Belarus

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Belarus
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Despite few natural resources, Belarus was prosperous when part of the USSR.
After gaining independence in 1991, Belarus adopted market reforms although
most industry remains under government control. Nonetheless, the country retains
a Soviet-style economy, subsidized by Russian gas. Foreign investment is
negligible, since there is little private industry.
In 2011, the government re-pegged the official exchange rate, increased interest
rates and froze prices on basic commodities in an attempt to get bailouts from the
IMF and Russia. None of their actions led to financial assistance.
Belarus remains isolated internationally with strong political links with Russia, which
is the main source of energy. Belarus is an important transit route for Russian gas
going to parts of Western Europe. It is also a major exporter of machinery, chemical
and petroleum products.
President Lukashenko is often referred to as "Europe's last dictator".
Culture Overview
Cultural Essentials
Hierarchical and Egalitarian

Much like Russia, Belarus has an interesting combination of hierarchical
and egalitarian structures. Traditional companies are structured
hierarchically and decision-making authority is limited to those in senior
positions. At the same time, the basic collective nature of the people is
such that the person making a decision takes into account the needs of
their subordinates.
In the workplace, seniority is respected since it demonstrates that someone

has shown the ability to work within the system and establish and maintain
business relationships. Since decision making is generally top-down, the
process can be time consuming.
For the most part, employees do not believe that they are empowered and
they may resist suggestions that they become involved in decision making.
This is not a culture where brainstorming is particularly effective. This is
slowly changing as more Generation Y enter the workforce, since they
strive for empowerment.
http://kpmg.culturewizard.com/DesktopModules/RW3Modules/CP2014/PrintView.aspx... 8.2.2017.
Trust / Relationships
Unlike most Western cultures, trust is not assumed in Belarus. When under
Soviet rule, most neighborhoods had someone who reported on behavior
that was deemed against the state. Despite moving away from
totalitarianism, there is a strong heritage of distrust within the country
today.
Business transactions require mutual trust. For the most part, Belarusians
rely on a close network of family, friends, and co-workers as a shield
against the unpredictability of daily life. Friends provide a vehicle to
circumvent red tape and cut through bureaucracy. They enjoy spending
time with their friends and socializing with them. In business, friendships
are called "svyasi" or connections.
Hospitality
Although they may initially appear somewhat reserved with strangers,
Belarusians pride themselves on being generous and hospitable to guests.
Social occasions revolve around food. It is common to offer visitors
something to eat and a beverage. It is considered rude to eat in front of
another person and not offer them something.
In business situations, hospitality is displayed in the giving of small gifts. It

is, therefore, a good idea to come prepared with an assortment of small
gifts to hand out as needed.
Impact of Generations
Like most former Soviet countries, the generation born after the fall of
Communism are quite different from their parents and grandparents.
Generation Y (born 1983 2000) are similar to similar generations around
the world. The main characteristics are:
Create their own security

Will sacrifice work-life balance to move up quickly
Focus on professional development
Extremely nationalistic
Confident
Technologically savvy
Religion
Christianity is the most prominent religious belief, with many people being
either Roman Catholic or Orthodox. In 1990, the Belarusian Orthodox
Church was created as an exarchate of the Russian Orthodox Church.
The revival of religion in the post-communist era brought about a revival of

the old historical conflict between Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism. This
is compounded by the fact that both denominations are linked to

institutions outside the country.
Before World War II, there were few Protestants; however, there has been
remarkable growth in the intervening time. The Jewish community was
nearly annihilated during World War II, although as with Protestants, the
new era of religious freedom has seen a rebirth of the religion. There are
some Muslims, mostly among the ethnic Tartars.
Public holidays often surround key religious holidays of the Orthodox

Church. Although other holidays are celebrated, they are not generally
public holidays.
Role of Women
The constitution enshrines equality although it may take another generation

to rid the country of cultural stereotypes. The media in Belarus appears to
support the patriarchal view that a womans place is in the home. When
they work outside the home, women continue to shoulder primary
responsibility for domestic arrangements.
For the last decade, the government has been working to improve gender
equality. With the 2012 parliamentary elections, 49 women (28.9%) were
elected to the parliament. About 55% of all civil servants are female.
The number of women holding senior level posts in state administration

bodies has grown significantly. Moreover, women constitute over 50% of
the total number of members of non-governmental organizations.
Women in business have not fared as well, although they are making great
strides. Women account for 52% of Belarusian job market. The number of
women with a university education is greater than that of men.
Nonetheless, only 19.2% occupy of managerial positions. Many Belarusian
women with impressive professional experience have failed to obtain
promotions to decision-making positions.
Women tend to cluster (nearly 90% of all jobs) in low-paid jobs and
industries considered to be "female" such as catering, education, medicine,
culture, trade, and services.
View of Foreign Women

Despite the advances women have made, chauvinism remains part of the
business landscape. Businessmen may initially be reluctant to accept a
businesswoman as their equal. They may presume that she is there in an
administrative capacity. When they understand that the businesswoman's
role is to represent her company, they may ask repeated questions about
her credentials and experience before they are willing to conduct business.
Businesswomen may experience sexist comments from men in business
situations. It is best to ignore such comments because making an issue of

them may destroy the tenuous working relationship.
Tips for Businesswomen

A businesswoman should present herself as sincere, confident, and
professional. If a businesswoman shows signs of weakness or uncertainty,
Belarusian businessmen may refuse to do business with her.
Businesswomen should be assertive at meetings without raising their voice

or appearing overbearing.
It is a good idea to accept compliments and male attention gracefully and

be prepared for a modicum of flirting in the office. Some businessmen may
make comments that would be unacceptable in your country. It is best to
laugh off these comments and not make an issue of them.
Businesswomen are expected to dress with a feminine flair. This is not a

culture where severe business suits should be worn.
It is important for a foreign businesswoman to offer a firm handshake

during the greeting process. Such professionalism makes a good
impression.
Establishing Credibility
A businesswoman should establish her credentials at the outset. Ideally,
this should be done by the person handling the introduction. If not, forward
a brief bio of yourself, including your academic background and
professional accomplishments. Even with this, expect businessmen to ask
questions that they might not ask of a businessman. It is important not to
appear fussed or bothered by what may feel like an interrogation.
Any non-verbal signs that a woman is less than confident in herself will be
translated to mean that the businesswoman is uncertain of her technical
competence.
Titles are important in Belarus since they tell others how to behave towards
you and where to place you relative to themselvesand relative to the
hierarchy. Without a title of manager or above, Belarusians may assume
that the businesswoman does not have a position of authority. If you are a
business traveler, you may wish to invent a "business card title" to facilitate
smoother working relationships.
Expect Belarusians to defer to the men on a team. To avoid this, it is a

good idea to arrange with your team to have certain questions deferred to
you or arrange the seating so you are in a position of authority.
Whenever possible, lead the business discussion when you are part of a
team. Even if all team members are equal, this visible taking charge
enhances your credibility.
Avoid taking the minutes of a meeting as this immediately reduces you to

the role of secretary.
A businesswoman should be authorized to make decisions. Saying she is

not may cause her to lose credibility.
View of Foreigners
Belarusians are a conservative people who are eager to meet foreigners.

Many Belarusians study foreign languages and look for opportunities to
practice them. Foreigners may find themselves approached by locals,
especially if the local thinks they are from Europe or the USA.
Outside of Minsk, many Belarusians have little experience with people from
other cultures. As such, it is important that foreigners go out of their way to
be open and friendly. For the most part, Belarusians are polite and
hospitable. They are most comfortable with Caucasians. The more different
a foreigners appearance, the more attention they will draw and the harder
they will need to work to establish connections.
Minsk has a growing international community where people from all over
mix and mingle.
Cross Culture Tips
The following cultural observations are based on the dimensions in the

ICAM169; Cultural Model. They are designed to help you work and
understand people from other cultural backgrounds.
Please keep in mind that not all people from any given culture act the
same, but in order to describe cultural traits, we had to make
generalizations, which may not apply in some cases. Perhaps the most
important tip we can provide is that when interacting across cultures, you
need to approach every situation with an understanding of the basic tenets
of a given culture and yet remain alert to the specific cultural signals you
receive in each situation and adjust your behavior and expectations
accordingly.
Egalitarian vs. Hierarchical

The defining characteristics of this dimension are:
How society is structured

How power is allocated or earned
Tolerance for social mobility

How organizations are structured and run
The amount of responsibility and control employees are given
Belarus is relatively hierarchical. When working with people from Belarus,

you will find following tips helpful:
People appreciate structure in manners, behavior and planning.

If you are on a global team or managing a corporate group or
household help, you will want to give clear, explicit directions
regarding responsibilities and decisions.
As a manager or employer, you will want to demonstrate a somewhat
authoritative leadership style.
Be aware that people from different socio-economic backgrounds or
different levels of the organization may feel uneasy being invited to
the same social or business function.
Show the appropriate level of respect, through language and
behavior, to the more senior members of the organization.
Expect to encounter some bureaucracy in organizations and
government.
Formal vs. Informal

The importance of appearance and demeanor as an indicator of

status
The importance of protocol and etiquette
The appropriate use of titles, surnames and honorifics
The appropriateness of discussing personal matters at work
Appropriate ways of meeting people, building relationships and
entertaining
Belarus is a relatively formal culture. Therefore when you interact with

people from the Belarus:
People value their role as a family or team member. They will often
identify themselves first as part of a group, then as an individual.
They may be uncomfortable if too much focus is placed on them
individually.
Individuals do not always feel comfortable taking sole credit for
accomplishments, even when credit is primarily due to them. Instead,
be sensitive to the role of the group, as well as the individual.
Promotions are often based on a mixture of group and individual
performance and achievement.
Individuals feel a strong sense of responsibility for family members.
Decision making may require a good deal of consensus building.
Group vs. Individual

The source of an individual's identity and loyalties

The relative importance of the individual versus the group
Whether legal systems will protect the rights of the individual or focus
on the group as a whole
Whether individuals prefer to work alone or be part of a group
Whether work teams operate as a seamless entity or as cooperating
individuals
The value of individual contributions vs. teamwork in accomplishing
and rewarding business goals
The roles and responsibilities of individuals to other family members
The appropriate levels of self-assertion and self-promotion within a
society
Belarus is a relatively group-oriented society. As you interact with

Belarusians, it will be helpful to remember the following tips:
People value their role as a family or team member. They will often
identify themselves first as part of a group, then as an individual.
They may be uncomfortable if too much focus is placed on them
individually.
Individuals do not always feel comfortable taking sole credit for
accomplishments, even when credit is primarily due to them. Instead,
be sensitive to the role of the group, as well as the individual.
Promotions will be based on a mixture of group and individual
performance and achievement.
Individuals feel a strong sense of responsibility for family members.
Decision making may require a good deal of consensus building.
Fluid vs. Controlled Time

The degree to which people feel that they can control time
The relative importance of relationships vs. schedules
Attitudes towards timekeeping and punctuality
Comfort level with short range vs. longer term planning
The feasibility / appropriateness of assigning set times for social
functions or business meetings to start and finish
Belarus is a moderately Fluid Time culture. The following tips will give you
clues about how you may best interact with Belarusian colleagues:
Be accepting of the fact that people do not feel a sense of urgency for
promptness, but they understand the need for deadlines and
schedules.
Since people have respect for schedules, it is often valuable to seek

concurrence from team members when establishing deadlines.
Plans are often fluid, changing frequently and often at the last minute.
Fluid Time cultures often strive for balance in professional and
personal lives. They may not share the same sense of urgency or
ambition about completing business projects, sourcing new business,
or personal career advancement.
It may be rude to interrupt a colleague who is taking a long time to
deliver a message, and brevity to maintain time schedules is not
considered a virtue.
Balance vs. Status

The importance and value attached to professional vs. personal lives

How status and success are defined by a society
The presence or absence of government-sponsored initiatives
relating to family welfare benefits
The source of an individual's identity and self-esteem
Tolerance for blurring the lines between professional and personal
lives
Belarus is a Moderate Balance-Status Motivation culture. When interacting

with Belarusians, you should remember the following tips:
Personal identity, status and sense of personal accomplishment are

often derived from family, education and pursuits outside of the
workplace.
Employees may see a distinction between work time and personal
time although they may also blur those lines with friends and family.
Obligations to family and close friends are often viewed as important
as professional responsibilities.
People can gain status and respect by workplace accomplishments.
Social occasions may be used to achieve business objectives.
Younger workers may expect to be measured on their own
achievements.
Interpersonal vs. Transactional Relationships

What constitutes a relationship

What are the expectations
Whether trust is deemed critical to building social or business
relationships
What takes precedence in making a business decision: the people
involved or other more objective business criteria
The pace and degree of formalized rituals in building new

relationships
The appropriateness of mixing business and pleasure, or
professional and personal lives
Belarus is a relatively interpersonal, relationship-oriented culture. When

you have business or social interactions with Belarusians, you will want to
remember these points:
The process of relationship building may be more formal and

ritualized, and take awhile to establish.
While relationships may take longer to build, once established, the
expectation is they will last a long time.
Be prepared at social or business functions to be asked some
questions that might seem somewhat personal in nature so your
colleagues and acquaintances may get to know you better.
In some business situations, personal relationship may take
precedence over price, speed and the reputation of a competitor.
There are expectations that people have of relationship-based
behavior, which may include going out after work to socialize,
entertaining at ones home or even inviting someone for the weekend
and while these may be seen as casual in your culture, they carry an
underlying assumption of friendship.
Direct vs. Indirect

The relative importance of verbal vs. non-verbal communication

The degree of directness or subtlety in the language
The relative importance of contextual versus tactical information in
conveying a message
The need to maintain harmony and dignity when communicating
The degree to which a society uses conciseness and clarity versus
eloquent language when communicating
Belarus is a relatively indirect communication culture. The following tips will

give you clues about how you might handle communication with Belarusian
colleagues:
Non-verbal gestures enhance the meaning of the spoken word.

Since the entire message is not contained in the words, people need
context and background information to confirm a shared
understanding.
Verbal eloquence is highly valued.
Take care when making introductions to have a respectful, even
deferential demeanor.
Show you are considering the subject thoroughly when a topic is

presented.
External vs. Internal

The degree to which people feel they control their environment and
destiny-or the degree to which they feel their environment and
destiny control them
Openness to change and innovation
The preference for rules and structure
Willingness to take risks
The degree to which organizational practices encourage and reward
initiative and risk taking, and allow failure
Belarus is a moderately External Control society. When interacting with

Belarusians, you should remember the following tips:
People in these societies believe they have limited control over their
destiny or environment.
Although change may be viewed in a positive light, people from
Belarus may be reluctant to adopt new products or systems without a
great deal of research.
Employees expect managers to be strong leaders who care for their
staff and take a personal interest in their lives.
When delegating work to employees, it is a good idea to make
periodic checks on progress.
Risk tolerance is often a matter of position, with risk tolerance limited
to those in decision making positions.
Country Overview
The People
Belarus is one of the former republics of the Soviet Union, although its
people are ethnically different from the Russians. Belarusians are primarily
of Slavic origins. The vast majority of the population is Belarusian with
smaller numbers of Russians and other Eastern Europeans.
Belarusian is an Eastern Slavonic language related to both Russian and

Ukrainian. It is generally written in Cyrillic, although there is a Roman
Belarusian alphabet. The language nearly disappeared under Soviet rule.
About 80% of schools taught in Russian, and Russian was the official
language of all business and government transactions. In 1990, Belarusian
was made the country's official language. Street names are now changing,
and education is shifting its emphasis back to Belarusian history and

literature. However, Russian remains the most widely-spoken language,
especially in urban areas.
Nationality:
Noun: Belarusian(s)
Adjective: Belarusian
Population:
9,608,058 (July 2014 est.)
Population growth rate:

-0.19% (2014 est.)
Ethnic groups:
Belarusian 83.7%, Russian 8.3%, Polish 3.1%, Ukrainian 1.7%, other
2.4%, unspecified 0.9% (2009 est.)
Religions:
Eastern Orthodox 80%, other (including Roman Catholic, Protestant,
Jewish, and Muslim) 20% (1997 est.)
Languages:
Belarusian (official) 23.4%, Russian (official) 70.2%, other 3.1% (includes
small Polish- and Ukrainian-speaking minorities), unspecified 3.3% (2009
est.)
Source: The World Factbook
Cities & Regions
Belarus is a small, landlocked European country bordered by Poland to the

west, Russia to the east and north, Ukraine to the south, and Latvia and
Lithuania to the northwest. Nearly one-fifth of the population lives in the
capital city of Minsk.
The climate is moderately continental with a mild and humid winter,

relatively hot summer and rainy autumn. The land is mostly low, hilly flat
land. About 36% of the country is occupied by forests. There are more than
20,000 rivers and creeks and about 11,000 lakes. The biggest lake is
Naroch. There are approximately 30 kinds of mineral raw materials that are
prospected, the most significant of which are potassium salts, where they
have one of the leading reserves in Europe.
Minsk
Minsk is the capital and largest city in Belarus. It is situated on the Svislach
and Niamiha rivers. It is a headquarters of the Commonwealth of
Independent States (CIS). The city has a special administrative status in
Belarus and is also the administrative centre of Minsk voblast (province)

and Minsk raion.
Nearly 80% of the city was destroyed during World War II and was rebuilt
in the 1950s in accordance with the designs preferred by Stalin. Large
Soviet-Bloc style buildings make up a large portion of the city. Minsk is the
major economic, political, cultural and scientific center of the Belarus
Republic.
The city boasts excellent examples of baroque architecture, such as the

Cathedral of the Holy Spirit (1642), the Cathedral of St Peter and Paul
(1613) and the Maryinsky Cathedral, which has been rebuilt to its original
shape.
Pinsk
Pinsk is south of Minsk and the second-largest city in the Brest region. It
has an abundance of historical, architectural and cultural monuments. The
city is renowned for both its natural beauty and as the center of the
Belarusian Polesye, a low-lying land of waters and mists. The city is a
small industrial center producing ships sailing the local rivers.
The two main sights can be found along the riverthe Assumption
Cathedral of the monastery of the Greyfriars (1712-30) with a campanile
from 1817 and the Jesuit collegium (1635-48), a large Mannerist complex,
whose cathedral was demolished after World War II. The foremost among
modern buildings is the black-domed Orthodox cathedral of St. Theodore.
Government
Country name:
Conventional long form: Republic of Belarus

Conventional short form: Belarus
Local long form: Respublika Byelarus'
Local short form: Byelarus'
Former: Belorussian (Byelorussian) Soviet Socialist Republic
Government type:
Presidential republic in name, although in fact a dictatorship
Capital:
Minsk
Independence:
25 August 1991 (from Soviet Union)
Legal system:
Civil law system
Note: Nearly all major codes (civil, civil procedure, criminal, criminal
procedure, family and labor) have been revised and came into force in
1999 or 2000
More Government Information
Chiefs of State and Cabinet Members in Belarus

https://www.cia.gov/
An online directory of leaders updated weekly by the Central Intelligence
Agency.
Background Note: Belarus

http://www.state.gov
An overview of government and political conditions published by the U.S.
Department of State.
Links to Government Web Sites

http://www.gksoft.com
A comprehensive directory of Belarusian government web sites.
Economy
Currency:
Belarusian ruble (BYB/BYR)
Economy - overview:
As part of the former Soviet Union, Belarus had a relatively well-developed,

though aging industrial base; it retained this industrial base - which is now
outdated, energy inefficient, and dependent on subsidized Russian energy
and preferential access to Russian markets - following the breakup of the
USSR. The country also has a broad agricultural base which is largely
inefficient and dependent on government subsidies. After an initial burst of
capitalist reform from 1991-94, including privatization of smaller state
enterprises and some service sector businesses, creation of institutions of
private property, and development of entrepreneurship, Belarus' economic
development greatly slowed. About 80% of all industry remains in state
hands, and foreign investment has been hindered by a climate hostile to
business. A few banks, which had been privatized after independence,
were renationalized. State banks account for 75% of the banking sector.
Economic output, which had declined for several years following the
collapse of the Soviet Union, revived in the mid-2000s due to the boom in
oil prices. Belarus has only small reserves of crude oil, though it imports
most of its crude oil and natural gas from Russia at prices substantially
below the world market. Belarus exported refined oil products at market
prices produced from Russian crude oil purchased at a steep discount. In
late 2006, Russia began a process of rolling back its subsidies on oil and
gas to Belarus. Tensions over Russian energy reached a peak in 2010,
when Russia stopped the export of all subsidized oil to Belarus save for
domestic needs. In December 2010, Russia and Belarus reached a deal to
restart the export of discounted oil to Belarus. In 2015, Belarus continued
to import Russian crude oil at a discounted price. However, the plunge in
global oil prices heavily reduced revenues.
Little new foreign investment has occurred in recent years. In 2011, a

financial crisis began, triggered by government directed salary hikes
unsupported by commensurate productivity increases. The crisis was
compounded by an increased cost in Russian energy inputs and an
overvalued Belarusian ruble, and eventually led to a near three-fold
devaluation of the Belarusian ruble in 2011. In November 2011, Belarus
agreed to sell to Russia its remaining shares in Beltransgaz, the Belarusian
natural gas pipeline operator, in exchange for reduced prices for Russian
natural gas. Receiving part of a $3 billion loan from the Russian-dominated
Eurasian Economic Community (EurAsEC) Bail-out Fund, a $1 billion loan
from the Russian state-owned bank Sberbank, and the $2.5 billion sale of
Beltransgaz to Russian state-owned Gazprom helped stabilize the situation
in 2012; nevertheless, the Belarusian currency lost more than 60% of its
value, as the rate of inflation reached new highs in 2011 and 2012, before
calming in 2013. In December 2013, Russia announced a new loan for
Belarus of up to $2 billion for 2014. Notwithstanding foreign assistance, the
Belarusian economy continued to struggle under the weight of high
external debt servicing payments and trade deficit. In mid-December 2014,
structural economic shortcomings were aggravated by the devaluation of
the Russian ruble and triggered a near 40% devaluation of the Belarusian
ruble. Belarus entered 2015 with stagnant economic growth and reduced
hard currency reserves, with under one month of import cover.
Industries:
Metal-cutting machine tools, tractors, trucks, earthmovers, motorcycles,
televisions, synthetic fibers, fertilizer, textiles, radios, refrigerators
Exports - partners:
Russia 39%, UK 11.2%, Ukraine 9.5%, Netherlands 4.3%, Germany 4.1%
(2015)
More Economic Information
Banking Industry in Belarus

http://www.nbrb.by
Financial and statistical data from the National Bank of Belarus.
Belarus and the IMF

http://www.imf.org
Financial information from the International Monetary Fund.
Geography & Climate
Location:
Eastern Europe, east of Poland
Area:
Total: 207,600 sq km
Land: 202,900 sq km
Water: 4,700 sq km
Land boundaries:
Total: 3,642 km
Border countries: Latvia 161 km, Lithuania 640 km, Poland 418 km, Russia
1,312 km, Ukraine 1,111 km
Coastline:
0 km (landlocked)
Climate:
Cold winters, cool and moist summers; transitional between continental
and maritime
Terrain:
Generally flat and contains much marshland
Elevation extremes:
Lowest point: Nyoman River 90 m
Highest point: Dzyarzhynskaya Hara 346 m
Natural hazards:
N/A
Environment - current issues:

Soil pollution from pesticide use; southern part of the country contaminated
with fallout from 1986 nuclear reactor accident at Chornobyl' in northern
Ukraine
Geography - note:
Landlocked; glacial scouring accounts for the flatness of Belarusian terrain
and for its 11,000 lakes
History Overview
The country's strategic location made it into a battleground for more

than 1,000 years. Slavs and Vikings originally settled in current day
Belarus, but over time the territory was conquered and reoccupied by
neighboring powers including Poland, Lithuania, and Russia. Belarus
was part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania during the 13th and 14th
centuries. The Grand Duchy was united with Poland in the 1500s.
Belarus then became part of the Russian Empire, following the
dismemberment of Poland at the end of the 18th century.
In 1918, near the end of World War I, Belarus proclaimed its
independence as the Belarusian National Republic. At the end of the
war, the Red Army invaded, dashing their aspirations for
independence. The Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic was
proclaimed in 1919.
The Treaty of Riga divided Belarus between Poland and Russia in
1921. The Belarusian SSR becomes founding member of the USSR
the following year.
During the 1930s, Belarus suffered from Stalin's purges against
intellectuals and political opponents. Over 100,000 people were
executed in Belarus, and thousands more were sent to labor camps
in Siberia.
In 1941 Nazi Germany invaded. Over one million people were killed
during the occupation. The capital city of Minsk was damaged
severely. In 1944, the Soviet Red Army drove the Germans out of
Belarus. At the end of the war, the portion of western Belarus that
had belonging to Poland was joined into the Soviet Republic.
Belarus was a founding member of the United Nations in 1946,
despite being a Soviet republic. This was agreed to as a concession
to Soviet requests for greater voting power within the assembly.
Belarus was heavily affected by the fall-out from the nuclear
explosion at Chernobyl in 1986. The nuclear reactor, located just
across the border in Ukraine, spewed 70% of its fallout onto Belarus.
One-quarter of the population has endured chronic exposure to
radiation fallout since the accident. The effects are expected to
continue well into the 21st century.
About 20% of agricultural land was contaminated and became
unusable.
In 1988 the Belarusian Popular Front was formed as part of
nationalist revival prompted by Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev's
policy of 'openness'. Details emerged as to the full extent of
executions during the Stalin period. In 1990, Belarusian again
became the official language of the country.
Belarus declared its independence as the Soviet Union broke up in
1991. Minsk became the headquarters of the Commonwealth of
Independent States.
Alexander Lukashenko became president in 1994. He introduced
policies designed to strengthen ties with Russia. He signed a
friendship and cooperation pact with Russia the following year.
National referenda resulted in a new flag (almost identical to the
former Soviet republic) and the restoration of Russian as an official
language. The president's powers were widened. There were
unsuccessful protests.
An agreement on economic union was signed with Russia in 1996.
President Lukashenko increased his powers and extended his term in
office. The following year, protesters against Lukashenko signed a

pro-democracy manifesto "Charter '97". Belarus' observer status in
the Council of Europe was suspended. Belarus and Russia ratified
their union treaty.
Food rationing was imposed in 1998 when the value of the
Belarusian ruble was halved. Belarus signed an accord with Russia
to merge their currencies and tax systems.
Parliamentary elections were re-run in 13 constituencies where voter
turnout in October 2000 was too low. Belarus officials declared the
votes valid. Thousands demonstrate in Minsk against Lukashenko.
In 2002, Lukashenko rejected Russian proposals for new union under
the Russian constitution with single government and single
parliament. The USA and 14 EU countries imposed travel bans on
Lukashenko and several government ministers due to Belarus' poor
human rights record. These restrictions were lifted in 2003 after the
OSCE were re-admitted.
In 2004, opposition leader Mikhail Marinich was jailed for allegedly
stealing office equipment. He declared the charge to be politically
motivated.
The following year there was a diplomatic argument with Poland over
the treatment of ethnic Poles accused of stirring up unrest in order to
overthrow President Lukashenko.
In December 2006, Moscow threatened to cut gas supplies, thus
forcing a new deal that more than doubled prices and phased in
additional increases over four years. The next month, Russia cut oil
supply over a disagreement about taxation and siphoning. The
dispute ended when Russia agreed to cut the oil duty.
In August 2007, Russia announced it would reduce gas supplies by
50% due to unpaid debt.
Sanctions in March 2008 led to the mutual withdrawal of
ambassadors in the USA and Belarus. In May, the government
expelled 11 American diplomats over the issue of human rights. In
August, several dissidents were freed from prison, which prompted
the USA to lift some sanctions.
In January 2010, the government threatened to cut electricity
supplies to Russia because of a disagreement over Russian oil. This
led to a compromise over the amount of duty-free oil Russia would
supply Belarus.
In June, President Lukashenko closed the pipeline carrying Russian
gas to Europe in response to Russia cutting supplies to Minsk.
Russia's supplies began again once the outstanding debt was paid.
Despite EU protests, the government put more than 30 political
activists on trial over the December protests.
Belarus asked the IMF for an emergency loan in June 2011 due to
their balance of payments crisis. The government raised interest
rates and froze prices on staple foods, leading to panicked buying of
basic goods. Russia again cut electricity supplied due to unpaid bills.
Russia offered a bailout, which was conditional on certain reforms.
In November 2011, Russia agreed to sell Belarus gas at 60% below
the price charged to other European countries, if the Russian
monopoly Gazprom took full ownership of the Belarussian gas
pipeline company Beltranshaz.
In August 2012, President Lukashenko replaced the foreign minister

with a crony. He also fired the air defense and border guard
commanders in addition to expelling many European ambassadors.
The following month, major opposition parties boycotted elections
because they believed they were rigged. European observers agreed
that the elections were not handled properly.
Country Information
Embassies
Public Holidays
Social Etiquette
Meeting People
The typical greeting is a warm handshake, which may become something

of a bear hug or a hug and a kiss with friends. The handshake between
men is very firm. Women who know each other well greet each other with
three kisses on the cheek, starting with the left and alternating. At first
meeting, women offer each other a handshake. Men and women seldom
shake hands with each other.
For the most part, Belarusians are warm and friendly during greetings. The
most common greeting is "Dobry dzen'! Yak-spravy" (Hello, how are you?)
if addressed in Belarusian or "Zdravstvuite Kak pozhivaete?" when
addressed in Russian. More informal versions, similar to the English "hi"
are "Pryvitanne!" in Belarusian and "Privet!" in Russian.
In formal situations, people use all three names. Friends and close
acquaintances may refer to each other by their first name and patronymic.
At parties or other social gatherings your hosts will introduce you, usually
starting with the women and then moving on to the men in a rough
approximation of age order, proceeding from oldest to youngest. Greet and
say good-bye to each person individually.
Naming Conventions
Belarusian names generally include a patronymic, a version of the father's
first name as the middle name. The typical naming convention is:
First name: the person's given name.

Middle name: a patronymic version of the fathers first name formed
by adding "-vich" or "-ovich" for a male and "-avna", "-ovna", or "ivna"
for a female. The son of David would have a patronymic of
Davidovich while the daughters patronymic would be Davidovna.
Last name: the family or surname.
Gift Giving
Despite the economic hardships within the country, Belarusians often give
gifts to friends and family for birthdays, name days, religious holidays, as
well as days of significance in a person's life. It is not the value or cost of
the gift that matters. The importance is derived from the act of giving
something, since this symbolizes the strength of the relationship.
Here are some general gift giving guidelines (but also check to be sure
they are permitted under company policy):
If you are invited to a Belarusian home for a meal, bring chocolates,

cake or pastries, flowers, or a bottle of wine of vodka to the hosts.
Flowers should only be given in odd numbers since even numbers
are used at funerals. The one exception is if there are so many
flowers that it is not easy to count the number of stems.
It is best to avoid giving red flowers unless you want to signify
romantic intentions.
A small gift for the children is appreciated.
Gifts do not need to be elaborately wrapped.
Gifts are generally opened when received.
Thanks for the gift may be effusive since thank you notes are not part
of the culture.
Entertaining
How Belarusians Entertain

Belarusians pride themselves on being hospitable and social. Despite the
fact that their homes may be small and cramped, Belarusians often
entertain in their homes since it is more economical than doing so in a
restaurant. For the most part, invitations are extended verbally.
"Sardechna zaprashayem!" is the traditional expression used when

welcoming guests.
If you are invited to a Belarusian house:
Remove your outside shoes before entering the house. You may be
given a pair of slippers to wear indoors.
Arrive on time or no more than 15 minutes later than invited.
Dressing well demonstrates respect for the hosts.
Do not refuse an offer of food or beverage. Doing so may be
interpreted as a rebuff of the person.
Do not ask for a tour of the house. You will be shown the public
areas.
Do not discuss business unless the Belarusian initiates the
conversation.
Offer to help the hostess with the preparation or clearing up after a
meal is served. This may be turned down out of politeness. Asking
"are you sure?" allows the hostess to accept your offer.
Thank you notes are not common. You may send a small gift to your
hosts the following day to demonstrate your gratitude for their
hospitality.
Table Manners
Table manners are generally casual. The more formal the occasion, the
stricter the protocol. When in doubt, watch what others are doing and
emulate their behavior.
Table manners are Continental -- hold the fork in the left hand and
the knife in the right while eating.
Meals are often served family-style.
The oldest or most honored guest is generally served first.
Do not begin eating until the host invites you to start.
Keep your hands visible when eating. Wrists should rest on the edge
of the table.
Try everything. Refusing a dish is considered very rude.
Praising each dish will please the hostess.
You will often be urged to take second helpings.
Whether you must finish everything on your plate is a personal
preference rather than a cultural nuance. Many Belarusians dislike
waste while others see leaving food on the plate as an indication that
their hospitality was generous. When in doubt, follow the lead of your
hosts.
Toasting
Toasting is part of the culture and generally occurs when three or more
people share a meal.
Belarusians can be suspicious of people who do not drink. If you do

not think you can keep pace, it is best to state at the outset that you
have a medical condition that prevents you from drinking.
A common toast is "na zdo ro vie", which means to your health.
The host gives the first toast, usually to the guest of honor, who may
return the toast later in the meal.
The second toast is generally to friends and the third toast to a
woman.
Most toasts are given with vodka.
Raise your glass and clink it with every other raised glass.
Maintain eye contact and finish the vodka in one gulp.
Do not clink your glass with others during a toast if you are not
drinking an alcoholic beverage.
Glasses are filled no more than two-thirds full.
You should not refill your own glass.
It is a custom to finish a bottle once it has been opened.
Dining Out
Tipping has become more prevalent in recent years. Tipping in restaurants
and cafes frequented by tourists and expatriates is generally in the 10%
range, while tipping up to 5% in smaller restaurants is accepted.
If invited to a meal at a restaurant, the person extending the invitation

usually pays. Do not argue about the check; simply reciprocate at a later
time. Belarusians do not generally split the bill among the diners.
Many restaurants have floor shows and many have dancing.
Most restaurants have a cloakroom, which is where you should leave your
coat. It is considered rude to hang your coat on the back of your chair.
Tipping
The following tipping hints are guidelines. You can find more explicit
information on restaurant tipping in the Dining Out section above.
Restaurants: 10%
Porters: $1-$2 per bag
Taxis: 10%
Approach to Time
For the most part, Belarusians expect punctuality for both business and
social situations. In social situations you may be granted a 15-minute grace
period. It is a good idea to apologize, however. Arriving late for a business
meeting or appointment could be viewed negatively and even impact your
credibility.
Conversation Topics
Belarusians are warm and hospitable people who are often very interested
in learning about other countries. Younger people may be conversant in
English. Good topics of conversation include art, literature, travel, and
sports. Do not discuss World War II, Chernobyl, the economy of politics.
When speaking among themselves, Belarusian men do not require a great

deal of space between speakers. Do not back away or the Belarusian will
simply move closer and you may find yourself boxed into a corner. When
men and women converse, the space bubble tends to be wider.
Maintaining eye contact while conversing is important since it

demonstrates sincerity. Men do not make prolonged eye contact with a
woman unless they have a strong personal relationship.
Other Situations
Belarusians pride themselves on being hospitable. They frequently visit

friends without an invitation. However, until someone has done this to you,
it is a good idea to telephone before dropping in unannounced.
If you must pass in front of people seated at the theatre, face them as you
walk past. It is rude to show them your back.
Many men still display old-world courtesy towards women:
Men stand when a woman enters a room.

Men open doors for women.
Men carry packages.
Men help women on with their coats.
Belarusians pride themselves on being tolerant. For the most part, they
tend to accepting, laid back, and non-aggressive.
Supermarkets charge for flimsy plastic bags that easily break. Therefore, it
is a good idea to come equipped with your own shopping bags.
If you go to a shop with items purchased elsewhere, you will have to put
those purchases in a locker.
Credit cards are not accepted in many shops and restaurants.
Faux Pas
Keep in mind the following behaviors while in the Belarus due to the many
superstitions:
Do not shake hands across the threshold of a door.

Do not whistle inside a building.
It is considered impolite to sit with your legs spread apart.
Do not put your feet on seats or on the table.
Do not use the OK sign (thumb and forefinger in a circle).
Do not shake your fist at a person.
Communication
Communication Essentials
For the most part, business is conducted with minimal social pleasantries.
While direct communication is valued, due to their preference to avoid
conflict, most Belarusians strive to present their message in a sensitive
way.
Belarusians prefer to discuss information by starting with a broad overview.

Once they have explored the global perspective, they are ready to delve
into the details.
While listening, Belarusians make direct eye contact and may nod their
head. This is not necessarily meant as agreement, simply an
acknowledgement that they have heard what you said. If they require
clarification, they may interrupt the speaker.
For the most part, Belarusians are not openly emotive when speaking.
However, if they become angry or indignant, they will not hesitate to be
extremely direct in stating their position.
Since both Belarusian and Russian are spoken, a hybrid language,

"trasyanka" has developed. Russian is primarily spoken in cities,
Belarusian dominates in rural areas. It is quite common for someone to
greet a friend in Belarusian and continue the conversation in Russian.
The direct communication style can sound like a command when a

Belarusian asks for something.
Although they generally say what they mean, Belarusians are reluctant to
tell a person directly if they disagree with something they have said.
Key Words/Phrases
Belarusian has been the official language of Belarus since 1990. Before
then the country spoke Russian, and most people still speak Russian or
Ukrainian as well as Belarusian. A few speak Polish or Yiddish. Belarusian
is generally used for business.
English Belarusian Russian

Yes Dy Da
No He Nyet
Hello Vitayu Zdravstvujte
Good morning Dobray ranitsy Dobroe utro
Pleased to meet you Pryiemna paznajomicca Prijatno poznakomit'sa
How are you? Jak mayeciesia? Kak poyvajete
Excuse me Daruytsye Izvinite
Thank you Dziakuy Spasiba
Goodbye Da pabachen'nya Do svidanija
Spoken Key Phrases

Belarusian
http://www.omniglot.com
The Belarusian alphabet, pronunciation guide, useful phrases and other
information about Belarusian.
Russian
http://www.omniglot.com
The Russian alphabet, pronunciation guide, useful phrases and other
information about Russian.
Language Related Videos

Russian
http://www.youtube.com
Short video featuring key phrases in Russian.
Several short videos featuring lessons on key phrases in Russian.
Several short videos on basic Russian vocabulary.
Using Translators
Take care in selecting a translator and develop an early understanding of
what you expect--specifically, the translation must be exact, rather than
what the translator thinks each party wants to hear.
To be on the safe side you may want to meet with the translator prior to
your appointments so that the person learns your accent and can be
exposed to any technical or non-familiar terms that may be used.

Developing a thorough relationship with your translator enables them to
argue your points with a level of confidence they might not otherwise have.
Have your translator explain to you the most elementary of basic
courtesies.
Non-Verbal Language
In general, Belarusians are not emotive speakers, although they may greet
close friends with a bear hug or three kisses.
Eye contact is considered a sign of sincerity.
Belarusians do not require a great deal of personal space when speaking

to someone of the same gender. The space bubble increases when
speaking with a member of the opposite sex.
Mail & Telephone
Letter/Email
Written communication should be direct and maintain a degree of formality.
Address the letter to the person's full name, including their patronymic.
When writing to a company for the first time, it is important to explain who
you are and the company you represent as well as any mutual connections
you might have and the reason for the contact. Since there is not a pre-
existing relationship, the initial letter should be succinct. Once a
relationship develops, you may include non business-related subjects.
Telephone
The telephone is used to maintain relationships and to relate simple
information. In general, you can expect to engage in small talk for 5-10
minutes. If the relationship is already established, you can ask how the
family is, or discuss more familiar topics. The conversation will end with a
brief summary or conclusion.
Presentations
Handouts
It is a good idea to have handouts in Russian.

It is customary to provide printed materials at the end of the
presentation.
However, the main points and agenda may be distributed at the start.
Handouts should include facts and figures in the same order as the
presentation. They should supplement and reinforce what is said.
Handouts should include background data or charts.
Presentation Slides/PowerPoint
Presentation materials should be in Russian.

To emphasize a point, intersperse charts and graphs.
Use diagrams when possible.
Avoid fancy gimmicks in visual presentations as they detract from the
material.
Slides must include detailed data.
Audience
May not arrive on time.

You may ask the audience to turn off their mobile phones.
May interrupt to ask questions during the presentation.
Presenter
Check in advance to determine if you will need an interpreter.

Appear warm and approachable so you do not seem all-business.
Avoid making exaggerated claims and hyperbole, which may not be
understood.
Speaking well denotes education, which in turn is seen as being an
expert.
Avoid phrases that imply the speaker has an emotional tie to the
information.
Greet each member of the audience as they arrive.
Demonstrate a keen understanding of the subject.
Make eye contact with your audience; do not focus entirely on one
member.
Opening the Presentation
Welcome the audience.

State your credentials at the outset so your audience understands
your expertise.
Do not open with a joke or humorous anecdote; such behavior is
seen as unprofessional.
Provide a brief history of your company and your products or
services.
Be prepared with details, facts, and technical data as they may be
requested.
Clearly state the purpose of the presentation.
Analyze the current situation, including a historical overview, to
ensure everyone has the same contextual understanding.
Body of the Presentation
When presenting a product, emphasize production, the supply chain,

support available and marketing plan.
Use A/Vs, whiteboards or flip charts to distill complex material into
digestible packets of information.
If presenting a change, explain in detail why the change is necessary
and how it will benefit them.
Emphasize empirical evidence, facts, and logic.
Emphasize that you have considered the local bureaucracy and detail
how this can be circumvented.
Clearly state what the audience can expect to gain.
Then, clearly state what challenges exist and how your company
plans to deal with them.
Do not gloss over potential problems or challenges. State what
challenges exist and how your company has successfully dealt with
them in other situations.
Do not emphasize "new"; instead, demonstrate the qualities of a
product or service and explain why it will be an asset.
Include color brochure and samples of your company's products.
When presenting a solution, begin with a very clear and thorough
analysis of the problem.
Include implementation plans that cover all eventualities.
Closing the Presentation
Clearly elucidate the conclusion and how the key points lead to it.
Thank the audience.
Leave time at the end of the presentation for a Q&A session.
Expect questions to be insightful. Be ready to answer them.
Date/Time
Date
In Belarus, dates are generally written in the day, month and year format
with either periods or slashes between each number. If the day or month is
less than 10, leading zeroes are used. The year is written in four digits.
Example: July 9, 2011 could be written 09.07.2011 or 09/07/2011.
Some multinational organizations adopt the date format used in their

headquarter country.
To ensure there is no confusion, you may want to spell out the name of the
month. This leaves no ambiguity as to what is the day and what is the
month.
Time
The 24-hour clock is a timekeeping convention where the time of a day is

the number of hours since midnight. The 12-hour clock divides the day into
two periods (midnight to noon and noon to midnight), each with 12 hours.
Thus, 2 o'clock in the afternoon would be 14:00 in the 24-hour clock.
Belarusians generally communicate in writing using the 24-hour clock,

although they may use the 12-hour clock when speaking.
Business Protocol
Meeting & Greeting
Shake hands with everyone upon arriving and leaving.

Handshakes are generally firm between men.
Maintain eye contact during the greeting.
It is common to repeat your name while shaking hands.
Academic titles may be used in business. Professional titles are
seldom used.
Most business colleagues refer to each other by first name and
patronymic. (Middle name which is a version of the fathers first name
formed by adding "-vich" or "-ovich" for a male and "-avna", "-ovna",
or "ivna" for a female.)
When using someone's complete name, including the patronymic, the
honorific title is not used.
Business Cards
Business cards are exchanged without ritual.

Have one side of your business card translated into Russian.
Present your card so the Russian side is readable by the recipient.
Business Attire
The way a businessperson dresses conveys their professional image and

their respect for the people with whom they conduct business. As such,
what we report is the conservative approach to business attire for a
country. Appropriate attire varies within countries based on location, event,

and individual organization culture. Some industries and companies may
have less stringent requirements. Before embarking on an international
trip, it is generally a good idea to check with the local office to determine
what the appropriate dress code is in a specific location.
Business attire is conservative.

Men should wear dark-colored conservative business suits. The
traditional belief is that businessmen who wear light colors are
unreliable.
Men's shirts need not be white. Belarusian businessmen often wear
dark-colored shirts.
Women should wear an elegant, yet understated dress or business
suit.
Women should avoid wearing bright colors.
Shoes should be highly polished.
Gifts
Here are some general gift giving guidelines (but also check to be sure
they comply with company policy):
Business gifts are not part of the culture because they can be
misinterpreted as a bribe or indicate corruption.
If you choose to give a gift, it should be something small and be given
at the second or third meeting, not the first.
Gifts may feature your company logo.
Business Entertaining
Business meals are used to build personal relationships.

Business may be discussed; however, wait for your business
associates to raise the subject.
Belarusians often drink a great deal when entertaining and will expect
you to keep pace. If you cannot keep pace, you are better off not
drinking and claiming doctors orders, rather than becoming
inebriated.
Toasting is an important element of Belarusian entertainment.
Do not take a sip of your drink until the host makes the first toast.
The honored guest should return the hosts toast later in the meal.
Most toasts are given with vodka. What is in your glass should be
finished in one gulp.
Once a bottle is opened, it must be finished.
The person extending the invitation usually pays.
If you are hosting the meal, make payment arrangements in advance
to avoid haggling over the check.
Spouses are rarely included in business meals.
Business Hours
Offices: 9:00am-6:00pm Monday to Friday

Banks: 9:00am-5:00pm Monday to Friday
Shops: 9:00am-8:00pm Monday to Saturday
Business Meetings
Meeting Essentials
Structure: Agendas may be used, although the way they are handled
is a matter of personal preference.
Role of Leader: Leaders are clearly in charge of the meeting. They
call the meeting, set the agenda, make any opening remarks,
facilitate the meeting, set the pace, and decide who may speak.
Purpose: Meetings are a time to discuss information and allow
stakeholders to state their opinion. Decisions are not usually made at
meetings; they are made by the leader, quite often without reference
to what has been discussed at the meeting.
Who attends: People at the same level as the foreign team.
Who participates/speaks: Lower level or technical staff speak only to
those at their level and respond to questions from their superiors.
Meetings are relatively formal and adhere to protocol and deference to

hierarchy.
If this is the first time you have met with a Belarusian company, it is a good
idea to have the intermediary who scheduled the appointment provides
brief business bios of your company who will be attending a meeting as
well as an overview of your business proposal. Belarusians like to know
something about the people with whom they will be meeting. Since this is a
hierarchical culture, knowing the title of everyone who will be attending
allows the Belarusians to have people at similar levels available.
The most senior-ranking Belarusian often makes a welcoming speech. The

most senior person from your team should offer brief introductory remarks.
Meetings generally run longer than anticipated. Ending times, if given, are
at best approximations.
Meetings are frequently interrupted. It is common for several side

conversations that have nothing to do with the topic of the meeting to be
carried on during the meeting.
Do not expect to reach decisions at the first meeting. Consider it a fact-

finding meeting and realize that you and the company you represent are
one of the facts. This is a good time to discuss what differentiates your
company and why the Belarusians should want to do business with you.
Since your local counterparts view the first few meetings as a good time to
get to know you as a person, they will evaluate what you say as what you
dont say.
Leaders see themselves as in control of the meeting. Their behavior may,

at times, border on the autocratic. Any attempt to move at a pace different
than that of the leader will meet with resistance.
Scheduling Meetings
Appointments are necessary and should be made several weeks in

advance. If you have not done business with a specific company
previously, you may need to use an intermediary to schedule the initial
meeting. Confirm the meeting the day before in case the meeting has been
cancelled.
You should arrive at meetings on time. Belarusians understand that

Westerners are slaves to the clock, even if they are not. Whether or not the
Belarusian you are meeting arrives on time is a matter of personal
preference rather than a cultural nuance.
It is often difficult to schedule meetings during August since many people

are on vacation. The first week of May has several public holidays so it is
best avoided as well. Many people take off a few days surrounding
Orthodox Christmas (January 7th).
Agendas
The way agendas are handled is more a matter of personal

preference than culture.
Companies that work in the international arena may be more
comfortable working from an agenda.
Since Belarusians do not like surprises, if there are items that you
want discussed, it is a good idea to forward them in advance of the
meeting and include background material.
Agendas may be changed without notice.
They may be followed or serve as springboards to further
discussions.
If the discussion moves off the agenda, do not attempt to re-focus the
discussion. That is the role of the leader.
Conducting Meetings
The Belarusians are often referred to as "the most patient Slavs". They
have a strong sense of tolerance and prefer to settle problems through
negotiation rather than conflict.
They prefer to communicate face-to-face rather than through impersonal

vehicles such as writing or the telephone. In general, Belarusians speak
softly and are not emotive communicators. If you tend to use sweeping
gestures when speaking, you may wish to moderate them, if possible.
It is important to conduct business with decision makers rather than

gatekeepers. Therefore, it is a good idea to make the right contacts before
you arrive in the country or have an intermediary make the appointment for
you.
If they do not believe that their experience level is comparable to those

they are meeting with, Belarusians may adpot an arrogant posture to mask
their lack of comfort.
Do not remove your suit jacket unless invited to do so.
Management Styles
Relationships
Relationships are extremely important in Belarus. It is vital that you

establish a partnership based on trust. The key to this is often in finding the
proper business partner. There are many agencies in Belarus that can
assist you in this endeavor. Business relationships may need to be
developed in each major city and you may need a different partner in each
city.
Your partner should have a good reputation and a wide-range of business

contacts within the country. In addition to handling introductions and paving
the way, this person can help you find your way through the serpentine
bureaucracy. Selecting the appropriate contact should not be made lightly.
Belarusians emphasize personal relationships. They can be somewhat

suspicious of strangers and often treat them with an initial reserve.
Therefore, it is best to err on the side of formality when you first make
contact. However, once they believe that you are interested in a long-term
commitment, they generally relax and begin to build trust.
This is a culture where it is important to develop a network of people who

you know and trust, since much business in the private sector is based on
informal contacts.
Bureaucracy tends to be slow and complicated. Patience is essential.

Relationships are the linchpin in business transactions. Sincerity is crucial
as it is required to build trust, and trust is needed to build a relationship.
Relationships are solidified in after-hours socializing.
Relationships are typically with a person rather than with the company they
represent. If you change your representative or members of the negotiating
team, the relationship building process will begin anew.
Belarusians are aware of status indicators. They will judge you on your
clothing, the quality of your accessories, and the hotel where you stay. If
you are young, it will be important that you establish your technical
credentials early.
Impact of Generations on Relationships

Unlike their predecessors, Generation Ys are more willing to accept people
who are all business. Perhaps because they have not lived with the yoke of
Communism, they do not need to develop strong personal relationships to
the same degree as older generations.
Management Essentials
If you were to think about the most important cultural attributes that you will
encounter in business in Belarus, they would be:
Informal Style
Group Interests
Hierarchical structure
The transition to a free-market economy has brought about many changes

in the business culture. Formerly a collectivist country, Belarus has
become more individualistic in the last fifteen years.
Despite the positive changes in the business culture, business remains

quite bureaucratic, especially when dealing with the government. Belarus
has been slow to privatize industries, so many of your dealings will involve
the government at some time.
It is important to be aware of your colleagues position and rank so that you

treat them with the appropriate deference.
The country possesses great potential and can boast that over half the
population has some university experience. There are a large number of
offshore and IT companies in Minsk.
Risk Tolerance
Belarus has a medium tolerance for change and risk, although this is
beginning to change with Generation Y, who can be quite entrepreneurial.
It is possible to make changes, but it can be a slow and cumbersome
process, especially when dealing Baby Boomers or with the government. It
is important to demonstrate that serious thought, planning and evaluation
have gone into the recommendation for the change.
The economy is in transition and the way risk is viewed may depend upon
the most senior person in the organization. When presenting a change,
provide background data and detail that can be analyzed and explain how
the solution has worked successfully elsewhere.
Schedules & Deadlines
Belarusians may expect there to be some give and take on schedules and
deadlines. At the same time, they generally keep everyone advised if
schedules slip off target.
If a deadline must be met, one way to ensure this occurs is to explain the
repercussions that will ensue if the timetable is not met. Since most
employees do not want to let down their co-workers, this may be sufficient
rationale for them to meet the deadline.
In the government sector, deadlines are viewed more as guidelines.

Employees do not work extra hours since they are generally not paid for
them. In the private sector, more entrepreneurial companies and
Generation Y employees may be more willing to put in additional time to

meet a reasonable timetable.
Decision Making
Company Structure
Since the government is still involved in nearly 70% of the business, there
is an inherited tendency for many organizations to be over-staffed. This
leads to situations where many employees have too little to do and lack
motivation.
Most businesses are extremely hierarchical structure and employees defer

to the most senior person. For the most part, Belarusians respect age and
rank.
Managing Employees
In many companies, the management style remains somewhat autocratic,
although this is generally not the case in technology companies. In more
traditional companies, managers expect subordinates to follow established
procedures without question. In more Westernized companies,
subordinates are expected to discuss the work process with their manager
if they believe that there is a more suitable way to approach the job.
Subordinates do not publicly challenge their manager. Doing so would be

considered disrespectful to the manager.
Impact of Generations on Managing Employees

The age of employees can materially impact the best way to manage them.
When managing employees Generation Y employees consider the
following:
Offer a variety of tasks and projects and increasing responsibility.

Provide opportunities to try new skills and take on new assignments
in a protected environment.
Provide clear deadlines and expectations.
Allow them to ignore hierarchy when they want to make a suggestion
or ask a question.
Listen to their ideas and give them a chance to test new ideas.
Provide ample training and development.
Create opportunities to work on teams.
Provide frequent feedback. When offering constructive criticism, start
with something positive.
Decision Making
Getting things accomplished generally requires knowing the right people
rather than knowing more about a particular subject. This is why
networking and building personal relationships is so crucial.
Decisions are reached at various levels within the organization. This

means that an agreement at one level does not constitute company
agreement. Each level within the company must agree. Many foreign
businesspeople report that reaching agreement is more difficult lower in the
company than it is at higher levels. This may be due, in part, to the fact that
the ultimate decision is made by the most senior person and Belarusians
are reluctant to approve something that might later be overturned.
Due to the bureaucracy, it may seem that paperwork takes precedence

over decision making.
While important decisions can take a great deal of time, it is often possible
to get agreement on a simple matter relatively quickly.
Team Focus
The way teams are viewed may be dependent upon both the leader and
the team members. If the members can develop good working
relationships and believe that they are empowered to take action, they may
work quite effectively. It is the leader's job to foster a good working
relationship within the group. Given the suspicion of strangers that
permeates the business environment, it can take a great deal of time to
develop camaraderie with team members who do not already have a
personal relationship.
The team leader is expected to delegate specific tasks to team members

and to follow-up on the progress. The leader gains the team's respect by
being decisive, clear and visibly in control.
Teamwork and trust are important aspects of successful business

relationships. The ability of Belarusians to work in teams has led the
country to become an IT outsourcing center. Most professionals have
university degrees and are comfortable working together to achieve a
common goal.
Impact of Generations on Team Focus

Create opportunities for Generation Y to work in teams. Since developing
personal relationships with coworkers is not important to them, being part
of a team expands their business network.
Negotiations
Personal relationships are important. Belarusians prefer to deal with those

they trust; therefore they spend a great deal of time developing the
relationship.
Formality is important when negotiating since the culture remains
hierarchical. It is a good idea to wait to be invited before sitting down. It is

also prudent not to remove your suit jacket without permission.
Although most negotiations involve a team, the most senior Belarusian

may be the spokesperson for the local company. The highest-ranking
Belarusian should be treated with respect and deference.
Business moves at a slow pace. The culture is extremely bureaucratic and

legislation is serpentine. Most decisions require several layers of approval.
It may take several visits to accomplish a simple task. You must be patient.
Belarusians can be tough negotiators. They strive to reach concessions.

They will not be satisfied unless you concede on a few issues. You may
want to structure initial offers with this in mind. Be prepared to concede on
some things to ensure they feel they have accomplished something.
Prolonging negotiations is a strategic attempt to wear down the patience of

the other side. If you tell the Belarusians that you have a time deadline,
they will delay even further in an attempt to coerce you into making
concessions.
Due to the complicated legal system, it is important to use local legal

assistance.
Avoid hard sell tactics or confrontation. Both will harm rather than help your
position.
Moving There
Advice and Tips for Moving
Customs Regulations
Entry Requirements
Getting Around
Getting There
Safety & Security
Emergency Numbers
Emergency Telephone Numbers

To reach emergency services from a local phone, dial:
Fire 101
Police: 102
Ambulance: 103
Emergency Numbers
Emergency Telephone Numbers

To reach emergency services from a local phone, dial:
Fire 101
Police: 102
Ambulance: 103
Safety Precautions
Today, we think of political situations as causing safety concerns, but

ordinary crime, weather and geographic problems also pose risks. The
wise traveler is cautious about hurricanes and earthquakes along with hotel
fires, pickpockets and spontaneous political demonstrations. Terrorist
attacks and kidnappings have simply brought all security concerns to our
awareness. With the exception of the emergency telephone numbers, this
information is compiled for travelers in general and will apply in varying
degrees to your destination and personal situation.
Before You Go
Take time to get all of your financial and personal records in order,
including preparing a will.
Talk with a trusted family member or friend about what types of
emergencies might arise in your absence, and what to do in those
events.
Think about the small (and large) disasters that could occur at home
during your absence and be sure there is someone prepared to assist
you.
Make copies of all of your travel documents (including detailed
itinerary with contact numbers) and be sure two people have easy
access to them.
Do the same with crucial health documentation.
Be sure someone knows where you will be and how to contact you in
emergencies at all times.
Find out the services your company offers to you in case of
emergency; obtain and make several copies of important emergency
company contact numbers to keep and give to all members of your
family who might need them.
Be sure you have enough of your prescription medication so you are
all right if you cannot get a refill right away; take an extra pair of
glasses if you wear them.
In-Country
So many variables go into being safe, and many of them revolve around
understanding the specifics of where you are. Be sure to learn details of
your location -- how to dress, where you can go and where to avoid, how to
act in public, how to carry yourself, and who to be watchful of.
Seek information from cultural experts and local nationals whom you have
confidence in. When in comes to your safety, dont be afraid to ask.
Hotel Safety
Know how to call for help AND what to say.

Do not display your guest room key unnecessarily.
Lock your door and do not answer it until you feel comfortable that
you know who it is.
Dont let strangers into your room.
Use the room safe or hotel safe deposit box.
Hide personal documents, valuables and other important items.
(Remember to safeguard your passport.)
Read the fire safety information and know what you would do if you
need to evacuate. Know exactly where the nearest fire exits are.
In the event that you might need to leave your room quickly, keep
your room key, your glasses (if necessary), a pair of shoes and some
money by your bedside.
Travel with a flashlight.
Women traveling alone will have different issues depending upon the
mors of the society youre visiting.
As a rule, be extremely cautious and circumspect.
Find out all the gender-based restrictions and abide by them.
Use a hotel known for its security and be sure that whatever
type of transportation you use, it is reliable and safe.
Ask hotel concierge or front desk manager to assist you
whenever you have questions about your safety. (They will also
arrange for you to have help, if you wish walking you to your
room very late at night or escorting you from a parking lot to the
hotel lobby).
The following websites offer specific advice for women:
Travel Tips for Women

Best Women's Travel Tips
Her Own Way: A Woman's Safe Travel Tips
Tips for Solo Women Travelers Women Travelers
Travel Tips
Crowded Situations
When youre in crowded places, be very careful to guard your

property at all times.
Carry as few valuable items with you as possible when you know
youre going to a crowded area. For example, expensive cameras,
PDAs and cash are easy targets.
Watch out for pickpockets who will try to distract you in many different
ways while taking your money. Even groups of children can be
working together to divert your attention while one will steal your
money.
Safety in Your New Home City
Learn about your host country and culture. This is not only wise for
business and social purposes, but is extremely important so you can
understand what may be offensive or negligent behavior.
The more you know about your location, the safer youll be; certainly
understand written and unwritten laws and codes of conduct.
Use your Embassy. These people are here to help you.
Embassies Around the World
Even if you are living in a relatively safe country, always be sure that
close family or friends have accurate contact information so they can
find you quickly.
For helpful information: Helpful Tips
If you are living in a high-risk location, your company should have
guidelines for your safety. Be sure you have 24-hour hotline numbers
and appropriate contacts who can assist you.
No matter where you livehigh risk or low risk countriestodays
world is volatile, and you never know when a potentially dangerous
situation can develop. Keep informednot only with your countrys
published data and warnings, but by identifying sources of local
news, reading local papers and telling your local friends to keep you
informed.
Emergencies
In an emergency that requires help by your government, such as a

lost passport or the need for money because yours has been stolen,
contact: Embassies Around the World
Make sure you know the name of the firm your company has selected
for medical emergencies and evacuation services. International SOS
provides emergency medical and evacuation services for individuals
and companies. You might want to contact: International SOS to see
if you qualify for some of their services.
Security Issues
Security is not simply a state-of-mind, nor is it a stroke of luck. Keeping

yourself and your family safe anywhere you gowhether it is an extended
trip within hours of your home or a long-term assignment halfway around
the worldrequires planning and active follow-through.
Clearly the length of time you spend and the geographic and political
profile of the countries youre living in--or traveling to--will make a
difference in your level of preparedness. Nonetheless, practicing common
sense based upon knowledge of your location will help you. Dont
underplay the importance of understanding what is culturally
appropriateit may help you avoid some difficult situations. With the
exception of the emergency telephone numbers, this information is
compiled for travelers in general and will apply in varying degrees to your
destination and personal situation. Always check to see what services your
company may offer to you.
Emergencies
In an emergency that requires help by your government, such as a

lost passport or the need for money because yours has been stolen,
contact: Embassies Around the World
Make sure you know the name of the firm your company has selected
for medical emergencies and evacuation services. International SOS
provides emergency medical and evacuation services for individuals
and companies. You might want to contact: International SOS to see
if you qualify for some of their services.
Prepare For Your Destination
Read about security and safety issues in the countries youll be

traveling to or living in.
For the most current, up-dated information, we recommend the
following government sites as quite comprehensive and easy-to-
understand:
Australian Travel Advisories
Canadian Travel Advisories
UK Travel Advice
US Travel Warnings
Read about other precautions you should take for weather- and
geographic-related concerns. For example, keep enough cash on
hand so you will be all right if there are power failures and ATM
machines dont work.
Be sure you know how to contact (and get to) your countrys
Embassy and Consulate wherever you are travelingyou need the
location details, phone and hours of operation. Embassies Around
the World
See if there are any health-related issues in the countries to which

youre traveling. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) has in-
depth information regarding all regions of the world.
Be sure you know how to call for help in an emergency. You may need to
reach the police, fire and other emergency personnel. Be sure you know
the words to use in the local language.
En Route
Protect your passport; it is one of the most valuable items you

possess--so protect it as you would cash, credit cards and other
valuables. If it is lost or stolen, report it immediately to the nearest
appropriate Embassy or consulate.
Avoid calling attention to yourself by wearing fancy jewelry or carrying
other expensive items.
Whenever possible carry valuables and important prescription
medications in your carry-on luggage; do not pack valuables in your
checked luggage.
Do not leave laptops, computer bags or other luggage unattended at
any time.
Be able to answer questions about your luggage and be able to open
all suitcases and packages immediately, if asked.
Use your business address on your luggage tags, if possible.
Be sure to respond completely to requests by security officials and
avoid comments about security that could be misinterpreted.
When youre on the plane or train, read safety literature and be sure
you know where emergency exits are located.
For general information when you are en route, the U.S. State Dept.
offers a wide-range of information to travelers of all nationalities:
http://www.state.gov/travel/
Moving Around Safely
Always remain alert.

Avoid disturbances and loud arguments. When they occur, quickly
walk the other way.
Dress conservatively. Your interpretation of this guideline needs to be
based on local practices and customs. Attire you may think is
perfectly acceptable, may not be so youll be well served to learn
what is appropriate. Otherwise, you could run the risk of being
misinterpreted and perhaps becoming a target if your clothing is
provocative or offensive.
Ostentatious jewelry will also draw attention to you.
Learn about transportation in your locationwhats safe and what
can be problematic and when. Trains, subways, buses, independent
taxi cabs may pose specific problems. Find out before you go if it is
preferable to hire a private driver and car. Contact your Embassy for
detailed information.
You should also ask your company about specific transportation
guidelines theyve established for your safety.
Avoid areas where you can become a victim of crime, such as poorly-
lit streets, alleys, and deserted train stations.
If you drive, keep your doors locked and windows closed, and never
pick up hitchhikers.
Be wary when you are alone in lifts. Get off if someone suspicious
gets on.
If you find yourself alone in a train car or compartment after everyone
else leaves, you may feel safer moving to an occupied car. Identify
the location of the emergency alarm system.
Experts say that if someone does attack you, give them your
valuablesmoney and passportand do not fight back.
Be sure to know enough of the language to call for help. Consider
marking and tagging the pages of a phrase book with these types of
important phrases.
Even when you have a mobile phone, learn to use the local pay
phones and keep change with you.
Know Where Youre Going
Ask people in the hotel what areas you should avoid.

When you have a specific location youre going to, ask colleagues or
people who work in the hotel if there are things you should know
about that area.
If you cannot speak the local language, carry the card of your hotel or
your address with you at all times--as well as your destination
address.
Make others aware of your specific whereabouts, even when youre
going to business appointments.
*Sources: U.S. Transportation Security Administration
Settling In
Accommodation
Arrival Procedures
Conversions
Family Corner
Health and Safety
Media
Money and Banking

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PrintView Page 1 of 44

President Lukashenko is often referred to as "Europe's last dictator".

Hierarchical and Egalitarian

In the workplace, seniority is respected since it demonstrates that someone

In business situations, hospitality is displayed in the giving of small gifts. It

Create their own security

The revival of religion in the post-communist era brought about a revival of

is compounded by the fact that both denominations are linked to

Public holidays often surround key religious holidays of the Orthodox

The constitution enshrines equality although it may take another generation

The number of women holding senior level posts in state administration

View of Foreign Women

Businesswomen may experience sexist comments from men in business

situations. It is best to ignore such comments because making an issue of

Tips for Businesswomen

Businesswomen should be assertive at meetings without raising their voice

It is a good idea to accept compliments and male attention gracefully and

Businesswomen are expected to dress with a feminine flair. This is not a

It is important for a foreign businesswoman to offer a firm handshake

Expect Belarusians to defer to the men on a team. To avoid this, it is a

Avoid taking the minutes of a meeting as this immediately reduces you to

A businesswoman should be authorized to make decisions. Saying she is

Belarusians are a conservative people who are eager to meet foreigners.

Cross Culture Tips

The following cultural observations are based on the dimensions in the

Egalitarian vs. Hierarchical

How society is structured

Tolerance for social mobility

Belarus is relatively hierarchical. When working with people from Belarus,

People appreciate structure in manners, behavior and planning.

Formal vs. Informal

The importance of appearance and demeanor as an indicator of

Belarus is a relatively formal culture. Therefore when you interact with

Group vs. Individual

The source of an individual's identity and loyalties

Belarus is a relatively group-oriented society. As you interact with

Fluid vs. Controlled Time

Since people have respect for schedules, it is often valuable to seek

Balance vs. Status

The importance and value attached to professional vs. personal lives

Belarus is a Moderate Balance-Status Motivation culture. When interacting

Personal identity, status and sense of personal accomplishment are

Interpersonal vs. Transactional Relationships

What constitutes a relationship

The pace and degree of formalized rituals in building new

Belarus is a relatively interpersonal, relationship-oriented culture. When

The process of relationship building may be more formal and

Direct vs. Indirect

The relative importance of verbal vs. non-verbal communication

Belarus is a relatively indirect communication culture. The following tips will

Non-verbal gestures enhance the meaning of the spoken word.

Show you are considering the subject thoroughly when a topic is

External vs. Internal

Belarus is a moderately External Control society. When interacting with

Belarusian is an Eastern Slavonic language related to both Russian and

and education is shifting its emphasis back to Belarusian history and

Population growth rate:

Source: The World Factbook

Cities & Regions

Belarus is a small, landlocked European country bordered by Poland to the

The climate is moderately continental with a mild and humid winter,

Belarus and is also the administrative centre of Minsk voblast (province)

The city boasts excellent examples of baroque architecture, such as the

Conventional long form: Republic of Belarus