CE 408 Transportation Engineering
Section: CE42FA3
Group 2:
Pilaspilas, Kimberley
Buiza, Paul Alvin
Labay, Clyde Joshua A.
Suck, Lois Anne Cayle E.
Juayong, Charlotte Kaye R.
CARRIER OWNERSHIP
is a person or company that
transports goods or people for any
person or company and that is
responsible for any possible loss of the
goods during transport.
Types of Transportation system
COMMON CARRIER
Common carriers are often plain in
appearance because they transport
goods for multiple companies; think of
a freight railcar or a plain white trailer
on an 18-wheeler. Some common
carriers, such as airlines, advertise
their brand on their exteriors, but may
still be transporting goods from
various companies
CONTRACT CARRIER
(also called a public carrier in UK
English), which is a carrier that
transports goods for only a certain
number of clients and that can refuse
to transport goods for anyone else,
and from a private carrier.
PRIVATE CARRIER
private carrier is a company that
transports only its own goods.
The carrier's primary business is not
transportation. Private carriers may
refuse to sell their services at their
own discretion, whereas
common carriers must treat all
customers equally.
EXEMPT CARRIER
are transport agencies that specialize
in taxi services or transportation of
commodities that are exempt from
regulation by the Interstate Commerce
Act.
TRAFFIC CONTROL
Traffic control devices:
The various aids and devices
used to control, regulate and
guide traffic.
The general requirement of
traffic control devices are:
Attention
Time for
response
Respect of road
users
Types of traffic Control Devices
1. Signs - used to regulate, warn
and guide traffic movements on
public road ways.
a. REGULATORY SIGNS
- meant to inform the road
users of certain laws.
b. WARNING SIGNS
- are used to warn the
hazardous conditions that
exist or adjacent to the
roadway.
c. INFORMATORY SIGNS
- Are used to guide the users
along routes, inform them of
destination and distance.
2. Signals - are control devices
which could alternately direct
the traffic to stop and proceed at
intersections using red and
green traffic light signals
automatically.
CE 408 Transportation Engineering
Section: CE42FA3
a. TRAFFIC CONTROL
SIGNALS
b. PEDESTRIAN SIGNAL
3. Markings - Are made of lines,
pattern, words, symbol or
reflection on the pavement,
kerb, and sides of islands.
a. PAVEMENT MARKING
-Communicate to drivers
where to position their
vehicles, warn about
upcoming conditions, and
indicate where passing is
allowed
b. KERB MARKING
- these may indicate
certain regulation like parking
regulations.
c. REFLECTOR UNIT
MARKING
Are used as hazard markers
and guide markers for safe
driving during the night.
4. Islands - Are raised areas
constructed within the roadway
to establish physical channels
through which the vehicular
traffic may be guided.
a. DIVISIONAL ISLANDS
- are intended to
separate opposing flow of
traffic.
b. CHANNELIZING ISLANDS
- are used to guide the
traffic into proper channel
through the intersection
areas.
c. ROTARY ISLANDS
- is the large central island
of rotary or roundabout
intersection
FORECASTING TRAFFIC
Need for Traffic Forecasting:
Impacts of facilities or
modes of travel
Lines on existing roads
Roads
Light rail
Bus service
Geometric design
Pavement design
Traveler Decisions:
Types of decisions
Time (when do you go?)
Destination (where do you go?)
Mode (how do you get there?)
Route choice (what route do you
choose?)
Influences
Economic
Social
Transportation Forecasting
is used to estimate the number
of travelers or vehicles that will
use a given transportation
facility in the future.
The Four Step Model
Trip Generation
Estimates the number of trips
from given origins and destinations
Trip Distribution
Determines the destination for
each trip from a given origin
Mode Choice
Determines the mode choice for
each trip
Route Assignment
Determines the specific
route for each trip
TRAFFIC FLOW THEORY
Traffic Flow Theory is a tool that
helps transportation engineers
understand and express the properties
of traffic flow. Most transportation
engineering projects begin with an
evaluation of the traffic flow.
Therefore, the transportation engineer
CE 408 Transportation Engineering
Section: CE42FA3
needs to have a firm understanding of
the theories behind Traffic Flow
Analysis.
Types of flow
Traffic flow can be divided into
two primary types.
The first type is called uninterrupted
flow, and is flow regulated by vehicle-
vehicle interactions and interactions
between vehicles and the roadway. For
example, vehicles traveling on an
interstate highway are participating in
uninterrupted flow.
The second type of traffic flow is
called interrupted flow. Interrupted
flow is flow regulated by an external
means, such as a traffic signal. Under
interrupted flow conditions, vehicle-
vehicle interactions and vehicle-
roadway interactions play a secondary
role in defining the traffic flow.
Traffic Flow Parameters
The following paragraphs will
introduce most of the common terms
that are used in discussions about
traffic flow.
Speed (v)
The speed of a vehicle is defined as
the distance it travels per unit of time.
Volume
Volume is simply the number of
vehicles that pass a given point on the
roadway in a specified period of time.
Flow (q)
Flow is the rate at which vehicles pass
a given point on the roadway, and is
normally given in terms of vehicles per
hour.
Peak Hour Factor (PHF)
The ratio of the hourly flow rate ( q60)
divided by the peak 15 minute rate of
flow expressed as an hourly flow (q15).
PHF= q60/ q15
Density (k)
Density refers to the number of
vehicles present on a given length of
roadway. High densities indicate that
individual vehicles are very close
together, while low densities imply
greater distances between vehicles.
Headway (h)
Headway is a measure of the temporal
space between two vehicles.
Specifically, the headway is the time
that elapses between the arrival of the
leading vehicle and the following
vehicle at the designated test point.
Spacing (s)
Spacing is the physical distance,
usually reported in feet or meters,
between the front bumper of the
leading vehicle and the front bumper
of the following vehicle.
Gap (g)
Gap is very similar to headway, except
that it is a measure of the time that
elapses between the departure of the
first vehicle and the arrival of the
second at the designated test point.
Gap is usually reported in units of
seconds.
Clearance (c)
Clearance is the distance between the
rear bumper of the leading vehicle and
the front bumper of the following
vehicle.
Speed-Flow-Density Relationship
Because flow is the product of
speed and density, the flow is equal to
zero when one or both of these terms
is zero. It is also possible to deduce
that the flow is maximized at some
critical combination of speed and
density.
CE 408 Transportation Engineering
Section: CE42FA3
Two common traffic conditions
illustrate these points. The first is the
modern traffic jam, where traffic
densities are very high and speeds are
very low. This combination produces a
very low flow. The second condition
occurs when traffic densities are very
low and drivers can obtain free flow
speed without any undue stress
caused by other vehicles on the
roadway. The extremely low density
compensates for the high speeds, and
the resulting flow is very low.
Special Speed & Density
Conditions
Two of the speed-density
conditions are extremely significant
and have been given special names.
Free Flow Speed
This is the mean speed that vehicles
will travel on a roadway when the
density of vehicles is low. Drivers
subsequently proceed at speeds that
are controlled by the performance of
their vehicles, the conditions of the
roadway, and the posted speed limit.
Jam Density
The density at which traffic stops is
called the jam density.
TRAFFIC ENGINEERING
- Branch of civil
engineering that
uses engineering techniques to
achieve the safe and efficient
movement of people and goods on
roadways
- Deals with the functional part
of transportation system, except the
infrastructures provided
- It focuses mainly on research
for safe and efficient traffic flow:
- road geometry
- sidewalks and
crosswalks
- cycling infrastructure
- traffic signs
- road surface markings
- traffic lights
TRAFFIC ENGINEERING STUDIES
- Provide insightful information
during planning and design phases of
projects
- Can help determine:
1. The impact of phased
developments
2. If traffic signals are needed
3. If service and emergency
vehicles can properly access
the site.
- Engineers can estimate future
traffic based on the proposed land use
Capabilities
Traffic Impact Studies
- Also known as traffic impact
analyses and traffic impact
assessments
- Required for developments
that generate significant amounts of
new traffic or change existing traffic
patterns.
Corridor and Feasibility Studies
- Needed to analyze a more
global picture of traffic conditions in a
larger area than simply studying a
single intersection.
- Involves intersections, parallel
routes, right-of-way conditions, traffic
volumes, parking demand, median
spacing, and driveways.
Access Management
- Effective access management
balances the need for access while
also minimizing conflicting
movements.
Safety
- As engineers and planners, we
are careful to understand safety
CE 408 Transportation Engineering
Section: CE42FA3

implications of design and keep

informed of the latest innovations for
all street users including bicycles.