PASSWORD BASED CAR PARKING SYSTEM

ABSTRACT

Lack of space availability has always been a problem in urban areas and
major cities and to add to it there are cars parked callously on the streets that
further limit the space. In order to handle the issue of parking in busy places
various types of vehicle parking systems are used worldwide namely Multi-level
Automated Car Parking, Automated Car Parking System, Volkswagen Car Parking
and many more. The present project work is aimed to develop a reduced working
model of a car parking system. It is an amalgamation of the already developed
parking systems with the added advantage of reduced space occupancy by the
design of a simpler and compact parking system that is rotary and occupies vertical
parking space. The chain and sprocket mechanism is used for driving the parking
platform and a one fourth hp brake motor shall be implemented for powering the
system and indexing the platform. The platform is fabricated to suit the working
model. The procurement and manufactured items are in hand and are ready to be
assembled with the structure. This model is further useful for various branches of
engineering in order to develop different types of automations like PLC, micro
controller and computerization. By testing and analyzing the working model we
can definitely get the view to develop the parking lots at difficult and busy
commercial places.

1
CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

The Rotary Automated Car Parking System (RACPS) belongs to the class of
rotary smart car parking systems. The traditional parking systems such as
multilevel or multi-storey car parking systems (non-automated), robot car parking
systems, automated multilevel car parking systems etc have been implemented on
a huge scale. But these systems have a major disadvantage of large space
consumption which is successfully eliminated with the use of a rotary car parking
system . Moreover, the latter provides the added benefits of flexible operation
without the need of an attendant and added security and least chances of vehicle
damage. Since the model makes use of composite parts, it is easy to assemble and
dismantle and is thus more convenient than the traditional car parking systems. The
rotary model is specifically designed to accommodate multiple cars in the
horizontal space of two. The structure can accommodate six cars in the space of
two and can even be customised to hold a greater number depending upon the
requirements of the user and can be efficiently put to use in much space crunched
areas. Parking spaces cannot cope with the growth of the number of vehicles. In
many urban housing societies. The vehicles parked randomly, cause the major
problem faced in most of the metropolitan cities. The basic structure of the RACPS
can be described with the help of following block diagram. Fig.1 depicts the
interconnection between the various subsystems of the project. Mechanical parking
equipment is also called stereo garage. As compared to the existing parking
arrangements, the most obvious advantage is maximum space utilization; it is safer
and more convenient. The RACPS is totally automated with the user being given a

2
unique ID corresponding to the trolley being allocated to him/her. This kind of
equipment is useful to solve the issue of limited parking space available in busy
cities. Evidently, it can be seen that the number of private cars is increasing every
year. Private garages, where only a single car can be housed at a time, do not
provide a feasible solution to the problem since many families own more than one
car. So the task was to design mechanical equipment that can store 6 cars in one
normal garage.

3
 CHAPTER - III

COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION

3.1 PNEUMATIC COMPONENTS

The word pneuma comes from Greek and means breather wind. The word
pneumatics is the study of air movement and its phenomena is derived from the
word pneuma. Today pneumatics is mainly understood to means the application of
air as a working medium in industry especially the driving and controlling of
machines and equipment. Pneumatics has for some considerable time between used
for carrying out the simplest mechanical tasks in more recent times has played a
more important role in the development of pneumatic technology for automation.
Pneumatic systems operate on a supply of compressed air which must be made
available in sufficient quantity and at a pressure to suit the capacity of the system.
When the pneumatic system is being adopted for the first time, however it wills
indeed the necessary to deal with the question of compressed air supply.
The key part of any facility for supply of compressed air is by means using
reciprocating compressor. A compressor is a machine that takes in air, gas at a
certain pressure and delivered the air at a high pressure. Compressor capacity is the
actual quantity of air compressed and delivered and the volume expressed is that of
the air at intake conditions namely at atmosphere pressure and normal ambient
temperature.

The compressibility of the air was first investigated by Robert Boyle in 1962
and that found that the product of pressure and volume of a particular quantity of
gas.

4
 PV = C (or) PV = P2V2

In this equation the pressure is the absolute pressured which for free is about 14.7
Psi and is of courage capable of maintaining a column of mercury, nearly 30 inches
high in an ordinary barometer. Any gas can be used in pneumatic system but air is
the mostly used system now a days.

3.2 PRODUCTION OF COMPRESSED AIR

Pneumatic systems operate on a supply of compressed air, which must be

made available, in sufficient quantity and at a pressure to suit the capacity of the
system. When pneumatic system is being adopted for the first time, however it
wills indeed the necessary to deal with the question of compressed air supply.

The key part of any facility for supply of compressed air is by means using
reciprocating compressor. A compressor is a machine that takes in air, gas at a
certain pressure and delivered the air at a high pressure. Compressor capacity is the
actual quantity of air compressed and delivered and the volume expressed is that of
the air at intake conditions namely at atmosphere pressure and normal ambient
temperature.

Clean condition of the suction air is one of the factors, which decides the life of a
compressor. Warm and moist suction air will result in increased precipitation of
condense from the compressed air. Compressor may be classified in two general
types.

5
 1. Positive displacement compressor.

2. Turbo compressor

Positive displacement compressors are most frequently employed for compressed

air plant and have proved highly successful and supply air for pneumatic control

application

3.2.2 PNEUMATIC SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER:

Pneumatic cylinder consist of A) PISTON B) CYLINDER

The cylinder is a Single acting cylinder one, which means that the air pressure

operates forward and spring returns backward. The air from the compressor is

passed through the regulator which controls the pressure to required amount by

adjusting its knob. A pressure gauge is attached to the regulator for showing the

line pressure. Then the compressed air is passed through the single acting 3/2

solenoid valve for supplying the air to one side of the cylinder. One hose take the

output of the directional Control (Solenoid) valve and they are attached to one end

of the cylinder by means of connectors. One of the outputs from the directional

6
control valve is taken to the flow control valve from taken to the cylinder. The hose

is attached to each component of pneumatic system only by connectors.

3.2.2.1 CYLINDER TECHNICAL DATA:

Piston Rod:

M.S. hard Chrome plated

Seals:

Nitrile (Buna N) Elastomer

End Covers:

Cast iron graded fine grained from 25mm to 300mm

Piston:

-Aluminium.

Media:

-Air.

Temperature Range:

0c to 85c

Parts of Pneumatic Cylinder

7
1. Piston:
The piston is a cylindrical member of certain length which reciprocates inside the
cylinder. The diameter of the piston is slightly less than that of the cylinder bore
diameter and it is fitted to the top of the piston rod. It is one of the important parts
which convert the pressure energy into mechanical power.

The piston is equipped with a ring suitably proportioned and it is relatively soft
rubber which is capable of providing good sealing with low friction at the
operating pressure. The purpose of piston is to provide means of conveying the
pressure of air inside the cylinder to the piston of the oil cylinder.
Generally piston is made up of

Aluminium alloy-light and medium work.

Brass or bronze or CI-Heavy duty.

The piston is single acting spring returned type. The piston moves forward when
the high-pressure air is turned from the right side of cylinder.

The piston moves backward when the solenoid valve is in OFF condition. The
piston should be as strong and rigid as possible. The efficiency and economy of the
machine primarily depends on the working of the piston. It must operate in the
cylinder with a minimum of friction and should be able to withstand the high
compressor force developed in the cylinder and also the shock load during
operation.

8
The piston should posses the following qualities.
a. The movement of the piston not creates much noise.

b. It should be frictionless.

c. It should withstand high pressure.

2. Piston Rod
The piston rod is circular in cross section. It connects piston with piston of other
cylinder. The piston rod is made of mild steel ground and polished. A high finish
is essential on the outer rod surface to minimize wear on the rod seals. The piston
rod is connected to the piston by mechanical fastening. The piston and the piston
rod can be separated if necessary. One end of the piston rod is connected to the
bottom of the piston. The other end of the piston rod is connected to the other
piston rod by means of coupling. The piston transmits the working force to the oil
cylinder through the piston rod. The piston rod is designed to withstand the high
compressive force. It should avoid bending and withstand shock loads caused by
the cutting force. The piston moves inside the rod seal fixed in the bottom cover
plate of the cylinder. The sealing arrangements prevent the leakage of air from the
bottom of the cylinder while the rod reciprocates through it.

3. Cylinder Cover Plates

The cylinder should be enclosed to get the applied pressure from the compressor
and act on the pinion. The cylinder is thus closed by the cover plates on both the
ends such that there is no leakage of air. An inlet port is provided on the top cover
plate and an outlet ports on the bottom cover plate. There is also a hole drilled for
the movement of the piston. The cylinder cover plate protects the cylinder from
dust and other particle and maintains the same pressure that is taken from the
9
compressor. The flange has to hold the piston in both of its extreme positions. The
piston hits the top plat during the return stroke and hits the bottom plate during end
of forward stroke. So the cover plates must be strong enough to withstand the
load.

4. Cylinder Mounting Plates:

It is attached to the cylinder cover plates and also to the carriage with the help of
L bends and bolts.

3.3 SOLENOID VALVE:

The directional valve is one of the important parts of a pneumatic system.

Commonly known as DCV, this valve is used to control the direction of air flow in
the pneumatic system. The directional valve does this by changing the position of
its internal movable parts. This valve was selected for speedy operation and to
reduce the manual effort and also for the modification of the machine into
automatic machine by means of using a solenoid valve. A solenoid is an electrical
device that converts electrical energy into straight line motion and force. These are
also used to operate a mechanical operation which in turn operates the valve
mechanism. Solenoids may be push type or pull type. The push type solenoid is
one in which the plunger is pushed when the solenoid is energized electrically. The
pull type solenoid is one is which the plunger is pulled when the solenoid is
energized. The name of the parts of the solenoid should be learned so that they
can be recognized when called upon to make repairs, to do service work or to
install them.

Parts of a Solenoid Valve

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1. Coil
The solenoid coil is made of copper wire. The layers of wire are separated by
insulating layer. The entire solenoid coil is covered with an varnish that is not
affected by solvents, moisture, cutting oil or often fluids. Coils are rated in various
voltages such as 115 volts AC, 230 volts AC, 460 volts AC, 575 Volts AC, 6 Volts
DC, 12 Volts DC, 24 Volts DC, 115 Volts DC & 230 Volts DC. They are designed
for such frequencies as 50 Hz to 60 Hz.

2. Frame
The solenoid frame serves several purposes. Since it is made of laminated sheets,
it is magnetized when the current passes through the coil. The magnetized coil
attracts the metal plunger to move. The frame has provisions for attaching the
mounting. They are usually bolted or welded to the frame. The frame has
provisions for receivers, the plunger. The wear strips are mounted to the solenoid
frame, and are made of materials such as metal or impregnated less fiber cloth.

3. Solenoid Plunger

The Solenoid plunger is the mover mechanism of the solenoid. The plunger is
made of steel laminations which are riveted together under high pressure, so that
there will be no movement of the lamination with respect to one another. At the
top of the plunger a pin hole is placed for making a connection to some device.
The solenoid plunger is moved by a magnetic force in one direction and is usually
returned by spring action. Solenoid operated valves are usually provided with
cover over either the solenoid or the entire valve. This protects the solenoid from
dirt and other foreign matter, and protects the actuator. In many applications it is
necessary to use explosion proof solenoids.
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3.3.1. WORKING OF 3/2 SINGLE ACTING SOLENOID (OR) CUT OFF

VALVE

The control valve is used to control the flow direction is called cut off valve or

solenoid valve. This solenoid cut off valve is controlled by the emergency push

button. The 3/2 Single acting solenoid valve is having one inlet port, one outlet

port and one exhaust port. The solenoid valve consists of electromagnetic coil,

stem and spring. The air enters to the pneumatic single acting solenoid valve when

the push button is in ON position.

Technical Data:

Size :

Pressure : 0 to 7 kg / cm2

Media : Air

Type : 3/2

Applied Voltage : 230V A.C

Frequency : 50 Hz

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3.3.2 FLOW CONTROL VALVE:

Technical Data:

Size :

Pressure : 0 to 10 N/m2

Media : Air

Purpose:

This valve is used to speed up the piston movement and also it acts as an one

way restriction valve which means that the air can pass through only one way and

it cant return back. By using this valve the time consumption is reduced because

of the faster movement of the piston.

13
3.4 POWER SUPPLY

Block Diagram

The ac voltage, typically 220V rms, is connected to a transformer,

which steps that ac voltage down to the level of the desired dc output. A diode
rectifier then provides a full-wave rectified voltage that is initially filtered by a
simple capacitor filter to produce a dc voltage. This resulting dc voltage usually
has some ripple or ac voltage variation.

A regulator circuit removes the ripples and also remains the same dc value even if
the input dc voltage varies, or the load connected to the output dc voltage changes.
This voltage regulation is usually obtained using one of the popular voltage
regulator IC units.

TRANSFORMER RECTIFIER FILTER IC REGULATOR LOAD

Fig 8.1 Block Diagram of Power supply

14
Working principle

Transformer

The potential transformer will step down the power supply voltage (0-230V) to
(0-6V) level. Then the secondary of the potential transformer will be connected to
the precision rectifier, which is constructed with the help of opamp. The
advantages of using precision rectifier are it will give peak voltage output as DC,
rest of the circuits will give only RMS output.

Bridge rectifier

When four diodes are connected as shown in figure, the circuit is called as
bridge rectifier. The input to the circuit is applied to the diagonally opposite
corners of the network, and the output is taken from the remaining two corners.

Let us assume that the transformer is working properly and there is a positive
potential, at point A and a negative potential at point B. the positive potential at
point A will forward bias D3 and reverse bias D4.

The negative potential at point B will forward bias D1 and reverse D2. At this time
D3 and D1 are forward biased and will allow current flow to pass through them;
D4 and D2 are reverse biased and will block current flow.

The path for current flow is from point B through D1, up through RL, through
D3, through the secondary of the transformer back to point B. this path is indicated
by the solid arrows. Waveforms (1) and (2) can be observed across D1 and D3.

15
 One-half cycle later the polarity across the secondary of the transformer
reverse, forward biasing D2 and D4 and reverse biasing D1 and D3. Current flow
will now be from point A through D4, up through RL, through D2, through the
secondary of T1, and back to point A. This path is indicated by the broken arrows.
Waveforms (3) and (4) can be observed across D2 and D4. The current flow
through RL is always in the same direction. In flowing through RL this current
develops a voltage corresponding to that shown waveform (5). Since current flows
through the load (RL) during both half cycles of the applied voltage, this bridge
rectifier is a full-wave rectifier.

One advantage of a bridge rectifier over a conventional full-wave rectifier is

that with a given transformer the bridge rectifier produces a voltage output that is
nearly twice that of the conventional full-wave circuit.

This may be shown by assigning values to some of the components shown in

views A and B. assume that the same transformer is used in both circuits. The peak
voltage developed between points X and y is 1000 volts in both circuits. In the
conventional full-wave circuit shownin view A, the peak voltage from the center
tap to either X or Y is 500 volts. Since only one diode can conduct at any instant,
the maximum voltage that can be rectified at any instant is 500 volts.

The maximum voltage that appears across the load resistor is nearly-but never
exceeds-500 v0lts, as result of the small voltage drop across the diode. In the
bridge rectifier shown in view B, the maximum voltage that can be rectified is the
full secondary voltage, which is 1000 volts. Therefore, the peak output voltage
across the load resistor is nearly 1000 volts. With both circuits using the same

16
transformer, the bridge rectifier circuit produces a higher output voltage than the
conventional full-wave rectifier circuit.

IC voltage regulators

Voltage regulators comprise a class of widely used ICs. Regulator IC units

contain the circuitry for reference source, comparator amplifier, control device, and
overload protection all in a single IC. IC units provide regulation of either a fixed
positive voltage, a fixed negative voltage, or an adjustably set voltage. The
regulators can be selected for operation with load currents from hundreds of milli
amperes to tens of amperes, corresponding to power ratings from milli watts to
tens of watts.

Fig Circuit Diagram Of Power Supply

17
 A fixed three-terminal voltage regulator has an unregulated dc input voltage, Vi,
applied to one input terminal, a regulated dc output voltage, Vo, from a second
terminal, with the third terminal connected to ground.

The series 78 regulators provide fixed positive regulated voltages from 5 to 24

volts. Similarly, the series 79 regulators provide fixed negative regulated voltages
from 5 to 24 volts.

For ICs, microcontroller, LCD --------- 5 volts

For alarm circuit, op-amp, relay circuits ---------- 12 volts

3.5 Liquid crystal display

Reflective twisted nematic liquid crystal display.

1. Vertical filter film to polarize the light as it enters.

2. Glass substrate with ITO electrodes. The shapes of these electrodes will
determine the dark shapes that will appear when the LCD is turned on.
Vertical ridges are etched on the surface so the liquid crystals are in line
with the polarized light.

3. Twisted nematic liquid crystals.

18
 4. Glass substrate with common electrode film (ITO) with horizontal ridges
to line up with the horizontal filter.

5. Horizontal filter film to block/allow through light.

6. Reflective surface to send light back to viewer.

A general purpose alphanumeric LCD display, with two lines of 16 characters.

A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a thin, flat display device made up of any
number of color or monochrome pixels arrayed in front of a light source or
reflector. It is prized by engineers because it uses very small amounts of
electric power, and is therefore suitable for use in battery-powered electronic
devices.

Each pixel (picture element) consists of a column of liquid crystal molecules

suspended between two transparent electrodes , and two polarizing filters, the
axes of polarity of which are perpendicular to each other. Without the liquid
crystals between them, light passing through one would be blocked by the
other. The liquid crystal twists the polarization of light entering one filter to
allow it to pass through the other.

The molecules of the liquid crystal have electric charges on them. By applying
small electrical charges to transparent electrodes over each pixel or subpixel ,

19
the molecules are twisted by electrostatic forces. This changes the twist of the
light passing through the molecules, and allows varying degrees of light to
pass (or not to pass) through the polarizing filters.

Before applying an electrical charge, the liquid crystal molecules are in a

relaxed state. Charges on the molecules cause these molecules to align
themselves in a helical structure, or twist (the "crystal"). In some LCDs, the
electrode may have a chemical surface that seeds the crystal, so it crystallizes
at the needed angle. Light passing through one filter is rotated as it passes
through the liquid crystal, allowing it to pass through the second polarized
filter. A small amount of light is absorbed by the polarizing filters, but
otherwise the entire assembly is transparent.

When an electrical charge is applied to the electrodes, the molecules of the

liquid crystal align themselves parallel to the electric field , thus limiting the
rotation of entering light. If the liquid crystals are completely untwisted, light
passing through them will be polarized perpendicular to the second filter, and
thus be completely blocked. The pixel will appear unlit. By controlling the
twist of the liquid crystals in each pixel, light can be allowed to pass though in
varying amounts, correspondingly illuminating the pixel.

Many LCDs are driven to darkness by an alternating current, which disrupts

the twisting effect, and become faint or transparent when no current is applied.

To save cost in the electronics, LCDs are often multiplexed. In a multiplexed

display, electrodes on one side of the display are grouped and wired together,
and each group gets its own voltage source. On the other side, the electrodes
are also grouped, with each group getting a voltage sink. The groups are

20
designed so each pixel has a unique, unshared combination of source and sink.
The electronics, or the software driving the electronics then turns on sinks in
sequence, and drives sources for the pixels of each sink.

Important factors to consider when evaluating an LCD monitor include

resolution , viewable size, response time (sync rate), matrix type (passive or
active), viewing angle, color support, brightness and contrast ratio, aspect
ratio, and input ports (e.g. DVI or VGA).

Brief history

1911: Charles Mauguin describes the structure and properties of Liquid

Crystals.

1936: The Marconi Wireless Telegraph company patents the first practical
application of the technology, "The Liquid Crystal Light valve".

1962: The first major English language publication on the subject "Molecular
Structure and Properties of Liquid Crystals", by Dr. George W. Gray.

Pioneering work on liquid crystals was undertaken in the late 1960s by the
UK's Radar Research Establishment at Malvern. The team at RRE supported
ongoing work by George Gray and his team at the University of Hull who
ultimately discovered the cyanobiphenyl liquid crystals (which had all of the
correct stability and temperature properties for application in LCDs).

The first operational LCD was based on the Dynamic Scattering Mode (DSM)
and was introduced in 1968 by a group at RCA in the USA headed by George

21
Heilmeier . Heilmeier founded Optel, which introduced a number of LCDs
based on this technology.

In 1969, the twisted nematic field effect in liquid crystals was discovered by
James Fergason at Kent State University in the USA, and in 1971 his company
ILIXCO (now LXD Incorporated ) produced the first LCDs based on it, which
soon superseded the poor-quality DSM types.

Transmissive and reflective displays

LCDs can be either transmissive or reflective, depending on the location of the

light source. A transmissive LCD is illuminated from the back by a backlight
and viewed from the opposite side (front). This type of LCD is used in
applications requiring high luminance levels such as computer displays ,
televisions, personal digital assistants , and mobile phones . The illumination
device used to illuminate the LCD in such a product usually consumes much
more power than the LCD itself.

Reflective LCDs, often found in digital watches and calculators, are

illuminated by external light reflected by a (sometimes) diffusing reflector
behind the display. This type of LCD can produce darker 'blacks' than the
transmissive type since light must pass through the liquid crystal layer twice
and thus is attenuated twice, however because the reflected light is also
attenuated twice in the translucent parts of the display image contrast is
usually poorer than a transmissive display. The absence of a lamp significantly
reduces power consumption, allowing for longer battery life in battery-

22
powered devices; small reflective LCDs consume so little power that they can
rely on a photovoltaic cell , as often found in pocket calculators.

Transflective LCDs work as either transmissive or reflective LCDs, depending

on the ambient light. They work reflectively when external light levels are
high, and transmissively in darker environments via a low-power backlight.

Color displays

In color LCDs each individual pixel is divided into three cells, or subpixels,
which are colored red, green, and blue, respectively, by additional filters. Each
subpixel can be controlled independently to yield thousands or millions of
possible colors for each pixel. Older CRT monitors employ a similar method
for displaying color. Color components may be arrayed in various pixel
geometries , depending on the monitor's usage.

Passive-matrix and active-matrix

LCDs with a small number of segments, such as those used in digital watches
and pocket calculators , have a single electrical contact for each segment. An
external dedicated circuit supplies an electric charge to control each segment.
This display structure is unwieldy for more than a few display elements.

Small monochrome displays such as those found in personal organizers, or

older laptop screens have a passive-matrix structure employing supertwist
nematic (STN) or double-layer STN (DSTN) technology (DSTN corrects a

23
color-shifting problem with STN). Each row or column of the display has a
single electrical circuit. The pixels are addressed one at a time by row and
column addresses. This type of display is called a passive matrix because the
pixel must retain its state between refreshes without the benefit of a steady
electrical charge. As the number of pixels (and, correspondingly, columns and
rows) increases, this type of display becomes increasingly less feasible. Very
slow response times and poor contrast are typical of passive-matrix LCDs.

For high-resolution color displays such as modern LCD computer monitors and
televisions, an active matrix structure is used. A matrix of thin-film transistors
(TFTs) is added to the polarizing and color filters. Each pixel has its own
dedicated transistor , which allows each column line to access one pixel. When
a row line is activated, all of the column lines are connected to a row of pixels
and the correct voltage is driven onto all of the column lines. The row line is
then deactivated and the next row line is activated. All of the row lines are
activated in sequence during a refresh operation. Active-matrix displays are
much brighter and sharper than passive-matrix displays of the same size, and
generally have quicker response times.

Active matrix technologies

Twisted Nematic (TN)

Twisted Nematic displays contain liquid crystal elements which twist and
untwist at varying degrees to allow light to pass through. When no voltage is
applied to a TN liquid crystal cell, the light is polarized to pass through the
cell. In proportion to the voltage applied, the LC cells twist up to 90 degrees

24
changing the polarization and blocking the lights path. By properly adjusting
the level of the voltage most any grey level or transmission can be achieved.

In-Plane Switching (IPS)

In-plane switching is an LCD technology which aligns the liquid crystal cells
in a horizontal direction. In this method, the electrical field is applied through
each end of the crystal, but this requires the need for two transistors for each
pixel instead of the one needed for a standard thin-film transistor (TFT)
display. This results in blocking more transmission area requiring brighter
backlights, which consume more power making this type of display
undesirable for notebook computers.

Vertical Alignment (VA)

Vertical Alignment displays are a form of LC display in which the liquid

crystal material naturally exists in a horizontal state removing the need for
extra transistors (as in IPS). When no voltage is applied the liquid crystal cell,
it remains perpendicular to the substrate creating a black display. When
voltage is applied, the liquid crystal cells shift to a horizontal position, parallel
to the substrate, allowing light to pass through and create a white display. VA
liquid crystal displays provide some of the same advantages as IPS panels,
particularly an improved viewing angle and improved black level.

25
Quality control

Some LCD panels have defective transistors, causing permanently lit or unlit
pixels. Unlike integrated circuits , LCD panels with a few defective pixels are
usually still usable. It is also economically prohibitive to discard a panel with
just a few bad pixels because LCD panels are much larger than ICs.
Manufacturers have different standards for determining a maximum acceptable
number of defective pixels. The following table presents the maximum
acceptable number of defective pixels for IBM's ThinkPad laptop line.

Resolution Bright Dots Dark dots Total

20481536 (QXGA) 15 16 16

16001200 (UXGA) 11 16 16

14001050 (SXGA+) 11 13 16

1024768 (XGA) 8 8 9

800600 (SVGA) 5 5 9

26
LCD panels are more likely to have defects than most ICs due to their larger
size. In this example, a 12" SVGA LCD has 8 defects and a 6" wafer has only
3 defects. However, 134 of the 137 dies on the wafer will be acceptable,
whereas rejection of the LCD panel would be a 0% yield. The standard is much
higher now due to fierce competition between manufacturers and improved
quality control. An SVGA LCD panel with 4 defective pixels is usually
considered defective and customers can request an exchange for a new one.
The location of defective pixels is also important. A display with only a few
defective pixels may be unacceptable if the defective pixels are near each
other. Manufacturers may also relax their replacement criteria when defective
pixels are in the center of the viewing area.

Zero-power displays

The zenithal bistable device (ZBD), developed by QinetiQ (formerly DERA ),

can retain an image without power. The crystals may exist in one of two stable
orientations (Black and "White") and power is only required to change the
image. ZBD Displays is a spin-off company from QinetiQ who manufacture
both grayscale and colour ZBD devices.

A French company, Nemoptic, has developed another zero-power, paper-like

LCD technology which has been mass-produced in Taiwan since July 2003.
This technology is intended for use in low-power mobile applications such as
e-books and wearable computers. Zero-power LCDs are in competition with
electronic paper .

27
Drawbacks

LCD technology still has a few drawbacks in comparison to some other display
technologies:

While CRTs are capable of displaying multiple video resolutions, each

with the same quality, LCD displays usually produce the crispest images
in a "native resolution ".

LCD displays generally have a lower contrast ratio than that on a plasma
display or CRT. This is due to their "light valve" nature: some light
always leaks out making black grey.

LCDs have longer response time than their plasma and CRT
counterparts, creating ghosting and mixing when images rapidly change;
this caveat however is continually improving as the technology
progresses.

The viewing angle of a LCD is usually less than that of most other
display technologies thus reducing the number of people who can
conveniently view the same image. However, this negative has been
capitalised upon by an electronics company, allowing multiple TV
outputs from the same LCD screen just by changing the angle from
where the TV is seen. Such a set can also show two different images to
one viewer, providing 3-D.

Many users of LCD monitors get migranes and other severe eyestrain
problems from the flicker nature of the fluorescent backlights.

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LCD screens also occasionally suffer from image persistence , which is similar
to screen burn on CRT displays.

3.6 Keypad

Keypad Controller is a an electronic device or IC chip that is used to

interface keypad with the computer or system. It is the main controlling device of
keypad. It reads signals coming from the keypad matrix and interpret them
according to the main program written in its memory. It has its own primary
memory like ROM for storing programs. We can also re-program the ROM of the
Keypad controller if we need to.

But mostly these programs are pre-written by Product vendors. Before deeply
digging into the construction and working of keypad controller, first let us have a
look at the working of the Basic Keypad or Key switches. By reading this you will
know how our pressed keys are acknowledged to the computer or how our
computer knows that we pressed a key on the keypad.

Construction and Working of a Keypad:

Basically, a keypad consists of a matrix of rows and columns. The switches
are fabricated on these matrices in such a away that when we press a specific key, a
specific row and column got short circuited and this will let the keypad controller
know that which key is being pressed. The corresponding signals for those specific
rows and columns are sent to keypad controller. It processes that incoming signal
and send the signal to the main CPU. Thus CPU gets the idea that which key is
pressed and then display that specific key.
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 Construction and Working of Keypad Controller:
Keypad controllers usually comes in the form of IC chips. Most popular Keypad
controllers are Intel 8042 and Intel 8048. A keypad controller consists of a RAM,
ROM, Processor and some other Input/Output registers. The program, according to
which, the controller works is saved in the ROM. RAM is used as a temporary
storage for storing temporary variables or data.

Random Access Memory (RAM)

Read Only Memory (ROM)

Processor:
Processor: The processor is used to convert the incoming Row-column signals into
scan codes. These scan codes are then saved in the Output buffer. Then these scan
codes are sent to the CPU or the system by the output buffer. The output buffer is a
read only resister having size of 8 bits. If we keep key pressed for a long time (for
example: more than half a second) then the processor also provides the feature to
repeat the scan codes. The Keypad having such ability is known as Type Matic
Keypads. Today, all keypads have such facilities. This feature is also known as
'Auto Repeat Facility'.

There are two other buffers along side output buffer. These are :

Status register

Input Buffer Register

Status Register: As its name suggests it shows status of Keypad controller

to the main system or CPU. It is also an 8 bit register. It is read/write register. If

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main CPU wants to re-program the Keypad Controller then it can send a control
command to the status register.

Input Buffer Register: It is a register which contains both data and commands. It
is an 8 bit Write only register. It have two input/output ports 60H and 64H. Port
60H is used for transmission of data, that is if any byte arrives through this port
then it will be treated as data byte. The other Port 64H is used for commanding the
controller. If a byte is received through this port then it will be treated as
instruction or command.

Read Only Memory(ROM):As stated before, ROM chip is the primary memory
of the Keypad controller where the program is stored permanently. The Keypad
Controller works according to the program written in its memory i.e. Read Only
Memory (ROM).

3.7 BATTERY:

An electric battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical

cells that convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy. Each cell contains a
positive terminal, or cathode, and a negative terminal, or anode. Electrolytes allow
ions to move between the electrodes and terminals, which allows current to flow
out of the battery to perform work.

Primary (single-use or "disposable") batteries are used once and discarded;

the electrode materials are irreversibly changed during discharge. Common
examples are the alkaline battery used for flashlights and a multitude of portable
devices. Secondary(rechargeable batteries) can be discharged and recharged
multiple times; the original composition of the electrodes can be restored by

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reverse current. Examples include the lead-acid batteries used in vehicles and
lithium ion batteries used for portable electronics.

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 CHAPTER - IV

ADVANTAGES

Provide enough parking spaces.

Provide lower building cost per parking slots.
Required less building volume and ground.
Provides highest comfort and securitys
Human error is less.
Fast and time saving parking with greatest flexibility.

APPLICATIONS

Public parking.
Airports
Rail stations.
Hotels, Malls
Office buildings.
Colleges.
Apartments
Big industries
Car industries to stored ready car
Carpools areas

CONCLUSION

Thus system designed is very precise and very easy in handling. This system
is advantageous for commercial as well as residential purpose. The
components used are readily available which makes construction very easy.
The structure is compact which allows the system to be installed on any
platform

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