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Abstract
The performance of ultra-fast all-optical XOR gate using two types semiconductor optical amplier-based Mach
Zehnder interferometers (SOA-MZIs) is analyzed. Key parameters are optimized through numerical simulations. With
properly designed parameters, 40 Gb/s all-optical XOR gate using SOA-MZI can be realized with fairly high perfor-
mance. The results are helpful for parameter design of SOA-MZI-based XOR gate.
2003 Published by Elsevier B.V.
Keywords: Optical communications; All-optical logic devices; All-optical XOR operation; MachZehnder interferometer; Semicon-
ductor optical ampliers
ogi z; t g0 gi z; t gi z; t PCi z; t
;
ot sC 1 ePCi z; t Esat
1
oPCi z; t gi z; t
PCi z; t; 2
oz 1 ePCi z; t
o/Ci z; t 1 gi z; t
a ; 3
Fig. 1. Conguration of all-optical XOR gate using SOA-MZI. oz 2 1 ePCi z; t
M. Zhang et al. / Optics Communications 223 (2003) 301308 303
where PCi zt and /Ci zt (i 1, 2) are the power integral for Eq. (5) reduces to the simple form of
and the phase-shift of the control signals in the Eq. (8)
upper and the lower arms, respectively. g0 is the hi t gi tL: 8
small signal gain. sC is the spontaneous carrier In case of CPMZ, the counter-propagation in-
lifetime. a is the linewidth enhancement factor. e is tegral is more complicated in Eq. (9), since the
the nonlinear gain compression factor due to the shape of the instant gain coecient varies with the
eect of carrier heating and spectral hole-burning. SOA length when the control pulse and the probe
gi zt corresponds to the instant gain coecient at clock travel past each other in the SOA
a place (z) of the SOAs. Esat is the saturation en- Z
1 L=2
ergy and satises hi t ln Gi t 2znSOA =c dz: 9
L L=2
x0 dW
h
Esat Psat sC ; 4 The intensity transmission characteristics at Ports
aN C
3 and 4 of the XOR gate can be expressed as:
where h is the Plank constant, x0 is the control n
pulse center wavelength, aN is the general gain 1
T3 t G1 t k1 k2 1 k1 1 k2 RG
factor, d and W are the depth and the width of the 4 p
SOA active region, and C is the general conne- 2 k1 k2 1 k1 1 k2 RG
ment factor. o
cos D/1 t D/2 t ; 10
To modeling the characteristics for both co-
and counter-propagation of the control signals
with respect to the probe clock, we design the 1 n
probe clock intensity so small as not to modify T4 t G1 t k1 1 k2 1 k1 k2 RG
4 p
the optical properties of the SOAs, and take the 2 k1 k2 1 k1 1 k2 RG
transparency assumption similar to the ap- o
proaches in [12,13]. Namely, the SOA is quasi- cos D/1 t D/2 t ; 11
transparent to both the control pulse and the gain
where RG G2 t=G1 t, k1 and k2 are the ratios of
coecient. The instant gain coecients (hi ), the
couplers C1 and C2, respectively. For simplicity,
integral SOA gains (Gi ) and the pulse phase-shifts
we set k1 k2 0:5 in this paper. Thus, the output
(D/i ) for both co- and counter-propagation in
signal power at Ports 3 and 4 can be obtained as
both arms are expressed as:
Z 1 Z L=2 Pj t PPRB tTj t; j 3; 4; 12
hi t ds gi z; sds t znSOA =c dz; where PPRB t is the power of the probe signal.
1 L=2
5
3. Simulations and results
Gi t exphi t; 6
To analyze and optimize the gate performance,
we conduct numerical simulations, where both in-
D/i t ahi t=2: 7
put logic signals are 20 or 40 Gb/s RZ pseudo-
In Eq. (5), the operators + and ) correspond random bit sequences (PRBS) with the word length
to counter- and co-propagation, respectively. To of 27 1. During the tting procedure, iterative
solve the equations, we substitute the form of a method is used to solve such a large space of pa-
traveling wave for the instant SOA gain coecient, rameters. At rst, some parameters are treated as
i.e., gz; t gt z=mSOA . constants of representative values for InGaAsP
In case of TPMZ, the control pulse and the semiconductor materials operating at a wavelength
probe clock co-propagate along the SOA at the of approximately 1.55 lm, as listed in Table 1.
same speed. Thus the eect of the control pulse on Then, some reasonable guess is made for the scopes
the probe clock seems stationary. Accordingly, the of key SOA parameters that exert inuence on the
304 M. Zhang et al. / Optics Communications 223 (2003) 301308
Table 1
Description and values of some xed parameters in rst-step
tting procedure
Description Value
Eective index of SOA nSOA 3:22
Nonlinear gain compression factor e 0:31 W1
General gain factor aN 2:5 1020 m3
SOA eective active area d W 0:6 1:5 lm2
Contrast ratio of input signal 30 dB
Control pulse center wavelength kCTRL 1:546 lm
Control pulse-width TCTRL 5 ps
Control pulse energy ECTRL 250 fJ
Probe pulse center wavelength kPRB 1:56 lm
Probe pulse-width TPRB 5 ps
Probe pulse energy EPRB 3 fJ
Fig. 2. Output contrast ratio for 20 Gb/s XOR operation under
pseudorandom input signals: (a) CR vs. L for both TMZI and
CMZI, with sC as a parameter, g0 25 dB, C 0:39 and a 3;
gate performance. These parameters include sC , a, (b) CR vs. C for CMZI, with a as a parameter, g0 25 dB,
C, L, g0 , Esat , and so on. Equations are solved using sC 100 ps and L 100 lm.
the initial guess to give an approximate solution.
Thereafter, we adjust these values within reason-
Fig. 2(b). CR degrades sharply when C or a in-
able limits in the next iterations to search for im-
creases. To get a CR for over 8 dB for 20 Gb/s
proved approximation, with respect to the optical
operation, these two parameters are expected to be
signal parameters, such as the input pulse energy
below 0.5 and 5, respectively.
and the pulse-width. Instead of the maximum dif-
Similar observation for 40 Gb/s operation has
ferential phase-shift (max jD/1 D/2 j), we select
been captured in Fig. 3(a), where the limits to
the output contrast ratio (CR) as the optimization
parameters become tighter, e.g., C < 0:35 and
criteria, which indicates the opening of the eye di-
a < 4 to reach a CR over 8 dB for a 40 Gb/s XOR
agram and is dened as the ratio of minimum
gate under given conditions. Fig. 3(b) illustrates
output peak power for ONE to maximum output
the relationship between a and the gates switching
peak power for ZERO in decibel.
To start, we study the SOA parameters for XOR
gate operating at 20 Gb/s, with the optical signal
parameters xed. Under pseudorandom input sig-
nals, we plot CR against L for both TMZI and
CMZI, with sC as a parameter, as shown in Fig. 2(a).
No wonder, shorter L and sC may yield better gate
performance. According to the slopes of CR, the
SOA length eect on CMZI is obviously stronger
than that on TMZI, since in CMZI the gain coe-
cient may vary at dierent points of the SOAs. As a
result, CR for CMZI drops apparently with the in-
crease of the SOA length, while it for TMZI remains
almost the same. With the other parameters xed as
in Fig. 2(a), to obtain a CR over 8 dB for 20 Gb/s
operation, L and sC should be less than 250 lm and Fig. 3. Output contrast ratio and normalized switching window
of the XOR gate operating at 40 Gb/s: (a) CR vs. C for CMZI,
150 ps, respectively.
with a as a parameter, g0 25 dB, sC 100 ps and
Thereafter, setting L 100 lm and sC 100 L 100 lm; (b) evolution of the normalized switching window
ps, we go on study the inuence by C and a on the with a, for CMZI, g0 25 dB, sC 100 ps, L 150 lm and
CMZI-based XOR gate performance, as shown in C 0:3.
M. Zhang et al. / Optics Communications 223 (2003) 301308 305
undergoes an abrupt phase change, while in each completely and accounts for the maximum peak
ZERO bit-period the gain recovers and the phase power for ZERO bit.
change levels gradually. Continuous ONE bits Through simulations with various parameters,
saturate the SOA further and continuous ZERO we nd that larger sC , a and e may slower the falling
bits help the gain to rise further. That is why, edge of the window, or result in a minor window
during the sixth and 14th bit-periods, D/1 D/2 is right after the major one, and thus introduce seri-
accumulated almost to its max ( p). ous ISI. Designing a longer SOA length properly
Correspondingly, the maximum dierential may lower the minor window and suppress the
phase-shift (+p) accounts for the most opened crosstalk, however, at the cost of time delay, power
window and the highest output ONE bit in Fig. 7. penalty and thus the performance degradation.
To achieve an ideal interfering eect in CMZI, The window-width is an important factor to
D/1 D/2 should be kp, where k is an odd integer. limit the gate operating speed. We study the win-
However, to yield a satisfactory performance, dow-width with various SOA parameters, among
D/1 D/2 is unnecessary to be kp, because the which we nd the most eective ones are g0 and sC ,
interferometer, which is biased for a null, can as shown in Fig. 7. The 3 dB window-width ex-
switch well even if jD/1 D/2 j is less than p. tends evidently with the increase of these two pa-
Therefore, good switching can be achieved with rameters. When 3 dB window-width exceeds 10 ps,
less pulse energy. Examples are shown in combi- it is almost impossible for the gate to operate at 40
nation of Figs. 5 and 6, where jD/1 D/2 j < p for Gb/s. Consequently, it is necessary to satisfy
most of the time, while CR still remains over 9 dB. g0 < 25 dB and sC < 150 ps for 40 Gb/s operation
The output peak power uncertainty in Fig. 6 with acceptable performance.
reveals the bit-pattern dependence of the XOR Assigning moderate values to SOA parameters
gate, ascribed mainly to the advent of continuous within reasonable limits, we study the gate per-
ONE bits. Due to the saturation in SOA and the formance with respect to the optical signal pa-
slow gain recovery, when A and B are identical, the rameters, such as the input pulse energy and the
gate window will close to some extent but not pulse-width. There is no wonder that shorter
completely, which induces inter-symbol crosstalk pulse-width is preferable to improve the XOR
onto the output signal. An example is shown operation for both TMZI and CMZI. As revealed
during the eighth bit-period. Although A and B are in Fig. 8, for 20 Gb/s operation, the pulse-width
both ONE, SOA1 is in deep saturation after con-
tinuous ONE bits while SOA2 in relatively shallow
saturation. Thus the gate window does not close
Fig. 7. Evolution of the normalized switching window with Fig. 8. Output contrast ratio vs. control pulse-width for CMZI,
small signal gain (g0 ) for CMZI, sC 100 ps, L 150 lm, with signal rate as a parameter, g0 25 dB, C 0:3, sC 100
a 3 and C 0:3. ps, L 100 lm, a 3 and ECTRL 250 fJ.
M. Zhang et al. / Optics Communications 223 (2003) 301308 307
can extends to more than 12 ps while the CR over the appearance of a secondary switching win-
10 dB is maintained. For 40 Gb/s operation, when dow.
the control or the probe pulse-width exceeds 10 ps, 4. The improvement by enhancing ECTRL is rela-
the gate window will close completely under given tively inapparent.
conditions. Another phenomenon is that the gate 5. To yield a satisfactory performance, a dieren-
performance begins to degenerate when pulse- tial phase shift of kp is unnecessary; therefore,
width <2 ps, for reason of a secondary switching good switching can be achieved with less pulse
window due to the intra-band process. energy than ideally needed.
The probe pulse energy should be too small to 6. The bit-pattern eect appears more seriously
modify the optical properties of the SOA. Fixing with the advent of continuous incoming ONE
the values of the other parameters, we enhance the bits.
control pulse energy (ECTRL ) gradually and exam- 7. Larger sC and small g0 may slower the falling
ine the output signals. When ECTRL exceeds a edge of the window, and large a may result in
certain value, e.g., 0.4 pJ in Fig. 9, the improve- a secondary switching window, all of which will
ment by enhancing ECTRL becomes inapparent. introduce serious trailing-edge ISI, aggravate
According to the above discussion, we state the pattern dependence and thus limit the oper-
some rules regarding the inuence by key param- ation speed.
eters and the choice of them. 8. With values of the other factors xed, to get a
1. Shorter L may yield better gate performance; CR over 8 dB, the parameter scopes for 20 Gb/
moreover, the length eect on CMZI is obvi- s XOR operation are L < 250 lm, sC < 150 ps,
ously stronger than that on TMZI. C < 0:5, a < 5 and Psat > 5 pJ; the scopes be-
2. Larger g0 , smaller C, e, sC and a all lead to a come tighter for 40 Gb/s operation, i.e., L
high CR; generally, CR increases almost line- < 250 lm, sC < 100 ps, C < 0:35, a < 4, Psat >
arly with Psat . 11 pJ, g0 > 25 dB, ECTRL > 0:15 pJ and pulse-
3. Shorter pulse-width is preferable to improve the width <6 ps.
XOR operation for both TMZI and CMZI;
however, the performance of CMZI gate begins
to degenerate when pulse-width <2 ps, due to 4. Conclusions
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