will flow

www.tes.com

Example: Water
State of Matter: Gas
Mono-component (pure) systems

Irregular (random) pattern

No inter-molecular or Intra-atomic bonds

Very little attraction between components

Does not hold its shape Will fill available space

www.tes.com
Example: Steam
State of Matter: Plasma
Mono-component (pure) systems

A gas with electrons stripped from its atoms

Positively charged nuclei swim in a "sea" of freely-

moving disassociated electrons

Charged mixture

Highly energetic - conducts electricity

www.tes.com
Example:
Fluorescent lights & Plasma TV
State of Matter
Mono-component (pure) systems

https://en.wikipedia.org
State of Matter

Multi-component (mixed) systems

Solids (Solid-Solid)

Liquids (Solid-Liquid or Liquid-Liquid)

Gases (Gase-Gase)
Electromagnetic (EM) Spectrum

Non-particulate

Waves of Energy

No mass

No charge
Electromagnetic (EM) Spectrum

Vis 400 700 nm

(to differentiate colors)

UV < 400 nm
(some skin cancers)

IR > 800 nm
(heat-seeking)
Electromagnetic (EM) Spectrum
Each point along the EM spectrum is described by:
Wavelength () - Frequency (f) - Energy (E)

c=.f
Ef
E=h.f
E f 1/
E=h.c/
(c = speed of light = 3 x 108 m/s, h = Plancks constant 6.63 x 10 -34 J.s)
Electromagnetic (EM) Spectrum
Applications

Microwave?

Radiowaves?

UV-Vis & IR?

X-rays?

Gamma rays?
Radioactive decay of highly energetic and unstable nuclei
(Example: 99mTc)
Good or bad?
Electromagnetic (EM) Spectrum
Radiopharmacy

Clinical diagnosis & treatment

Choose the best answer

What type of waves is used for cancer treatment?

A) Gamma rays
B) Radio waves
C) Microwaves
D) Visible light
Basic thermodynamics

Thermodynamics is the science of Energy Transfer

Why thermodynamics?

Body behaves like a factory

Formulation
Shelf life
Basic thermodynamics
First law: Energy transformation

Energy can not be created or destroyed, but merely converted from

one form to another

The internal energy of an isolated system is constant

Examples:

Motors?
Falling weight?
Light bulb?
Basic thermodynamics
First law

Allows us to:
Perform experiments
Calculate how much energy a reaction will require or release
Measuring or calculating change in Enthalpy (H)

Enthalpy (H)
= Total heat content of a system
= Internal energy of the system plus the product of pressure &
volume
Basic thermodynamics
First law
Bond formation Bond breaking
H is negative (Exothermic) H is positive (Endothermic)

Example: Example:
Condensation Melting
Crystallization Evaporation
Basic thermodynamics
Second law
The Entropy (S) (disorder) of an isolated system will either increase or stay
the same but may not decrease
Heat cannot spontaneously flow from colder to hotter location

If a reaction increases disorder, it is more likely to occur

Basic thermodynamics
Third law

As a system approaches absolute zero, all processes cease and the

entropy of the system approaches a minimum value
Less chance of a reaction occurring as the temperature decrease

At absolute zero:
The entropy (S) of a perfectly crystalline substance is zero
All molecule motion ceases

Absolute zero = 0 Kelvin (-273.15 oC)

Basic thermodynamics
All lows together
Is a reaction likely to occur?
Depends on the relative balance on Enthalpy & Entropy before & after the reaction

Gibbs free energy equation: G = H - TS (where G is Free energy)

G is negative G is positive
Thank You