4/6/2016 FM&E:Lesson5.

Fieldcapacity,efficiency,economicsofmachineryusewithnumerical/problems

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Lesson5.Fieldcapacity,efficiency,economicsofmachineryusewithnumerical/
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TermsrelatedtoFieldperformanceofMachines
FM&E
Participants A)TheoreticalFieldCapacity:Itistherateoffieldcoverageofanimplementthat
General wouldbeobtainedifthemachinewereperformingitsfunction100%ofthetimeatthe
Topic1 ratedforwardspeedandalwayscovered100%ofitswidth.
Topic2
WxS/10
Topic3
Lesson5.Field B) Theoretical Time per ha.: It is the time that would be required at the
capacity,
efficiency,
theoreticalfieldcapacity.
economicsof...
C)EffectiveFieldCapacity:Itistheactualaveragerateofcoveragebythe
Lesson6.Field
capacity, machine.Itisexpressedasha/hr.
efficiency,
economicsof... C=WxS/10xEr
Topic4
C=EffectiveFieldCapacity,ha/hr(Acre/hr)
Topic5
Topic6 W=Ratedwidthofimplement,m(feet)
Topic7
Topic8 S=Speedoftravel,Km/hr(miles/hr)
Topic9
Ef=FieldEfficiency,%
Topic10
Topic11 ThusEffectivefieldcapacitiesonthebasisoftotalminutesperha.,isthesumofthe
Topic12 theoreticaltimeperhectareplusthetimeperhectarerequiredforturnsplusthetimeper
Topic13 hectarerequiredforsupportfunctionsi.e.timelostasaresultof
Topic14
i)Adjustingorlubricatingthemachine
Topic15
Courses ii)Breakdowns
iii)Clogging
iv)Turningatends
v)Addingseedorfertilizer
vi)Unloadingofharvestedproducts
vii)Waitingforcroptransportequipmentetc.
Effectiveoractualcapacitieswillbelessthantheirtheoreticalorpotentialcapacities.
TFC=ha/ht
EFC=ha/he
EFC<TFC
=EFC/TFC
ha/he<ha/ht

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4/6/2016 FM&E:Lesson5.Fieldcapacity,efficiency,economicsofmachineryusewithnumerical/problems

=ht/he
Et=Tt+Tu+Ts
ET>Tt
D)Effective OperatingTime: It is the time during which the machine is actually
performingitsintendedfunctions.
E) Field Efficiency: It is the ratio of effective field capacity to theoretical field
capacity,in%.Itincludestheeffectoftimelostinthefieldandfailuretoutilizethe
fullwidthofthemachine.
F)PerformanceEfficiency:Itisthemeasureoffunctionaleffectivenessofa
machinee.g.the%recoveryofusableproductbyaharvestingmachine.
G)FieldMachineIndex:Itisthepercentageratioofeffectiveoperatingtime
plusturningtime.
H)ComparativeIndex:Itisdeterminedbyactualtimestudieswithsamemachine
fordifferentfields.
I)TimeEfficiency:Itistheratiooftimeamachineiseffectivelyoperatingto
the time a machine is committed to operation. Following list describes the time
elementsthatshouldbeincludedwhencomputingthecapacitiesorcostofmachine:
1)Machinepreparationtimeatthefarmstead.
2)Traveltimetoandfromthefield
3) Machine preparation time in the field both before and after operations (includes
dailyservicing,preparationfortowing)
4) Theoretical field time (time the machine is operating in the crop at an optimum
forwardspeedandperformingoveritsfullwidthofaction).
5) Turning time and time crossing grass waterways (machine mechanisms are
operating).
6)Timetoloadorunloadthemachineifnotdoneonthego.
7)Machineadjustmenttimeifnotdoneonthego(includesunplugging).
8)Maintenancetime(refueling,lubrication,chaintighteningetc.,ifnotdoneonthe
go,notincludedailyservices).
9) Repair time (time spent in the field to replace or renew parts that have becoming
inoperative.
J)MaterialCapacity:M=SEWEfY/10
M=MaterialCapacity,units/hr.
S=Speedoftravel,Km/hr
W=Widthofimplement,m
Ef=Fieldefficiency,%
Y=Yields,unit/area
K)Factorsaffectingfieldefficiency:
1)Theoreticalfieldcapacityofmachine:Fieldefficiencydecreaseswithincreasein

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4/6/2016 FM&E:Lesson5.Fieldcapacity,efficiency,economicsofmachineryusewithnumerical/problems

TFC (increasing the width of a 4row implement by 50% will increase the effective
fieldcapacitiesby35%forcomplanterand40%forcultivator)andwithincreasein
operatingspeedoftheimplement.
2) Machine Maneuverability: Farm machines need to be easily maneuvered in
fieldsandontheroadstothefields.Fieldmachinesneedtobedesignedtomakeshort
turnsatendsofthefieldsandwhilefollowingcroprowsplantedonthecontourandin
curves.
Field tillage or seeding machines can make square turns, Raking or windrowing or
bailingoperationsusuallyfollowaroundedcornerpattern.
3)Fieldpatterns:Objectivesare:
i)Amountoffieldtravelshouldbeminimum.
ii)Numberofnonworkingturnsshouldbeminimum.
iii)Numberofnonworkingtravelininterioroffieldshouldbeminimum.
iv)Fieldpatternsshouldproducelevelsurfacetoeliminatewaterponding.
v)Repeatedmachinetraveloveraparticularareaoffieldwillcausecompactionof
soil.
4)FieldShape:Anirregularfieldhaslessfieldefficiencythanrectangularfields
becauseofexcessiveturningtime.
5)FieldSize:Fieldefficiencyoflargefieldsisless.
6)Yield(Ifharvestingoperation):Ifyieldishighitchangesthewidthofcutof
machine. Throughout capacity of combine approx is 10tan/hr (4m cutterbar). 50%
ofSt.crop(40%load).
7)CropandSoilconditions:Ifcropandsoilconditionsarepoormachine
forward speed reduced, field efficiency will improve, but this is not the desirable
factor.
8) System Limitations: Field efficiency may be limited by capacity of other
operations in a system, e.g. seedbed preparation and planting is a system in which
seeding is required immediately after the soil preparation. Seeding can be done 1
acre/hbutseedbedpreparationcant(discnarrowonevassacres/h.
A.MechanisationTerminology:
Selectivemechanization:Useofmachinesorequipmentforselectedoperations
only.
Lowcostmechanization(cheap&affordable)
Tools,gadgetsandequipmentwhichcostlessandcanbefabricatedbyvillage
artisansandsmallscaleindustries.
1.Tool : It is a simple mechanical or electromechanical device to perform a
task. An individual working element of a machine such as disc, shovel,
cuttingbladeisalsoknownasatool.
2.Implement : It is an equipment with no moving or driven parts, such as a
plough, cultivator harrow, i.e., it consists of a rigid structure with working
tools.
3.Machine:Itisacombinationofrigidbodieswithlinkagesexecutingspecified

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4/6/2016 FM&E:Lesson5.Fieldcapacity,efficiency,economicsofmachineryusewithnumerical/problems

motionsandperformingdesiredtasks.
4.Equipment :It is a general term used for any tool, implement, machine or
gadget.
5.Device:Anymechanicalcontrivancewhichoffersmechanicaladvantage.

6.Gadget:Asmallandrelativelysimpletoolormachineiscalledagadget.

B.TypesofImplements:
1.Pulltypeortrailedimplement:
Itispulledandguidedfromasinglehitchpointandisnotcompletelysupported
bythetractor.
2.MountedImplement:
Itishitchedtothetractorthroughathreepointlinkageinsuchamannerthatitis
completely supported by the tractor when in the raised position. The linkages
p0rovide a rotational stability about the longitudinal axis and permit depth or
heightcontrolbytheverticalsupportfromthetractor
3.SemiMountedImplements
Itisattachedtothetractorthroughahorizontalornearlyhorizontalhingeaxisand
is partially supported by the tractor at least during transport, but it is never
completelysupportedbythetractor.Inheavyandlargesemimountedimplements
supports wheels at the rear or in the middle together with remote hydraulic
cylinderareutilizedforraisingandloweringthecompleteimplement/machineor
itsindividualunits.
4.Selfpropelledmachine.
Oneinwhichpropellingpowerunitisanintegralpartoftheimplement/machine.
AdvantagesofMountedEquipment:
1.Mountedequipmentarelessexpensivethanequivalentpulltypeequipment.

2.Support wheels and accompanying structure required on pull type equipment is

eliminated.
3.Singledepthorheightcontrolsystemformingapartofthetractor.

Maneuverabilityisbetter
Visibilityisbetter
Transportiseasier
Draftsensingadvantage
Verticalloadtransfertoaidintraction
Attaching&detachingiseasier
StandardisationofThreepointhitchandQuickattachingcouplerstopermit
interchangeableuseofdifferentmakesofequipment.
LimitationsofMountedImplement:
1.Carryingcapacityoftractorchassis

2.Transportstabilityisalimitation

AdvantagesofSelfpropelledmachine:

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4/6/2016 FM&E:Lesson5.Fieldcapacity,efficiency,economicsofmachineryusewithnumerical/problems

Greaterflexibility
Bettermaneuverability
Bettervisibility
Bettercontrolbyoperator
Improvedmobility
Reducedlosseswhencuttingunitisinfrontoftheunit.
Disadvantages:
Greater initial investment. It must have higher annual use to be economically
competitivewithapulltypemachine.
Economics
Total cost of performing field operation a field operation include charges of
implement, tractor power utilized and labour. Implement & tractor costs are divided
intotwocategories
Fixedcost Related to machine ownership not related whether machine is used or not.
Fixedcostperhourareinverselyproportionaltotheamountofannualuse.
Variable cost/ operating cost These are directly related to the amount of use and
include repair and maintenance cost, fuel cost, lubricants cost and servicing. This is
inverselyproportionaltoamountofannualuse.

FixedCost Variablecost

Depreciation R/Mcost

Interest Fuelcost

Taxes Oilorlub.cost

Shelter Labourcost

Insurance

(i) Depreciation: It means less in the value of machine due to time & use. Machine
depreciates for several reasons like age of machine wear & tear of machine,
obsolescence(machinebecomesobsoleteasnewmodeldeveloped).Therearevarious
methodstocalculatethedepreciationasfollows:

Methods
1.Estimatedvaluemethod:Itismostrealisticmethod.Attheendofeachyearvalueis
comparedwiththevalueofmachinepossessedatthestartoftheyear.Thedifferenceis
theamountofdepreciation.
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4/6/2016 FM&E:Lesson5.Fieldcapacity,efficiency,economicsofmachineryusewithnumerical/problems

Estimatedvaluesofdepreciationattheendofyear:

Machine %ageofpurchaseprice

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Tractor 36 6 5 5 5 4 4 3 3 3

Selfpropelledcombine 41 7 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3

Tractoroperatedcombine 46 7 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2

2.Straightlinemethod:Itisthemostpracticalandsimplestmethodandgivesconstant
annualchargefordepreciationthroughoutthelifeofthemachine.Inthisdepreciationis:

D = Depreciationperhr

C = Capitalinvestment

S = Salvageorjunk10%ofC

L = Lifeofmachineinyears

H = No.ofworkinghrsyears

Butisnotquiteaccuratemethodforgivingvalueofmachineatsameage.Inactual
practicemachinedepreciatesmustfasterinfirstfewyearsthaninthelateryears.
3.Decliningbalancemethod:Much more accurate method of estimating true value
ofmachineatanystageastheannualdepreciationratedecreasesasthemachinegets
older.Depreciationcanbe
Ln
Dn+1=(PS),Rs./year

Yd

WhereYd=Sumofyearsdigits

=L(L+1)
n=ageofmachineinyears
L=Lifeofmachine,years
P=Purchaseprice,Rs.
S=Salvagevalue,Rs.
Depreciationcanbecalculatedas

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4/6/2016 FM&E:Lesson5.Fieldcapacity,efficiency,economicsofmachineryusewithnumerical/problems

Dn+1=VnVn+1

Vn=P(1X/L)n

Vn+1=P(1X/L)n+1

Dn+1=P(1X/L)n(X/L)

WhereDn+1=amountofdepreciationchargedforyearn+1,Rs/year

V=remainingvalueatanytime
P=purchaseprice,Rs.
N=numberofrepresentingageofmachineinyears
L=Lifeofmachine
X=ratioofdepreciationrate

Itmaybeanynumberbetween1&2
IfX=2methodiscalleddoubledecliningbalancemethod
ForusedmachinesX=1.5
i
SFP=(PS)

(1+i)21

Vn=(PS)(1+i)2(1+i)n

(1+i)21
Vn=remainingvalue
P=purchaseprice,Rs.
S=Salvagevalue,Rs.
i=interestrate,fraction
L=Lifeofmachine,years
4.Sumofyearsdigitmethod:
5.Sinkingfundmethod:
Machinelifeuselifeofmachine

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4/6/2016 FM&E:Lesson5.Fieldcapacity,efficiency,economicsofmachineryusewithnumerical/problems

Also called bathtub curve. Firstly repair and maintenance is less than because
constantofferthatstartincreasingi.e.thetimetobuyanewmachine.
Table2.1showstheobsolescencelifeandwearoutlifechoosewhicheveraresmaller
forcalculatingdepreciation.
Interestoninvestment:Withstraightlinemethodaverageinvestmentisequaltoone
halfthesumofnewcostandsalvagevalue.
InterestI=%rateofinterestperyear

i=1216%
Taxes,insurance,shelter1%ofCi.ecapitalcostperyear
OperatingCost

Repairand
Itvariesbetween5to10%ofinitialcostofmachineperyear.
maintenance:

Fuelcostiscalculatedonthebasisofactualfuelconsumptionin
Fuelcost thetractor.

Itshouldbecalculatedonactualconsumptionbutitvaries
Lubricants between30to35%offuelcost.

Wagesarecalculatedonthebasisofactualwagesofworkers.
Inthecaseofskilledortractoroperator=Rs.135
Wages
Inthecaseofnonskilledormachineoperator=Rs.100

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4/6/2016 FM&E:Lesson5.Fieldcapacity,efficiency,economicsofmachineryusewithnumerical/problems

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