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Abstract
This paper presents the effects of DC link electrolytic capacitor failure of DFIG based wind
energy conversion system (WECS). The degradation of electrolytic capacitor can lead to the
failure of DC link. As DFIG based WECS utilize low power converter, so there is a need to
explore the effects of capacitor failure. This failure (short circuit of capacitor or open circuit)
leads to the power outages, high machine currents, high transient currents in rotor circuit, low
terminal voltage of the generator and increase in generator speed. For this purpose aggregated
model of DFIG is implemented in the MATLAB/ Simulink to study the effects of DC link
capacitor short/open circuit on different parameters of system.
Author for Correspondence
Keywords: DFIG, DC link failure, capacitor short circuit, stator flux orientation, capacitor open
circuit.
I. INTRODUCTION
DFIG proves itself as one of the successful decreased by more than 25% [5]. It has been
generator topologies for wind energy reported in many researches that electrolytic
conversion systems due to its variable speed capacitors are the weakest link in power
operation and low power rating three phase electronic converters [7-12]. The failure of
AC/DC/AC converter. AC/DC/AC PWM DC link electrolytic capacitor can lead to
converters are widely used in motor drives, either short circuit or open circuit of DC link
wind power generation [1], unified power while remaining the converters intact. The
quality conditioners [2] etc. These capacitor degradation is due to the effects of
converters usually consist of DC link of thermal, electrical, mechanical and
array of electrolytic capacitors as energy environmental stresses and there can be any
buffer. Electrolytic capacitors are preferred reason of its failure. The primary failure
due to their large capacitance per volume mechanism is the evaporation of electrolytic
and low cost per capacitance. However they solution and its loss through end seal.
are sensitive to temperature, frequency and Temperature rise accelerates the evaporation
have low reliability [3-4]. The lifetime of rate. This evaporation leads to the decrease
electrolytic capacitor is usually shorter than in capacitance and increase in ESR
the other components of the converter. (equivalent series resistance) which
Reference [1] reported that 72% of the increases the losses. Thus the degradation
power supplies failures were due to process continues till the capacitor fails.
electrolytic capacitor failures. The Other modes of failures are mentioned as
capacitors are considered to be over when, [7]:
with the passage of time, their capacitance is
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Equations (23) and (25) give the references in DC link of converter makes it vulnerable
for iqr and idr respectively to independently to periodic degradation. This degradation of
control active and reactive power of the capacitor over the passage of years or loose
stator. link may result in short circuit or open
circuit of capacitor in the DC link. If the
d. Grid-Side Converter Control
capacitor is short circuited it will make the
The main function of the GSC is to control DC voltage as zero in the rotor and grid
the DC link voltage and to control active and side converter controllers. These controllers
reactive power from the DC link to the gird depend on Vdc for determining the
through grid side converter. If the dc modulation index for active power, reactive
voltage, Vdc is greater than its reference power and DC link voltage control. In case
value Vdc* this means that more power must of DC link short circuit, the GSC will try to
be moved from the DC link to electric utility charge the capacitor in order to raise the
via grid-side converter. The DC link voltage voltage of capacitor; hence it will exchange
is controlled by using stator voltage more power from the grid. On the other
orientation control [19]. This scheme hand, the firing sequences of the switches
permits independent control of the DC link are also dependent upon the DC link
voltage and reactive power. The active and voltage. The modulation indices of rotor
reactive power from the GSC to electric side convertor and grid side convertors are
utility is obtained from the following: determined by taking into account the DC
3
Pgc (vdsidgc vqsiqgc) (27) link voltage. Equation (31) gives the
2 relation that is used for determining the
3 modulation indices of RSC and GSC.
Qgc (vqsidgc vdsiqgc) (28)
2 2
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Fig. 8: DC link voltage during short circuit Fig. 10: Generator terminal voltage during
of capacitor. open circuit of capacitor.
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APPENDIX
Nomenclature qr , dr Rotor q and d axis fluxes
Pm Mechanical power from wind r Angular velocity of the rotor
turbine m Rotor angular position
Air density (kg/m3) P Number of pole pairs
R Radius of the swept area by e Electrical angular velocity
the blades (m) ( * P )
u Velocity of the wind (m/sec) e Electrical rotor angular
Cp Power coefficient. position ( m * P )
Angular velocity of the shaft Te Electromagnetic torque
(rad/sec) Tm Shaft mechanical torque
Tip speed ratio J Combined rotor and load
Blades pitch angle inertia coefficient. Set to
nom Tip speed ratio associated with infinite to simulate locked
the maximum coefficient of rotor
performance H Combined rotor and load
Rs ,Lls Stator resistance and leakage inertia constant. Set to infinite
inductance to simulate locked rotor
Rr,Llr Rotor resistance and leakage F Rotor and load viscous friction
inductance coefficient
Lm Magnetizing inductance Ps, Qs Stator active and reactive
Ls , Lr Total stator and rotor power
inductances Pgc , Qgc Active and reactive power
vqs , iqs q axis stator voltage and from the GSC to electric
current utility.
vqr , iqr q axis rotor voltage and idgc , iqgc d and q-axes of current from
current GSC.
vds , ids d axis stator voltage and Vdc DC-link voltage
current
vqr , iqr d axis rotor voltage and
current
qs , ds Stator q and d axis fluxes