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Efecto:
- eliminar el patgeno
Distintos resultados para
infecciones diferentes - inhibir la infeccin
ecc o pe
- infeccion persistente
s ste te
Respuesta
p inmune innata:
Caractersticas: rpida, no esspecfica del agente patgeno
Mediadores: factores solubles, clulas fagocticas, NK
Respuesta inmu
une adaptativa:
Caractersticas: segunda fase, esspecfica del patgeno, memoria
Mediadores: anticuerpos,
anticuerpos lin B, T CD4+ y T CD8+
nfocitos B
Mouse
LCMV Vi
Virus CD8+ CTL CTL escape
Virus variant
tib d --
Antibody
A Immune pressure
Mouse > Selection
CD8--
Mouse
Ambas herramientas del sistem ma inmune, humoral y celular,
tienen que cooperar
para controlar eficazmente la in
nfeccin viral a largo plazo.
Si se desequilibran,
desequilibran el fallo de u
una de las herramientas no solo
deja a la respuesta inmune a medias.
m Tambin puede llevar a
la total ineficacia de la herramie
enta restante.
3 Cytopathic
3. C hi viruses
i
olio
Po
1. Non
Non-cytopathic
cytopathic viruse es
that do not infect critical organs
and that stay in the periphery
will be ignored by the im
mmune system,
and there is no risk on itt:
papilloma warts
(risk may come later in life by tumors, but this
has no evolutionary consequences on
development of immunity in the host).
3. Cytopathic viruses
release progeny
that is very conspicuous to B cellls,
elicit
li it a llott off antibodies,
tib di are con
ntrolled
t ll d by
b th
them.
Also controlled by other soluble factors, mainly IFNg and TNF.
Whate er organ is targeted
Whatever targeted, be iit cr
crucial
cial or not,
not does not matter:
the virus produces enough proge eny for transmission to a new host,
and it does not matter if it kills the host.
CD8 T cell responses are also indduced;
It does not matter if they are strong or weak,
the host is going to lose those ke
ey cells in the key organ
either by infection or by CTL,
us to evade CD8 immunity,
so it is no advantage for the viru
and also not for the host.
2. Non-cytopathic viruses
that infect critical organs:
g
there should not be any risk either in ignoring them.
However, they are generally not ign
nored,
and CD8 T cell responses are genera
ated.
If CD8 responses are too strong:
bad for the virus,
virus will get eliminate ed and not transmitted to other hosts,
hosts
bad for the host, as it will lose a ke
ey organ and die.
Therefore, those viruses of this kind
d that have survived
are those that adopted a way to eliicit a mild CD8 response,
of mutual benefit for virus and hostt:
either they do not infect DC, so tha
at CD8s can only be induced by cross
cross-
priming, which is inefficient,
or else they acquire MHC I evasion
n genes.
Most disease caused by non-cytopatthic viruses is immunopathology.
Papel de respuesta
a humoral y celular
Ratn Re
eplicacin
de
el agente
infeccioso
Silvestre (wt) 1x
x
Knock-out CD8, o CD4, o anticuerpos, etc 10
0-100x Sin respuesta adaptativa
Knock-out MAC-, IFNbetaR, etc 10
0000x Sin respuesta innata
Los recin nacidos producen anticuerpos gradua almente durante las primeras semanas de vida,
pero los anticuerpos no alcanzan niveles protecctores hasta los 3-6 meses de edad.
Antibodies play a role in
protecting
p g offspring,
p g and
evolutionary pressure operates
there.
T cells can obviously not be
transferred to a non
non-MHC-
MHC
matched offspring, therefore they
are only beneficial for one
individual host.
They probably evolved for coping
with non-cytopathic pathogens
that cannot be fully covered by
maternal antibodies in the early
months of life.
Accordingly, CD8 T cells are
already fully (?) competent after
birth.
birth
Maternal antibodies attenuate most early life infections and turn them into natural
vaccinations.
Continuous exposure to pathogens in earlyy childhood (first year) in the presence of
maternal antibodies is like exposure to attenuated pathogens, and is thus a natural
vaccine.
If mothers are increasingly less exposed, they
t will transmit less ab to children, and
these next generation children will have more
m fatal and non-fatal infections.
Most fatal infections we already have va
accines;
Non-fatal: may be non-cytopathic viruses,, that do not grow when maternal ab
around, but that do when not, and eventuually cause immunopathology later in life:
reason for so manyy autoimmune diseases.
Controlable por or
Efecto en el hospedado
Patgeno Anticuerpos CTL Neonato Adulto
Citoptico + OK OK Tpicamente definidos por serotipos:
R id
Rpido alguna vez ha habido escape a anticuerpos
+ (+)* OK OK
en ausencia de CTL (neonatos)
(+)* Letal para el -
hospedador:
No existen
No (+)** OK Inmunno-
citoptico patolo
oga y
(+)** + OK Inmunopatologa. Hay que controlarla para llegar a
Lento auto-
un equilibrio no letal para el patgeno: escape
+ OK inmunnidad
parcial a CTL.
CTL
OK OK ptima adaptacin virus-hospedador***
Umbral de estimulacin de
la respuesta inmune IN
NNATA
Viral
Umbral de la respuessta
Carga V
inmune ESPECFICA A
Zona segura
para patgeno
y para hospedador
IInfeccin
f i Tiempo Inmuno-
primaria supresin
Successful vaccines are those that eliciit long-lasting antibodies to
cytopathic viruses, helped by the fact that
t antigen persistence to maintain
l
long-term B ll memory differentiatin
B-cell diff i ing to plasma
l cells
ll iis easy to mimick
i i k
(antigen-antibody complexes on follicular DC).
Vaccines that need to elicit T-cell immunity to non-cytopathic pathogens
h
have b
been a ffailure,
il generally
ll speaking
ki g, as an equivalent
i l t way off generating
ti
persisting antigen for maintaining CD8 responses for life has not been
discovered. (wt virulent persisting path hogen would do in most cases, but
mayy not be acceptable
p as it has the risk of reactivation in future
immunosuppressions).
An efficient, early, CD8 response preve
ents both virus-induced damage and
later immunopathology.
p gy It makes sense
e to developp CD8 vaccines to
immunopathology-causing viruses. It may be completely counter-indicated
to develop therapeuthic CD8 vaccines tot infections like HIV, where the CD8-
mediated destruction of so many infectted cells is immunopathological.