Deep Excavations: a practical manual 2nd Edition Malcolm Puller552 Deep excavations Tablo 11.3 Observed soit deformation due fo diaphragm wall panol excavation Site and reference Ground conditions Panel size Maximum horizontal soil Remarks eformation at stated horizontal distance from panel centre line 1. London London elay: over Sm deep ALL: 16mm ‘Observations made on (Farmer and Atwell) consolidated fissured sti) GT m long At 2S: 6mm ‘one panel only, kept Sty clay ONm wide AL4Sm: 26mm ‘open 7 days before Nomovement at 61m conereting from panel 2. Seville Sandy silt yp to 3m Ma deep AU 24m: 75mm. Excavation for circular Wel and Oreo") overlying Quaternary —_-34mlong x During panel excavation wall, 25m di gravels up to 13m 08m wide maximum orizontal measurements made thickness overying plastic deformation 7Smmapd__2-4m from two panels, fissured lay Fm depth, 24m from diametially opposite panel centre line cach other 3, Hong Kong Chater RajJackson Rd. 36m deep At I-tm: 30mm at 20m Teal panel (ay (Stroud & Sweeney) Fm filoveriying 4m — GI mong depth of marine deposits ‘At 6-4: less than 10mm ‘verling completely at 20m depth ‘decomposed granite () (Davis and Henkel™) Chater station 174m deep Maximum movement of about O15 40 02% depth ‘of excavation movement some movemient at last for horizontal distance ‘equal to panel depths 4. Medinah Car Park Layered silty sand and 30m deep At 1Sm: Smm at ground Trial panel. Readings sandy silt overlying basalt 68m long x level, reducing linearly made over 11 day period bedrock at 30m depth OXm wide with depth to zero at 30m _ after excavation, No Subsequent movement (©) soil with high swell potential which required moisture to cause signifi- cant volume change. The lesson to be learnt from the Hong Kong diaphragm wall excavations is that where these three subsoil conditions occur together, large soil settlements result from diaphragm wall panel installation in advance of bulk excavation in addition to settlements related to bulk excavation. ‘Mention should also be made of the effects of poor slurry quality control. Where bentonite is subject to prolonged use, vital properties (particularly viscosity) become ‘tired’ and contamination and pH are inadequately con- trolled, high fluid loss results. In turn, this leads to less effective lateral support and greater movement. Researchers have given considerable attention to the installation effects of diaphragm wail panels. Although soil deformation effects may be of limited practical effect (with the exception of the described conditions in Hong Kong) there is likely to be some reduction in in situ earth pressures close to the wall as panel excavation is made, These pressure reductions, likely to be small and only near the wall, may be of the order of 20% for a diaphragm wall panel and about 10% for a bored pile wall. The published analytical work on panel and pile installation includes papers by Tedd et al.” (finite clement data from Bell Common wall), Powrie™ (elastic stress analysis), Gunn et al. (fir element analysis), Ng et al.” (finite element analyses, Lion Yard Cambridge), Page” (centrifuge model tests), de Moor™ (finite element analyses of a number of panels in sequence), Ng and Yan® (3DDeep Excavations: a practical manual 2nd Edition Malcolm Puller This book assembles the practical rules and details forthe efficient and economical execution of deep excavations. I draws together a wealth of experience of both design and construction from published work and the lifetime practice ofthe author. This second edition is extensively revised to include changes in design emphasis including ‘those due to Eurocode 7 and descriptions ofthe latest equipment, construction techniques and geotechnical processes. Additional details include those ofthe latest pling and diaphragm wall equipment and innovations in top-down construction applied to basements and cu-and-cover works. The section on ealssons has been expanded toinclude design methods. The successful conceptual design of temporary and permanent works for the suppert of deep excavations requices both freshness of ideas and experience of similar construction. The purpose of this book isto present varied Imernational examples in sufficient detalto allow this to succeed. Malcolm Puller has spent his professional ife as either a contractor ora consulting engineerin heavy civil engineering with a strong emphasis on geotechnics. Almost fifty years have been spent in the United Kingdom, Continental Europe, the Middle East and the Far East asa project manager and contracts manager and director and more latterly inconsuitancy. Specialist experience includes daphragm wall onstruction, pling warks and ground improvement {and stabilisation schemes. A Fellow ofthe Institutions of Civil and Structural Engineers he regrets the continuing divide between geotechnics and structural design and their practitioners. ISBN 0-7272-3350-5 4 iM) Hl ‘TP Thomas Telford