Top 20 Automation Testing Interview Questions and Answers

Here are the most frequently asked Software Automation testing interview
questions with answers.
Test automation plays a very important role in the entire life cycle. Most of the time
when want to prepare for an automation testers interview, we focus only on the tool
specific question.

We should also consider the fact that learning and knowing the tool is just a mean and
its not the ultimate goal.
So whenever we are preparing for an automation tester interview, we have to
consider Automation as a whole and focus around the framework and the steps
involved.

Here I have tried to cite down the questions very much specific to the automation as
a whole and not specific to any tool.
Top 20 Automation testing interview questions

Q #1) What is Automation?

Automation is any action which can reduce human efforts.

Q #2) What all things can you automate?

The right candidates for automation are:

Regression test suite

Smoke / Sanity test suite
Build deployment
Test data creation
Automating behind the GUI like testing of APIs and methods
Q #3) How do you identify the test cases which are suitable for automation?
Identify the appropriate test cases for automation is the most important step towards
automation.
Q #4) Can you achieve 100% automation?
100% automation would be difficult to achieve because there would be many edge
test cases and some cases which are executed seldom. Automating these cases which
are not executed that often will not add value to the automated suite.

Q #5) Currently I do not have any automation in place in my project, now I

want to implement automation, what would be my steps?
First identify which type of testing / test cases you want to automate
Identify the tool
Design the framework
Create the utility files and environment files
Start scripting
Identify and work on the reporting
Allocating time for enhancing and maintaining the scripts.
Q #6) How do you decide which tool you have to use?
Concluding which tool is best suitable for the project requires a lots of brainstorming
and discussions.
Q #7) Once you identify the tool what would be your next steps?
Once we finalize the tool, our next step would be to design the framework.
Q #8) What is a framework?
A framework is a set of structure of the entire automation suit. It is also a guideline, if
followed can result in a structure which is easy to maintain and enhance. These
guidelines include:

Coding standards
Handling the test data
Maintaining and handling the elements (object repository in QTP)
Handling of environment files and properties file
Reporting of data
Handling logs
Q #9) What are the attributes of a good framework?
The characteristics are:

Modular The framework should be adaptable to change. Testers should be able

to modify the scripts as per the environment or login information change
Reusable The commonly used methods or utilities should be written in a
common file which is accessible to all the scripts.
Consistent The suite should be written in a consistent format by following all
the accepted coding practices.
Independent The scripts should be written in such a way that they are
independent of each other. In case one test fails, it should not holdback
remaining test cases (unless it is a login page)
Logger It is good to have implemented the logging feature in the framework.
This would help in case our scripts run for longer hours (say nightly mode), if
the script fails at any point of time, having the log file will help us to detect the
location and the type of error.
Reporting It is good to have reporting feature automatically embedded into
the framework. Once the scripting is done, we can have the results and reports
sent via an email.
Integration Automation framework should be such that it is easy to integrate
it with other application like continuous integration or triggering the automated
script as soon as the build is deployed.
Q #10) Can you do without a framework?
Frameworks are guidelines and not mandatory rules, so we can do without a
framework, but if we create it and follow it, enhancing and maintaining would be easy
to implement.

------------

Q #11) What are the different types of automation tool you are aware of?
Open source tool like Selenium, JMeter

Paid tools like QTP, Load Runner, Ranorex, RFT, and Rational Robot.

Q #12) What generally is the structure of a framework?

Normally the structure should have (It would differ from project to project)

A src (source) folder having the actual test scripts

Alib (library) folder having all the libraries and common methods
A class folder having all the class file (in case using java)
A log folder having the log file(s)
A file / folder having all the web element Ids
A file containing the URL, environment and login information.
Q #13) Where you maintain information like URL, login, password?
This information should always be maintained in a separate file.

Q #14) Why do you want to keep this kind of information in separate file and
not directly in code?
URL, Login and Password are the kind of fields which are used very often and these
changes as per the environment and authorization. In case we hardcode it into our
code, we have to change it in every file which has its reference. In case there are say
more than 100 files, then it becomes very difficult to change in all the 100 files and
hence can lead to errors. So this kind of information is maintained in a separate file so
that updating becomes easy.

Q #15) What are the different types of frameworks?

Different types of framework available are:
Keyword driven framework
Data Driven framework
Hybrid Framework
Linear Scripting
Q #16) Can you tell some good coding practices while automation?
Some of the good coding practices include:

Add appropriate comments

Identify the reusable methods and write it in separate file
Follow the language specific coding conventions
Maintain the test data in a separate file
Run your scripts regularly
Q #17) Any kind of test which you thing should not be automated?
Test which are seldom executed
Exploratory testing
Usability testing
Test which are executed fairly quickly when done manually
Q #18) Do you think that testing can be done only at the UI level?
Today as we are moving to Agile mode, testing is not limited to the UI layer. Early
feedback is imperial for any agile project. If we concentrate only on the UI layer, we
are actually waiting until the UI is developed and available to test. Rather we can test
even before the UI is actually developed. We can directly test the APIs or the methods
using tools like Cucumber and Fitnesse.
In this way we are giving the feedback much early and even are testing before the UI
is developed. Following this approach will help us to test only the GUI aspect like
small cosmetic changes or some validations on the UI and will help the developers by
giving more time to fix the bugs.

Q #19) How do you select which automation tool is best suited for you?
Selecting the automation tool depends upon various factors like:

Scope of the application which we want to automate

Management overhead like cost and budget
Time to learn and implement the tool
Type of support available for the tool.
Limitation of the tool
Q #20) What do you think holds testers back to do automation? Is there a
way to overcome it?
The major hurdle for testers is to learn programming / coding when they want to
automate. Since testers do not code, adapting to coding is a bit challenging for
testers. We can overcome it by:

Collaborating with developers when automating

Considering that automation is the responsibility of the whole team and not only
of the testers
Giving a dedicated time and focus on automation.
Getting proper management support.
You can save these automation testing interview questions as pdf and print for further
reading.

Conclusion:

Most of the test automation interview questions are centered on the framework you
develop, so it is recommended that you create and understand your test framework
thoroughly. When I am interviewing, and the candidate has answered my question on
the framework, I also prefer asking language specific question (core java in my case).

The questions starts from basics of java to writing the logic of some basic scenario
like

How would you extract a set of text from a given line?

How would you extract URL?
In any web page, at any frame, the number of links and its content change
dynamically, how would you handle it?
How do you handle images and flash objects?
How do you find a word in a line?
Answers to all these automation interview questions are very much specific to the tool
/ language you are using for automating. So before you go for the interview, brush up
your programming skills. In case you did not get a chance to create your framework
and someone else have created it, make some time to understand it thoroughly
before sitting for the interview.
Top 10 Automation Testing Interview Questions & Answers

1) When will you automate a test?

Automation in preferred in following cases

Repetitive Tasks
Smoke and Sanity Tests
Test with multiple data set
Regression test cases

Usually the decision is based on the ROI (Return on Investment)

2) When you will not automate testing?

One should not automate in following cases

When the Application Under Test changes frequently

One time test cases
Adhoc Random testing
3) What are the steps involved in the Automation Process ?

In the automation process, steps involved are

Selecting the Test tool

Define scope of automation
Planning, desing and development
Test execution
Maintenance
4) What are the points that are covered while planning phase of
automation ?

During planning phase of automation things which has to be taken in concern are

Selection the right Automation tool

Selection Automation Framework if any
List of In scope and out of scope items for automation
Test Environment setup
 Preparing Grant Chart of Project timelines for test script development &
execution.
Identify Test Deliverables
5) In what condition we cannot use automation testing for Agile method ?

Automation testing is not useful for agile methods in following conditions

When Agile testing always ask for changes in requirements

When Exhaustive level of documentation is required in Agile
Only suitable for those regression tests during agile testing like continuos
integration

6) What are the primary features of good automation tool ?

Test Environment support and easy to use
Good debugging facility
Robust object identification
Object and Image testing abilities
Object identification
Testing of database
Support multiple frameworks
7) What are the types of framework used in software automation testing ?

In software automation testing four types of framework used are

Data driven automation framework

Keyword driven automati4on framework
Modular automation framework
Hybrid automation framework
8) What are the scripting standard while performing automation testing?

While writing the scripts for automation you have to consider following things,

Uniform naming convention.

3 Lines of comments for every 10 lines of code
Adequate indentation.
Robust error handling and recovery scenario
Use of Frameworks wherever possible
9) What are the most popular tools for automation testing?

The most popular test tool for automation testing are

QTP (HP UFT)

Rational Robot
 Selenium
10) On what basis you can map the success of automation testing?

On basis of following criteria the success of automation testing can be mapped

Defect Detection Ratio

Automation execution time and time savings to release the product
Reduction in Labour & other costs
11) Explain what is Sikuli?

Sikuli is a tool that uses Visual Image Match method to automate graphical user
interface. All the web elements in Sikuli should be taken as an image and stored
inside the project.

Sikuli is comprised of

Sikuli Script
Visual Scripting API for Jython
Sikuli IDE

Practical uses of Sikuli is that

It can be used to automate flash websites or objects

It can automate window based application and anything you see on screen
without using internal API support
It provides simple API
It can be easily linked with tools like Selenium
Desktop application can be automated
Sikuli offers extensive support to automate flash objects
To automate desktop it uses powerful Visual Match and Flash objects
It can work on any technology-.NET, Java,
12) Mention what is the difference between Selenium and Sikuli?
Sikuli Selenium
It provides
extensive support to
automate flash
objects
It has simple API It cannot
It uses visual automate flash
match to find objects like video
elements on the player, audio player,
screen. So we can It has got
automate anything complicated API
we see on the screen It does not have
It can automate visual match
web as well as It can automate
windows application only web applications
Interview Question for Automation,DCS,PLC Engineers

1. Draw system architecture showing PLC, SCADA/MMI, networking devices communication protocol details
like IP address etc.

2. Draw detailed block diagram of any field parameter like temp, pressure reading coming to PLC can be
shown on SCADA/MMI.

3. Explain 2 wire & 4 wire wiring concept.

4. Draw block diagram of close loop control. Difference open and close.

5. Draw server client architecture with example.

6. Name different types of timers used in PLC.

7. Subroutine, instruction types,

8. Explain PID?

9. PID Cascade mode, primary secondary

10. Ramp, feed forward

11. Name communication protocols and basic parameters required to establish communication between two
nodes.

12. What is difference between signal ground and power ground?

13. Explain redundancy of controller.

14. Master slave concept in Modbus

15. Modbus addressing

16. What is CRC? Parity?

17. Thermocouple RTD difference

18. Room temp resistance for RTD.

19. IP Address classes.

20. Scan time of PLC.

21. Why 4-20 ma not 0-20 ma?

22. Bump less transfer

3 Replies

1 Like

manishdprasad04

denizen:

Explain 2 wire & 4 wire wiring concept.

2 Wire ---> Loop Power ( 1 Wire for power and other for signal transmit)
4 Wire ---> Self Power ( 2 Wire for saperate Power Ssupply and other pair for signal transmit).
In 2 wire if 1 wire demaged or disconnected, instrument goes in bed at DCS or PLC.
 manishdprasad04

denizen:

Name different types of timers used in PLC

In plc ,timers may be On delay timer,Off delay timer,Retentive or accumulative timer & Pulse timer.
The basis of every time is ON DELAY timer. using only On delay we can arrange various other types of times.

manishdprasad04

denizen:

Why 4-20 ma not 0-20 ma

Its a very good question in any interview.I will ans this according to my knowledge,

above all . . .it is a standard signal specified by ISA.

Then,
1)Two concept "Live zero" & "dead zero" have to be considered .
In order to sense ,if the circuit is without cuts or, in other words ,if the 0 signal from
the field corresponds to actual 0 or the signal is produced because of wire cut.

Therefore
4mA ===> '0' signal (minimum value) i.e "Live zero" circuit is uncut.
0mA ===> i.e "dead zero" circuit is dead or cut.

2) Most of the device use 1-5V ,

therefor By using simple 250 ohms is series with the current.
the corresponding signal we require becomes 4mA - 20mA for 1-5V

3) Current signal can travel longer (100m approx.) without any losses.
4) Also,limiting the power of signals( 4mA - 20mA) in the transmitter is better for 'intrinsically safe design'

created

Dec '14

last reply

Jun '16

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 replies

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25 DAYS LATER

manishdprasad04

Jan '15

denizen:

Explain 2 wire & 4 wire wiring concept.

2 Wire ---> Loop Power ( 1 Wire for power and other for signal transmit)
4 Wire ---> Self Power ( 2 Wire for saperate Power Ssupply and other pair for signal transmit).
In 2 wire if 1 wire demaged or disconnected, instrument goes in bed at DCS or PLC.

1 Reply

sirigina

using 2 -wire current loop only, when their is a power supply failure how can use instrument with out bedding
manishdprasad04

Jan '15

denizen:

Name different types of timers used in PLC

In plc ,timers may be On delay timer,Off delay timer,Retentive or accumulative timer & Pulse timer.
The basis of every time is ON DELAY timer. using only On delay we can arrange various other types of times.

manishdprasad04

Jan '15

denizen:

Why 4-20 ma not 0-20 ma

Its a very good question in any interview.I will ans this according to my knowledge,

above all . . .it is a standard signal specified by ISA.

Then,
1)Two concept "Live zero" & "dead zero" have to be considered .
In order to sense ,if the circuit is without cuts or, in other words ,if the 0 signal from
the field corresponds to actual 0 or the signal is produced because of wire cut.

Therefore
4mA ===> '0' signal (minimum value) i.e "Live zero" circuit is uncut.
0mA ===> i.e "dead zero" circuit is dead or cut.

2) Most of the device use 1-5V ,

therefor By using simple 250 ohms is series with the current.
the corresponding signal we require becomes 4mA - 20mA for 1-5V

3) Current signal can travel longer (100m approx.) without any losses.
4) Also,limiting the power of signals( 4mA - 20mA) in the transmitter is better for 'intrinsically safe design'

2 Likes

1 MONTH LATER

GlennAvans

Mar '15

1. Explain P&ID
P&ID stands for piping and instrumentation diagram. It is a diagram in the process industry which shows the
installed equipment. It is a like a blue print of a system. Also it has a very logical numbering.

GlennAvans

Mar '15

1. Scan time of PLC.

If you mean the cycle time, it depends on how big your program is. it could be from 10-600ms (depends on
manufacture).

Tommy_Van_de_Pol

Mar '15

IP Address classes.

you can find information about the ip adres classes in the link below:

https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc940018.aspx 1.1k

instrumen

Mar '15

What Is SIL?
SIL stands for Safety Integrity Level.A SIL is a measure of safety system performance.it has four levels.Higher
the SIL level , lower the probability of failure for the safety systems.The cost and complexity also increases as
SIL level increases.

sirigina

Mar '15

manishdprasad04

using 2 -wire current loop only, when their is a power supply failure how can use instrument with out bedding

6 MONTHS LATER
vijaypatel

Oct '15

in 0-20mA signal, if there is break in sensor then plc can not detect the break because it will get 0 signal in off
and even break situation....while that is not the case in the 4-20 mA signal...of there is break in sensor then plc
will get 0 ampere so it decide that sensor is break while in off position it will get 4mA signal.......

7 MONTHS LATER

rensklijn

Jun '16

Why 4-20 ma and not 0-20 ma?

When you use a 4-20 ma signal, the PLC will be able to detect a cable break, because it returns 0 ma.
When you use a 0-20 ma signal, the PLC won't be able to detect a cable break, because it returns 0 ma and the
PLC will think there is nothing wrong with the signal.

SCADA / DCS Engineer Interview question :

Troubleshooting of Modbus Communication

How to troubleshoot Modbus communication problem between DCS / SCADA and third party devices.
 We may see two types of major error while dealing with modbus communication.
1. No response error
2. CRC error

The causes of No response error are

1. Modbus parameters of Master and Slave may be different

Modbus parameters are Baud rate,Frame Format (ASCII / RTU) ,Start Bit , Stop bit ,Parity
2.Incorrect address of slave
3.Check the physical connection (Wiring and power )
4.Check the reverse polarity of RS485 line
5.Ensure slave device is enabled for Modbus communication

CRC error

1.Ensure baud rate and character format are correct

2.Check physical connection (Wiring) .Noise may be the culprit
3.Check reversed polarity on RS485 lines

1 Reply

created

Mar '15

last reply

Oct '15

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denizen

Mar '15

Types of Register used in Modbus

Holding Register - An area of 16 bit words . Starts from 40000

Input Registers - 16 bit words .Analog inputs .Starts from 30000
Inputs - Binary Input .Starts from 10000
Coil -Binary output .Starts from 20000

vutq

Mar '15

Hello Denizen,

I have 2 questions need support:

1) Can we transfer/receive Real data (32 bit) thru Modbus protocol?
2) Some SCADA/Metering Supervisor Computer transeive Real Data by separating it to 2 parts (High Byte Int
(16bit) & Low byte Int (16bit)). How to know that system follow Little Endian or Big Endian?

Thanks,
Vu,

instrumen

Mar '15

Yes, We can trasfer 32 bit data through modbus protocol.Some devices using special adresses from 70000 to
read the 32 bit directly.
If you are using 16 bit registers then you need to write program for merging two 16 bit registers.

1 Like

6 MONTHS LATER

Akshay10

Oct '15
Sufficient answer and I want to know about VSAT

Akshay10

Oct '15

denizen:

Modbus

I want to know about VSAT and modbus protocol

Which communication networks can be used to transfer data

between central host computer and field based RTU?
Interview Q & AIndustrial Automation

rtu

denizen

Sep '16

Communication networks used to transfer data between RTU and main computer are

1.Twisted Pair metallic cable

2.Coaxial metallic cable
 3.Fiber optic cable
4.Power line carrier
5. Satellite
6.Leased telephone line
7.Very high frequency radio
8.Ultra high frequency radio
9.Microwave radio
10.

created

Sep '16

last reply

Nov '16

reply

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1 MONTH LATER

PeterJohn

Nov '16

Hi...i am a new user here. The above suggested all methods can be used for communication.All have their own
advantages and disadvantages. Fiber optic and Microwave is the fastest medium for communication but it is
costly also.

Interview Question - Explain modbus protocol concept?

Interview Q & AIndustrial Automation

automate

Aug '16

Modbus Protocol Concept

1.Master/Slave relationship

Master sends a request to the slave

Slave replies to the master requests

1. Message contains device address (Slave id),Function code,Data,Error check

3.Each slave must have a unique device address

Range 1-247
Reserved-248-255

4.Operating mode

ASCII: Legacy - human readable messages

RTU: Most efficient - efficient 8 bit binary character

Modbus device Function Code

Modbus device function code.jpg985x199 51.2 KB

Description of Modbus Function Code

 Description of Modbus Function Code.jpg991x374 79.5 KB

Modbus Wiring -

Interface types -
RS232 : Point to Point (1 master - 1 slave)
RS 485- Multi drop bus (1 master - Many slaves)

RS 485

Differential signalling allows distance of upto 4000 ft.

Up to 32 devices with standard RS 485-Line drivers
Only 1 device may talk at a time
Require termination resistors at each end of bus

1 Like

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Aug '16

last reply

Aug '16

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carl_e

Aug '16

That's a good summary of the Modbus protocol, with one exception, Modbus ASCII is not really a human
readable format.

First, the Modbus ASCII data is normally SCADA data: process values, not text
Second, the data values always need to be decoded from binary transmission mode at application level. The
decoding displays the original value, but that happens with RTU or TCP as well. No one reads raw binary.

But Modbus ASCII uses the hex representation of ASCII characters for the hex representation of the data value.
So to read Modbus ASCII would be the same as reading hexadecimal, which is scarcely human readable.

Example:
In Modbus (RTU, TCP or ASCII), a 16 bit register consists of two 8 bit bytes.

Each 8 bit byte can be represented by two hexadecimal characters. So a 16 bit integer is represented by 4
hexadecimal characters

The hex value for the ASCII character for each hexadecimal number representing the data value is used in the
Modbus message.

How convoluted is that?

For example, take a typical SCADA value, 472Vac, or 472 (decimal)

The 16 bit hex representation of 472 is 01D8

The Modbus ASCII representation of those four hex characters is

01D8
48 49 68 56

The hex representation of each of the ASCII character is

ASCII 48 49 68 56
Hex 30 31 44 38

The Modbus message then contains the binary equivalent of 30 31 44 38 (hex).

How does the message 30 31 44 38 resemble the value 472 ?

In what fashion is 30 31 44 38 (h) "human readable" ?

Yes, 30 31 44 38 can be converted to 48 49 68 56 which is then converted to 0 1 D 8, which is then converted to

472, but that's just as readable as any Modbus RTU or Modbus TCP value converted to display in decimal.
The value of Modbus ASCII was that telephony modems were 7 bit and ASCII is 7 bit. Modbus RTU is 8 bit, it
didn't work on the modems of the '70's, '80's and '90's era.

Furthermore, ASCII does not have the strict timing requirements of of RTU, which made ASCII useable over
telephony modems.

The use of ASCII doubles the number bits for the data, compared to RTU. With the decline in use of telephony,
the use of Modbus ASCII has declined because RTU is more efficient over local RS-485 networks or when it is
packed as RTU over Ethernet.

What is split range control system?

Interview Q & AIndustrial Automation

denizen
Oct '16
Split range control system or Duplex Control

Split range controller has one input and two output.

Split control divides the controller output in to two distinct functions.

Heat/Cool controllers are one example of split control.

Split range Control System Example.jpg2141x997 86 KB

The controller senses the value of PV and SP at its input.A proportioning signal is generated in block A. The
signal varies from 0 to 100% depending on the size and direction of the process error.

When PV is equal to SP and error is zero,the H/C signal is at 50%.

If the value of the PV decreases below SP,the H/C signal increases proportionally.

If the value of the PV increases above SP,the H/C signal decreases proportionally.

Split Range Control.JPG1529x1358 107 KB

Industrial Engineering interview questions and
answers
Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5 Part 6

1.What is plant organization?

2. What points should be kept in mind to build an effective organization?
3. Which two groups of management manages the control organization and what are their responsibilities?
4. What is process analysis?
5. What are the requirements of a good organization?
6. What is process planning? Mention different type of processes.

What is plant organization?

Organization can be termed as distributing functions of a business to a qualified personnel to get the
best output. Organization should be built around functions rather than individuals. In the past and to
a large extent today, the majority of progressive concerns are organized on a line-and-staff basis.
There are two types of organization:

A line organization comprises those individuals, groups, and supervising employees

concerned directly with the productive operation of the business. The paths of authority are
clearly defined, as each individual has but one superior from whom he or she obtains orders
and instructions.

A staff organization involves personnel, departments, or activities that assist the line
supervisor in any advisory, service, coordination, or control capacity. It should be noted that
a staff position is a full-time job and is essentially the work of a specialist.

What points should be kept in mind to build an effective organization?

Following principles should be kept in mind to build an effective organization:

Clear separation of the various functions of the business should be established to avoid
overlap or conflict in the accomplishment of tasks or in the issuance or reception of orders.

Each managerial position should have a definite location within the organization, with a
written job specification.

There should be a clear distinction between line and staff operation and control.

A clear understanding of the authority under each position should prevail.

Selection of all personnel should be based on unbiased techniques.

A recognized line of authority should prevail from the top of the organization to the bottom,
 with an equally clear line of responsibility from the bottom to the top.

Which two groups of management manages the control organization and

what are their responsibilities?
The two groups of management control of organization is the responsibility of two groups of
management:

Administrative management: It has the responsibility for determining policy and coordinating
sales, finance, production, and distribution.

Production management: It has the responsibility for executing the policies established by
administration.

What is process analysis?

Process analysis is a procedure for studying all productive and nonproductive operations for the
purpose of optimizing cost, quality, throughput time, and production output. These four criteria are
not mutually exclusive and they are not necessarily negatively correlated. High quality with few if any
rejects can result in high production output with low throughput time and cost. All four of these
criteria need to be addressed if a facility is going to be a world competitor producing a quality
product. In applying process analysis to an existing plant producing a product line, the procedure is
first to acquire all information related to the volume of the work that will be directed to the process
under study, namely, the expected volume of business, the chance of repeat business, the life of the
job, the chance for design changes, and the labor content of the job. This will determine the time and
effort to be devoted toward improving the existing process or planning a new process.

What are the requirements of a good organization?

Requirements of a good organization are mentioned below:

responsibilities should be clearly defined and coupled with corresponding authority;

a change in responsibility be made only after a definite understanding exists to that effect by
all persons concerned;

Definite orders to an employee should be from one source

orders not be given to subordinates over the head of another executive;

Any criticism made should be made privately and for the betterment of the employee

promotions, wage changes, and disciplinary action always be approved by the executive
immediately superior to the one directly responsible;

What is process planning? Mention different type of processes.

Process planning consists of selecting the best process, which can be used in the most
advantageous way, selecting the specific tricks, fixtures, etc. to be used, and specifying the locating
points of the special tools and the speeds, feeds, and depths of cut to be employed. The two
different types of processes are mentioned below:

Basic Processes The first processes used in the sequence that leads to the finished design.
 Secondary Processes: operations that are required to transform the general form created by
the basic process to product specifications.

7. What is a plant layout?

For a good process to work smoothly, a proper layout is required. The main purpose of a plant layout should be low
handling cost and low throughput time. There are two types of plant layout:

Product or straight-line layouts: In this, minimization of flow from one operation to next for any product class as
machinery is located.

Process, or functional, arrangements: It is the grouping of similar facilities.

8. What are the major disadvantages of product grouping?

The major disadvantages of product grouping are:

Employee discontent can easily be picked as a broad variety of occupations are represented in a small area.

The problem of finding competent supervisors is increased due to the variety of facilities and jobs to be
supervised.

Initial investment is more as duplicate service lines such as air, water, gas, oil, and power lines are required.

9. What is total quality control? Mention the technical standards.

The main objective of total quality control is to provide defect free products in 100 percent of the time to meet the
complete needs of the customer. It involves all the members in an organization who can affect the quality of the output
- a product or service. ISO 9000 is a world standard for quality, it is a quality assurance management system, which is
divided into four divisions on the basis of its technical standards:

ISO 9001 covers procedures from purchasing to service of the sold product.

ISO 9002 targets towards standards related to processes and the assignment of subcontractors.

ISO 9003 It is applied to final inspection and test.

ISO 9004 It is applied to quality management systems.

10. What are the problems involved with queuing theory?

Matching of servers, which is provided to randomly arriving customers or services, which takes random amount of
time, are the problems involved with Queuing theory. It is also known as waiting-line theory. Typical type of problems
involved is, people (or customers or parts) arrive at a server (or machine) and wait in line (in a queue) until service is
rendered. There may be one or more servers.

11. What is a profit sharing plan?

It is a form of incentive in which each participating worker receives a periodic bonus in addition to a regular pay only
when the company earns a profit. A minimum profit is usually set aside for a return on invested capital, and beyond
this amount, a percentage of profits goes into a pool to be shared by the employees. To protect the workers against
adverse developments outside their control, some plans give the workers a bonus whenever the actual payroll dollars
are less than the normal amount expected for a given volume of production.
12. What is the purpose of cost accounting?
The purposes of cost accounting require classifications of costs so that they are recognized:

by the nature of the item (a natural classification)

in their relation to the product

with respect to the accounting period to which they apply

in their tendency to vary with volume or activity

in their relation to departments

for control and analysis

for planning and decision-making.

13. What are the various methods for calculating the cost?
There are two methods for calculating the cost:

Job-Order Cost Method: This method is used when orders are placed in the factory for specific jobs or lots of
product, which can be identified through all manufacturing processes, a job cost system is appropriate.

Process Cost Method: This product is used when production proceeds in a continuous flow, when units of
product are not separately identifiable, and when there are no specific jobs or lots of product, a process cost
system is appropriate.

14. What is the purpose of departmental classification?

Departmental classification is required for:

the segregation of different processes of production

securing the smoothest possible flow of production

establishing lines of responsibility for control over production and costs

15. What are the three managerial functions? Explain.

To achieve the objective three managerial functions should be kept in mind:

Planning and setting objectives: It is a basic function of the management process. Without planning, there is
no need to organize or control. However, planning must precede doing, and the budget is the most important
planning tool of an enterprise.

Organizing: It is essentially the establishment of the framework within which the required activities are to be
performed, together with a list of who should perform them. Creation of an organization requires the
establishment of organizational or functional units generally known as departments, divisions, sections, floors,
branches, etc.
 Controlling: is the process or procedure by which management ensures operative performance, which
corresponds with plans.

16. What are the uses of time standards?

Various uses of time standards are:

Wage incentive plans and plant layout

Plant capacity studies and production planning and control

Standard costs and budgetary control

Cost reduction activities and product design

Tool design and top-management controls

Equipment selection and bidding for new business

Machine loading and effective labor utilization

Material-handling studies

17. What is Autofacturing?

Autofacturing is a production system that is comprised primarily of automated equipment which is configured as
several integrated subsystems, using one common database and computer controls to make, test and transport
specifically designed products at high and uniform quality levels meeting flexible specifications with a minimum of
human effort. There are many levels of autofacturing from individual cells, all the way up to a complete and integrated
system. Most situations are somewhere in between, but progressing toward a total system.

18. What is psychomotor behavior?

Psychomotor behavior is the activity of receiving sensory input signals and interpreting and physically responding to
them. Humans can receive inputs by vision, hearing, smell, and the cutaneous senses, which respond to temperature,
mechanical energy, or electrical energy. Kinesthesis and the vestibular sense inform about location and position.
Vision followed by hearing are the most important senses for transmitting signals carrying complex information for
decisions and for control of MMSs. Signals for warning or alerting need not be complex and can
be transmitted by one or a combination of the sensory channels. The choice is determined by the situation and the
task being performed by the person or persons to be warned rather than by differences in modality reaction times.

19. What is the difference between productivity and productive system?

Productivity can be defined as the measure of the amount of input required to produce a given output or it can be also
be defined as the ratio of output to input, whereas production system can be explained as a system in which a few
inputs are given to get the required output through some transformation processes.

20. What is Industrial engineering? How important are statistics in industrial

engineering?
Industrial Engineering is an engineering of design of production systems. An Industrial Engineer analyzes and designs
the whole system to integrate the components of people, machines, and facilities to create efficient and effective
systems, which produce goods and beneficial services to humanity. Statistics are important to analyze the problem
and controlling it for the good production.
21. What environmental controls?
Environmental Controls Systems and equipment required for air and water pollution abatement generally carry
increased fuel and maintenance labor and materials costs. Reductions in plant output resulting from the higher
condensing pressures associated with cooling-tower
operation or the added auxiliary power for stack gas clean-up systems lower plant efficiency and increase fuel
consumption.

22. On what bases time study methods can be calculated?

Application of past experience. The time required to do the operation in the past, either recorded or remembered,
may be used as the present standard or as a basis for estimating a standard for a similar operation or the same
operation being done under changed conditions.
Direct observation and measurement. The operation may be observed and its time recorded as it is actually
performed and adjustments may be made to allow for the estimated pace rate of the operator and for special
allowances.
Synthetic techniques. A time standard for an actual or proposed operation may be constructed from the sum of the
times to perform its several components. The times of the components are extracted from standard charts, tables,
graphs, and formulas in manuals or in computer databases and totaled to arrive at the overall time for the entire
operation.

23. Why virtual corporation is used?

Virtual corporation is used to identify those combinations of business and industry where technology is used to
execute a wide array of temporary alliances in order to grasp specific market opportunities. With business becoming
more complex and global, it is highly likely there will be more partnerships emerging among companies and
entrepreneurs.

24. How improvements can be made for designing the parts?

Improvements can be made by:
simplifying the design through reduction of the number of parts,
reducing the number of operations required to produce the design,
reducing the length of travel in the manufacture of the design, and
utilizing a better material in design.

25. How the costs of the products and throughput time can be reduced while handling
materials?
It can be done by following below mentioned points:
reduction of time spent in picking up material
maximum use of mechanical handling equipment
better use of existing handling facilities
greater care in the handling of materials.

1. What is centre height in cnc lathe?

2. What is the formula for converting litre in to pale?
3. Why control valves are hunting on manual mode?
4. What kind of tools and materials are required to test water softening system of heating plant?
5. What kind of thread is the garbage collection?
6. How to calculate area of a bar when you are getting weight per mitre of a tmt bar for calculating ps
of that bar?
7. reversing of each word in the string
8. Which is better cad/cam in mechanical or computer networking oriented jobs like Linux
administration or something else like php programming which is demand of today?
9. What should be the material composition of transformer oil filtration machine to avoid metal
contamination in filtered oil?
10. Why gold, petrol, diesel, gas prices are raising in India only?
11. Can we use common Electrical ground for both instrument and electrical. IF yes why
12. What is the current rating of both primary and secondary of 500KVA,33KV./4ooV.distribution
transformer?
13. What is a scope resolution operator?
14. What is purpose to use relay after digital output module? Why normally we don't use relay for
digital input module?
15. What is alternator & engine general protection?
16. Why we give de-dusting steam in feed gas coils in convection section of primary reformer?
17. Why CNC machine installed in dustproof room?
18. What is v/f control, sensor less control and sensored control for AC VFD?
19. What is the full form of PISG?
20. Why the thermocouple is a transducer an RTD is not a transducer both taking heat as a input and
give millivilt and ohms.
21. What causes little rust pockets to pop through or off concrete cylinder blocks (home)?
22. I want to know about a good liquid scrubber that we can use in acid washing.
23. How to calculate Reliability Factor and what is the formula?
24. What you know about ISO 9001? What is quality management system? Weather QMS is suitable,
adequate and effective or not? Is there any Quality Policy? Is there any Quality Objective? If yes, then
what are they? How they are planning to achieve Quality objectives? Do they are measure quality
objectives?
25. Can we Use AC Servo Motor with Variable Frequency drive instead of Servo Drive? OR with VFD,
only simple induction motor can be connected? VFD (Variable Frequency Drive)is having facility of
Encoder Feedback.
26. What is the power supply of 4 wire transmitter?
27. How to check DC Motor & SERVO Motor?
28. Difference between chopper and DBR?
29. What is the necessity of floating bearing?
30. Where is floating bearing located?
31. What is floating bearing?
32. Where is fixed bearing located?
33. What is fixed bearing?
34. How do you check pump impeller front clearance?
35. What is impeller front clearance of pump?
36. How do you adjust pump impeller clearance?
37. How do you check pump impeller back clearance?
38. Explain overhauling stops for back-pull our pumps?
39. What is impeller clearance?
40. What is mean pumps?
41. What is difference between a SCADA, DCS & HMI?
42. What is dc injection braking?
43. What is difference between an encoder & resolver?
44. Give comparison of three wire & two wire sensors.
45. What is the special feature of 5\3 electro pneumatic valve?
46. Why data registers are needed in PLC?
47. What is difference between NPN & PNP sensors?
48. How three wire proximity can be used in place of two wire proximity?
49. Whats the normal transformer current rating?
50. What is the G.S.T. rate of M.S. perforated sheet?
51. Can we resonance with triple bonds?
52. Can any One Help me to Know about Fire hydrant and its related water Pressures
53. Why in industries it is specified as .2 to 1 kg/cm2
54. What is preventive maintenance?
55. is there anybody who knows how to create a palindrome program without using string functions
just conditional statements?
56. What is producer for anti-collision protection for DUMER 220Ton in minse?
57. How electronic energy meter works?
58. What is Industrial Engineering?
59. How capacitor bank can prove superior to synchronous condensers w.r.t. power factor correction?
 60. What is the specification of transformer?
61. Why SCR cannoy be used as a bidirectional device?
62. What are the different ripple removing circuit? Which one is better and why?
63. Why should empty compressed gas cylinders stored in upright position please describe the
cause?
64. Why SCR cannoy be used as a bidirectional device?
65. What is difference between Hazard & Risk?
66. What is vendor development? What is the logistics transport control?
67. What is APIPA in DHCP?
68. What is different between preventive maintenance and maintenance?
69. What is manufacturing audit & resource analysis for developing automated manufacturing
techniques & storage system?
70. What is the difference b/w relay and contactor?
71. Why we use log files in QTP?
72. Which documents required for Q.A?

2. Why should I hire you?

This is a common question..but I found many people use this question in all the interviews Ive
been through. Now for answering this question you need to know these things

A) What they are looking for.

B) What is your strong traits that you can stand upon (aap k apne sabse takatwar quality)

C) And the last and more important you need to stand out more than the other people interviewing
for this position.

So again you may have two options for short and long answer type

So here it is>>

Short way Well Sir Im perfect fit for this position . I have the experience and traits you are looking
for .. and on the best of these Im a great team player thats helps to get long with everyone

I should be hired because Im efficient, hard working, smart, and friendly. Im great at solving
problems and love challenges. And the most importantly, Im dependable & reliable.

There are two reasons I should be hired First my qualification match your needs perfectly.
Second, Im excited and passionate about this industry and will give 100%

Long way:- M writing in points so that you can remember easily:-

This position is for Automation Engineer as a project manager and Im confident Im the best
person for this job because of my past experience in this field at Siemens india Pvt. Ltd.
 I was the team leader and that was responsible for many different roles to play like for automatic
plants water plants etc.

I have a intimate knowledge of product support and commissioning and even some more from
services that may help automation engineers to work upon.

Finally one of my good quality is in developing and mentoring junior employees.

I believe in transferring knowledge to everyone in the company and investing a little more effort
into the people who work for me.

So I strongly believe that Ill be the best candidate due to the combination of my experience , my
leading skills & desire to provide growth to employees.

(Above written answer is for the experienced candidate)

Its for the freshers they can use this:-

Well sirs/mam the reason I applied for this position is because the qualifications matched my
strengths perfectly.

Im good at solving multiple tasks, Im very detail oriented and I organize my time very well and
efficiently .

But the truth is that all people have these qualities but if I were in your position, I would hire
myself because of the passion I have for this industry and my optimistic personality.

My education background and my strengths show that I can do this job. But I want to make more
of an impact than just doing my job.

I would rather want my addition to improve it

Hi People

These are the series of article presented by me . I have given 25 to 30 interviews and i collected
some very important questions so i wud like to share wid u people 1 by 1 and ur answers are
also welcum.

Hope so it may help u to bind up ur knowledge and crack any interview

So here starts wid. read smart live smart coz u people are smart d way u created coz everyone
has its own importance so dont forget dis enjoy..

1.Tell me a little about yourself?

Ans . This is not an exact answer that u have to giv to the interviewer and no matter from which
background u r and be confident and straight while going to give answer of dis question

U can answer dis question depending upon ur learning capacity and capacity to memorize the
answer better if u think so that u ll b having short answer speak truely well or u can answer like
long way so here we start wid d sample answer.

U need to explain just few points.

A) What is your name and who you are and rest is mentioned in your CV or resume no need to
explain more?
B) The second thing is from where u belongs to about your area and have a magical and
descriptive view of your area?
C) And the last is your keen interest in hobbies and ur choices wat u love to do most?

Short answer Gud morning sirs/mam,

I attended RGTU where i majored in Electronics and communication engineering i grew up in
Gwalior and had my schoolings from the same and in the spare time i used to play chess and love
to read books include electronics for you

Long answer type Gud morning sirs/mam

I went to university of M.P. and majored in Electronics and communication engg. And i went to
graduate school where i enjoyed learning. After that i started my career as an Automation engineer
in MCD (or fresher may speak about their training courses and minor projects) and then i switched
on to my next job to Dyanamic engineers pvt. Ltd. . Ive been in MCD for 1 year then i switched to
dyanamic. I really enjoyed learning and writing. I love to play chess and interacting with new
people..

So always keep in mind there is no perfect answer of this question be confident and concise to the
interviewer as this is the very first question that ll be asked in any interview coz u 9 First
impression is the last impression

THANXXXXX PEOPLE HOPE SO YOU LL ENJOY DIS SERIES and i feel glad to help u
people.