Mechanical

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Strength of Materials

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with Solved Examples and Practice Questions

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Strength of Materials
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First Edition: 2015

Second Edition (Revised and Updated): 2016

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Preface
This book was motivated by the desire to further the evolution of a concise
book on Strength of Materials. Keeping in focus the importance of this
subject in GATE and ESE, we have done a proper study and thereafter
developed the content of the book accordingly. This edition has an
expanded discussion of all relevant topics in the subject.

Initially, we compiled the perceptions of our students on their problems

in GATE and ESE while dealing with the questions from this subject. We
identified their various problems like- lack of fundamentals of the subject,
difficulty in solving simple solutions, shortage of a complete study package,
etc. These strengthened our determination to present a complete edition of Strength of Materials textbook.

The book addresses all the requirements of the students, i.e. comprehensive coverage of theory, fundamental
concepts, objective type problems and conventional problems, articulated in a lucid language. The concise
presentation will help the readers grasp the concepts with clarity and apply them with ease to solve problems
quickly. The books not only covers the entire syllabus of GATE and ESE, but also addresses the need of many other
competitive examinations. Topics like Properties of Materials, Simple Stress Strain Elastic Constant, Shear Force
and Bending Moment, Centroids and Moments of Inertia, Bending Stresses in Beams, Shear Stress in Beams,
Principal Stress-strain and Theories of Failure, Torsion of Shaft, Deflection of Beams, Pressure Vessels, Theory of
Column, Theory of Springs are given full coverage in line with our research on their importance in competitive
examinations.

We have put in our sincere efforts to present elaborate solutions for various problems, different problem solving
methodology, some useful quick techniques to save time while attempting MCQs without compromising the accuracy
of answers. A summary of important points to remember is added at the end of each topic. For the convenience
of readers, points to remember are specifically highlighted in the form of a note- both in theory as well as solved
examples. At the end of each chapter, sets of practice question are given with their keys, that will allow the readers
to evaluate their understanding of the topics and sharpen their problem solving skills.

Our team has made their best efforts to remove all possible errors of any kind. Nonetheless, we would highly
appreciate and acknowledge if you find and share with us any printing, calculation and conceptual error.

It is impossible to thank all the individuals who helped us, but we would like to sincerely thank all the co-authors,
editors and reviewers for putting in their efforts to publish this book. We also express our thanks to MADE EASY
publications for completing and publishing the book on time.

With Best Wishes

B. Singh
CMD, MADE EASY
Contents
Strength of Materials
Chapter 1
Properties of Materials............................. 1
1.1 Introduction....................................................................... 1
1.2 Normal Stress.................................................................... 1
1.3 Strain.................................................................................... 2
1.4 Tension Test for Mild Steel............................................ 3
1.4.1 Specifications of Specimen............................ 4
1.4.2 Stress Strain Curve for Tension..................... 4
1.4.3 Actual Curve v/s Engg. Curve in Tension... 5
1.4.4 Compression Curve for Mild Steel............... 5
1.4.5 Stress-strain Curve for other.......................... 5
1.4.6 Stress-strain Curve for Various Materials... 6
1.5 Properties of Metals........................................................ 6
1.5.1 Ductility................................................................. 6
1.5.2 Brittleness............................................................. 6
1.5.3 Malleability.......................................................... 6
1.5.4 Hardness............................................................... 6
1.6 Creep.................................................................................... 6
1.7 Stress Relaxation.............................................................. 7
1.8 Elasticity.............................................................................. 7
1.8.1 Proof Stress.......................................................... 8
1.8.2 Elasto-Plastic Behaviour of Metals............... 8
1.8.3 Types of Material Behaviour.......................... 8
1.9 Toughness.......................................................................... 9
1.10 Fatigue................................................................................. 9
1.11Failure of Materials in Tension and
Compression.................................................. ....10
1.11.1 Ductile Metals in Tension Test..................10
1.11.2 Brittle Metals in Tension Test.....................10
1.11.3 Ductile Metals in Compression Test.......10
1.11.4 Brittle Metals in Compression Test..........10
Objective Brain Teasers.................................................12
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Chapter 2
Simple Stress-strain and Elastic
Constants................................................15
2.1 Stress..................................................................................15
2.1.1 Normal Stress....................................................15
2.1.2 Shear Stresses or Tangential Stresses.......16
2.2 Matrix Representation of Stress and Strain..........17
2.2.1 Stress Tensor (3D Stress Element)..............17
2.2.2 Matrix Representation of Strains...............20
2.3 Differential Form of Strains........................................20
2.4 Allowable Stresses.........................................................22
2.5 Saint Venant Principal..................................................23
2.6 Hookes Law.....................................................................24
2.6.1 Assumption in Hookes Law.........................24
2.7 Elastic Constants............................................................24
2.7.1 Relationship between Elastic Constants.25
2.8 Applications of Hookes Law......................................27
2.9 Volumetric Strain (V )..................................................28
2.10 Deflection of Axially Loaded Members..................32
2.10.1 Principle of Superposition.........................34
2.10.2Axial Deflection of Varying Cross-
Sectional Bar 36
2.11 Statically Indeterminate Axial Loaded Structures.. 46
2.12 Axial Deflection in Interconnected Members.....50
2.13 Temperature Stresses...................................................53
2.13.1 Temperature Stresses in Composite Bar... 58
2.14 Stresses in Bolts and Nuts.......................................... 67
2.15 Strain Energy.................................................................. 69
2.15.1 Strain Energy Due to Shear Force........... 70
2.15.2Strain Energy in Terms of Principal
Stresses......................................................... 70
2.15.3Strain Energy Stored Due to Bending 4.7 Principal Axes and Principal Moments of Inertia.. 188
Moment................................................................................. 70 4.8 Rotation of Axes.......................................................... 189
2.15.4 Strain Energy Stored Due to Torque.......70 Objective Brain Teasers............................................... 197
Objective Brain Teasers..................................................78 Conventional Practice Questions............................. 200
Conventional Practice Questions................................86
Chapter 5
Chapter 3 Bending Stress in Beams......................202
5.1 Effect of Bending........................................................ 202
Shear Force and Bending Moment........87
5.2 Simply Bending or Pure Bending.......................... 202
3.1 Types of Loading............................................................87
5.2.1 Assumptions in Theory of Pure Bending..203
3.2 Types of Supports..........................................................88
5.2.2 Neutral Axis..................................................... 203
3.2.1 2D Supports.......................................................88
5.2.3 Equation of Pure Bending......................... 204
3.2.2 3D Supports.......................................................89
5.2.4 Limitations of Equation of Pure Bending.204
3.3 Types of Beam.................................................................90
5.3 Nature of Bending Stress......................................... 204
3.4 Stability in 2-D Structures...........................................91
5.4 Sectional Modulus (Z)............................................... 206
3.5 Procedure of Analysis...................................................91
5.5 Moment of Resistance (MOR)................................. 207
3.6 Shear Force.......................................................................95
5.6 Bending Stresses in Axially Loaded Beams....... 212
3.6.1 Sign Convention for Shear Force...............96
5.7 Force on a Partial Area of a Section...................... 216
3.7 Bending Moment...........................................................96
5.8 Bending Stress Distribution in Composite Beam.218
3.7.1 Sign Convention for BM................................97
5.8.1 Equivalent Section....................................... 219
3.8 Important Points about SFD and BMD...................99
5.9 Flitched Beam.............................................................. 224
3.9 Curve Tracing for SFD and BMD............................ 100
5.9.1 Top and Bottom Flitched Beam............... 224
3.9.1 Maximum Bending Moment.................... 101
5.10 Beam of Uniform Strength...................................... 228
3.10 Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams.. 102
5.11 Biaxial Bending............................................................ 229
3.10.1 SFD and BMD by Integration................. 111
Objective Brain Teasers............................................... 245
3.10.2Effect of Concentrated Moment on SFD
Conventional Practice Questions............................. 251
and BMD....................................................... .122
3.10.3Shear Force and Bending Moment
Chapter 6
Diagrams for Frames................................ ..130
3.11 Loading Diagram and BMD from SFD................. 140
Shear Stress in Beams..........................253
6.1 Shear Stress Distribution in Beams....................... 253
3.12 Loading Diagram from BMD................................... 145
6.1.1Shear Stress Distribution in Rectangular
Objective Brain Teasers............................................... 166
Section255
Conventional Practice Questions............................. 178
6.1.2Shear Stress Distribution in Triangular
Section257

Chapter 4 6.1.3Shear Stress Distribution in Circular

Sections259
Centroids and Moments of Inertia......180
6.1.4 Shear Stress Distribution in I-section.... 261
4.1 Centroid......................................................................... 180
6.1.5Shear Stress Distribution in Some Other
4.2 Moment of Inertia....................................................... 182
Sections262
4.3 Product of Inertia........................................................ 183
6.2 Shear Stresses in Composite Sections................. 264
4.4 Parallel Axis Theorem................................................ 184
Objective Brain Teasers............................................... 270
4.5 Perpendicular Axis Theorem................................... 185
Conventional Practice Questions............................. 272
4.6 Properties of Plane Areas......................................... 185

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Chapter 7
Principal Stress-strain and Theories of
Failure ..................................................273
7.1 Principal Plane............................................................. 273
7.2 Principal Stresses........................................................ 273
7.2.1 Analytical Method........................................ 273
7.3 Principal Stress in Beams.......................................... 284
7.4 Graphical Method (Mohrs Circle Method)........ 290
7.4.1 Properties of Mohrs Circle........................ 291
7.4.2 Construction of Mohrs Circle................... 293
7.5 Analysis of Strain......................................................... 299
7.5.1 Analytical Method........................................ 299
7.5.2 Graphical Method (Mohrs Circle Method).....302
7.5.3 Properties of Strain Mohrs Circle..............303
7.6 Total strain energy in terms of principal stress.......304
7.7 Strain Rosette.................................................................305
7.8 Theories of Elastic Failure...........................................310
7.8.1Maximum Principal Stress Theory
(Rankines Theory)....................................... ..310
7.8.2Maximum Principal Strain Theory
(St. Venants Theory)................................... ..312
7.8.3Maximum Shear Stress Theory (Guest &
Trescas)........................................................... ..314
7.8.4Maximum Strain Energy Theory (Haigh
and Beltrami)................................................. ..315
7.8.5Maximum Shear Strain Energy Theory or
Distortion Energy Theory (Mises-Henky
Theory)............................................................ ..318
7.8.6 Octahedral Shear Stress Theory................319
Objective Brain Teasers.................................................327
Conventional Practice Questions...............................335
Chapter 8
Torsion of Shafts...................................336
8.1 Introduction.................................................................. 336
8.2 Difference between Bending Moment and
Twisting Moment........................................................ 336
8.3 Assumptions Involved in the Theory of Pure Torsion......336
8.3.1 Sign Convention of Torque....................... 337
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8.3.2 Effects of Torsion........................................... 337
8.3.3 Polar Section Modulus................................ 339
8.4 Shear Stress Distribution in Circular Section.... 342
8.5 Design of Shaft............................................................ 343
8.6 Power Transmitted by Shaft.................................... 345
8.7 Series Combination of Shaft................................... 348
8.8 Parallel Combination of Shaft................................. 348
8.9 Strain Energy in Torsion............................................ 353
8.10 Torsion in Thin Walled Tubes.................................. 355
8.10.1 Angle of Twist in Thin Walled Tube...... 356
8.11 Torsion of Non-circular Section............................. 358
8.12 Indeterminate Shaft................................................... 359
8.13 Shaft Subjected to Combined Bending Moment
and Twisting Moment............................................... 362
8.13.1 Equivalent Bending Moment................. 363
8.13.2 Equivalent Torque...................................... 364
8.14 Shaft Subjected to Combined Axial Force and
Torsional Moment....................................................... 366
8.15 Theories of Failure for Shaft Design..................... 369
Objective Brain Teasers............................................... 387
Conventional Practice Questions............................. 393
Chapter 9
Deflection of Beams.............................395
9.1 Introduction.................................................................. 395
9.2 Methods for Determining Slope and Deflection.. 395
9.2.1 Double Integration Method..................... 395
9.2.2Use of Discontinuity Function : Macaulays
Method407
9.2.3Area Moment Method: (Mohrs Method).418
9.2.4 Conjugate Beam Method.......................... 435
9.2.5 Strain Energy Method................................. 444
9.2.6 Method of Superposition.......................... 453
9.2.7Application of Maxwells Reciprocal
Theorem454
Objective Brain Teasers............................................... 469
Conventional Practice Questions............................. 477
Chapter 10 Chapter 11
Pressure Vessels....................................479 Theory of Columns...............................510
10.1 Thin Cylindrical Shell ................................................ 479 11.1 Compression Member.............................................. 510
10.1.1 Stresses in the Thin Cylindrical Shell... 479 11.2 Types of Equilibrium.................................................. 510
10.2 Analysis of Thin Cylindrical Shell with 11.2.1 Elastic Instability and Critical Load...... 511
Closed Flat Ends.......................................................... 479 11.3 Eulers Theory for Buckling Failure........................ 512
10.2.1 Hoop Stress or Circumferential Stress.480 11.3.1 Assumptions of Eulers Theory.............. 513
10.2.2 Longitudinal Stress (sL)............................ 480 11.3.2 Effective Length of Column.................... 514
10.2.3 Radial Stress (sR)......................................... 481 11.3.3 Critical Stress................................................ 516
10.3 Strains in Cylindrical Shell........................................ 481
11.3.4 Limitations of Eulers Theory.................. 517
10.3.1 Hoop Strain (Major Principal Strain).... 481
11.3.5 Graph between s and l........................... 517
10.3.2Longitudinal Strain.................................. 482
11.4 Maximum Lateral Deflection of Column............ 519
10.3.3 Volumetric Strain in Cylinder................. 482
11.5 Rankines Gorden Theory......................................... 520
10.3.4 Maximum Shear Stress............................. 485
11.6 Column with Eccentric Loading............................ 522
10.4 Analysis of Thin Spheres........................................... 486
11.6.1 Condition for No Tension........................ 523
10.5 Strains in Sphere......................................................... 487
11.6.2 Middle Third Rule....................................... 523
10.6 Stresses in Riveted Cylindrical Shell..................... 488
11.6.3 Middle Fourth Rule.................................... 524
10.7 Thin Cylinders with Hemispherical Ends............ 489
11.7 Eccentric Loading about both x-axis and y-axis....526
10.7.1Thickness of Cylinder for Same Hoop
Objective Brain Teasers............................................... 529
Stress.............................................................. 489
Conventional Practice Questions............................. 532
10.7.2Thickness of Cylinder for No Distortion
at Junction489
10.8 Pressure Vessels Subjected to Axial Force.......... 490 Chapter 12
10.9 Thick Cylinder............................................................... 494 Theoy of Springs...................................534
10.9.1Analysis of Thick Cylinder . ..................... 494 12.1 Springs............................................................................ 534
10.9.2 Stresses in Thick Cylinder........................ 494 12.2 Types of Springs.......................................................... 534
10.10 Analysis of Stresses.................................................... 495
12.2.1 Bending Springs......................................... 534
10.10.1 Determination of A and B..................... 496
12.2.2 Torsional Spring.......................................... 534
10.10.2 Variation of Radial and Hoop Stresses .497
12.2.3 Helical Spring.............................................. 535
10.11 Analysis of Thick Sphere........................................... 497
12.3 Springs in Series and Parallel.................................. 538
10.11.1 Hoop and Longitudinal Stresses ....... 497
Objective Brain Teasers............................................... 542
10.11.2 Radial Stress............................................... 497
Conventional Practice Questions............................. 544
10.12 Design of Pressure Vessels....................................... 500
10.13 Strengthening of Cylinder....................................... 501
nnnn
Objective Brain Teasers............................................... 507
Conventional Practice Questions............................. 509

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