Presentation Integration-Francisco Chamera

INTEGRATION
FRANCISCO CHAMERA
LUANAR-BUNDA
April 21, 2016
FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA INTEGRATION

INTEGRALS - Introduction
I Given a function f (x), we can

differentiate it to find its derivative f 0(x).
I Suppose we are given f 0(x) and asked to
find the original function f (x).
I To find f (x) we apply the reverse
operation called integration to f 0(x).

I f (x) is called anti-derivative or

integral of f 0(x) and f 0(x) is the
integrand.
R
I The symbol for integration is .
R
I Thus f (x)dx = F (x) means
F 0(x) = f (x).

I Recall that the derivative of any constant

is zero.
I So to find anti-derivative of a function,
the constant C must be added.
I This is indefinite integration.
dy
I Hence if = f (x), then
R dx
y = f (x)dx + C .

INTEGRALS - Constant Rule
Theorem R
If k is a constant, then kdx = kx + C .
For example;
R
1. 2dx = 2x + C
R
2. 7dx = 7x + C
R
3. dx = x + C
R
4. 4dx = 4x + C

INTEGRALS - Power Rule
Theorem
Let n be any real number, then
x n+1
Z
n
x dx = + C.
n+1
For example;
R 2 x 2+1 x3
1. x dx = +C = +C
2+1 3
R 4 x 3 1
2. x dx = +C = 3 +C
3 3x
INTEGRALS - Properties of Indefinite integrals
Theorem
Let f (x) and g (x) be two functions and let k
be a constant. Then
R R
i. kf (x)dx = k f (x)dx.
R R R
ii. [f (x) + g (x)]dx = f (x)dx + g (x)dx.
R R R
iii. [f (x)g (x)]dx = f (x)dx g (x)dx.

INTEGRALS - Example 1
Evaluate the following integrals;

R
1. (2x 3 + 3x 4)dx
R
2. (7x 6 3x 2 + 2x)dx
R
3. (19x 7 + 1)dx

INTEGRALS - Solution to Example 1
1.
Z
(2x 3 + 3x 4)dx
Z Z Z
= 2 x 3dx + 3 xdx 4 dx
4 2
x x
=2 +3 4x + C
4 2
x 4 3x 2
= + 4x + C
2 2
INTEGRALS - Solution to Example 1 cont...
2.
Z
(7x 6 3x 2 + 2x)dx
Z Z Z
= 7 x 6dx 3 x 2dx + 2 xdx
7 3 2
x x x
=7 3 +2 +C
7 3 2
= x7 x3 + x2 + C .

INTEGRALS - Natural Exponential functions
d
Since [e x ] = e x , the following result is
dx
immediate;
Let k be a constant. Then

R
i. e x dx = e x + C .
R 1
ii. e kx dx = e kx + C .
k

INTEGRALS - Natural Exponential functions cont...
For example,
R 1
1. e 2x dx = e 2x + C
2
3
2. 3e 4x dx = e 4x + C
R
4

INTEGRALS - Trigonometric functions
R R
f (x) f (x)dx f (x) f (x)dx
2
sin x cos x + C csc x cot x + C
cos x sin x + C csc x cot x csc x + C
2
sec x tan x + C sec x tan x sec x + C


R
1. (10x 4 2 sec2 x)dx
R cos x
2. dx
2 sin2 x

1.
Z
(10x 4 2 sec2 x)dx
5
x
= 10 2 tan x + C
5
= 2x 5 2 tan x + C

2.
Z
cos x
2 dx
2 sin
Z x
1 1 cos x
= dx
2 Z sin x sin x
1
= csc x cot xdx
2
1
= csc x + C .
2
INTEGRALS - Definite Integrals
I Notice from above that indefinite integral

of a function is another function.
I If we are given the interval in which the
integral is to be evaluated, we find
definite integral which is a number.

INTEGRALS - Definite Integrals cont...
Rb
I The notation a f (x)dx means the
integral of f (x) is to be evaluated in the
interval [a, b].
I The numbers a and b are called limits of
integration.
I a is the lower limit and b is the upper
limit.

INTEGRALS - Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
Theorem R
Suppose that f (x)dx = F (x), i.e., F (x) is
an anti-derivative of f (x). If f (x) is continu-
ous on [a, b] then
Z b
f (x)dx = F (b) F (a).
a

INTEGRALS - Fundamental Theorem of Calculus cont...
I By the Theorem in the previous slide, the

definite integral is found by first finding
the integral and then substituting the
limits.
I The upper limit is substituted first.
I The result of substituting the lower limit
is subtracted from that of substituting the
upper limit.


R2
1. 1 3dx
R0
2. 1(8x 7 + 3x 2)dx
R /2
3. 0 sin xdx
R2
4. 2 4x 2dx

R2
1. 1 3dx = [3x]21 = 3(2) 3(1) = 3.
2.
Z 0
(8x 7 + 3x 2)dx
1
8 3 0

x x
= 8 +3
8 3 1
3 0
8
= x + x 1
= [08 + 03] [(1)8 + (1)3] = 0.
3.
Z /2
/2
sin xdx = [ cos x]0
0
= [cos(/2) cos 0] = 1.
4.
2 3 2
Z
x
4x 2dx = 4
2 3 2
4
= (23 23) = 0.
3
INTEGRALS - Properties of Definite Integrals
Theorem
Let f and g be functions and let a, b and c
be constants. Then
Rb
i. a kdx = k(b a).
Rb Rb
ii. a kf (x)dx = k a f (x)dx.
Ra
iii. a f (x)dx = 0.
Rb Ra
iv. a f (x)dx = b f (x)dx.

INTEGRALS - Properties of Definite Integrals cont...
Theorem
Let f and g be functions and let a, b and c
be constants. Then
Rb
v. a [f (x) g (x)]dx =
Rb Rb
a f (x)dx a g (x)dx.
Rc Rb Rb
vi. a f (x)dx + c f (x)dx = a f (x)dx
provided a < c < b.

INTEGRALS - Exercise 1
Verify the following;

R0
1. 1(8x 7 + 3x 2)dx =
R 0.5 7 2
R0 7 2
1 (8x + 3x )dx + 0.5 (8x + 3x )dx
R /2 R0
2. 0 sin xdx = /2 sin xdx

INTEGRALS - The Substitution Rule
I Integrals for some functions are difficuilt

to evaluate in the functions original
represantation.
I In some cases the variable is changed
before calculating the integral and
changed back at the end.

INTEGRALS - The Substitution Rule cont...
I The Substitution Rule is the method

used to find integrals of the form
f (g (x))g 0(x)dx.
R
R 2
I For example, in 3x x 3 + 1 notice that
d 3
[x + 1] = 3x 2.
dx

INTEGRALS - The Substitution Rule cont...
Theorem
If u = g (x) is a differentiable function whose
range is an interval I and f is continuous on
I , then
Z Z
f (g (x))g 0(x)dx = f (u)du.
The Substitution Rule for integration is

proved using the Chain Rule for
differentiation.

R 2x
1. dx
2
R 3 x + 14
2. x cos(x + 2)dx

1. Let u = x 2 + 1. Then du = 2xdx.

Z
2x
dx
2
x +1 Z
du
=
u
u 1/2
Z
1/2
= u du = +C
1/2

= 2 u + C = 2 x2 + 1 + C .

INTEGRALS - Solution to Example 4 cont..
2. Let u = x 4 + 2. Then
du
du = 4x 3dx x 3dx = .
Z Z4
du
cos(x 4 + 2)(x 3dx) = cos u
Z 4
1
= cos udu
4
1
= sin u + C
4
1
= sin(x 4 + 2) + C
4

1. (3x 2 12x + 2)7/3(x 2)dx
R
R x 2 x
2. e sec (e )dx
R ln(x + 1)
3. dx
x +1
R sin(1/x)
4. dx
x2

INTEGRALS - Substitution Rule for Definite Integrals
Theorem
If g 0 is continuous on [a, b] and f is continuous
on the range of u = g (x), then
Z b Z g (b)
f (g (x))g 0(x)dx = f (u)du.
a g (a)


R4
1. 0 2x + 1dx
R 1 2 x3
2. 1 x e dx

1. Let u = 2x + 1. Then
du
du = 2dx dx = .
2
Now when x = 0, u = 2(0) + 1 = 1 and
u = 9 when x = 4.

Z 4 Z 9
du 1 9 1/2
Z
2x + 1dx = u = u du
0 1 2 2 1
3/2 9
1 u 1 3/2i9
h
= = u
2 (3/2) 1 3 1
= 1/3(93/2 13/2) = 26/3.

2. Let u = x 3. Then du = 3x 2dx giving

du
x 2dx = .
3
When x = 1, u = 1 and u = 1 when
x = 1.
Z 1 Z 1
3 1
x 2e x dx = e u du
1 3 1
1
= [e u ]11
3
1
= (e e 1).
3

R 2 dx
1. 0
2x + 3
R e sin(ln x)
2. 0 dx
R1 x
2
3. 0 (x + 1)e x +2x dx

R 1
INTEGRALS - The Integral dx
x
i. Z
1
dx = ln |x| + C .
x
Here we insist on absolute value of x since
logarithmic function is defined for positive
numbers only.

R g 0 (x)
INTEGRALS - The Integral dx
g (x)
This is the integral of the function in which

the numerator is the derivative of the
denominator.
Let u = g (x). Then du = g 0(x)dx.
Hence Z
g 0(x)
Z
du
dx =
g (x) u
= ln |u| + C
= ln |g (x)| + C .

R 3x
1. 2+7
dx
R x
2. tan xdx

1. Lat u = x 2 + 7. Then du = 2xdx giving

du
xdx = .
2
Z Z
3x 3 du
dx =
x2 + 7 2 u
3
= ln |u| + C
2
3
= ln |x 2 + 7| + C .
2

R R sin x
2. tan xdx = dx.
cos x
Let u = cos x. Then du = sin xdx.
Z Z
sin x du
dx = = ln |u| + C
cos x u
= ln | cos x| + C

1
= ln +C
| cos x|
= ln |secx| + C .
INTEGRALS - Integration by Parts
I Recall that if f and g are differentiable

functions, then
d
[f (x)g (x)] = f 0(x)g (x) + g 0(x)f (x).
dx
I Integrating both sides we have
Z
f (x)g (x) = [f 0(x)g (x) + g 0(x)f (x)]dx
Z Z
= f 0(x)g (x)dx + g 0(x)f (x)dx.

INTEGRALS - Integration by Parts cont...
I Rearranging, we have
Z Z
f (x)g 0(x)dx = f (x)g (x) f 0(x)g (x)dx.
I If we put u = f (x) and v = g (x), we
have the following form which is easy to
remember;Z Z
uv 0 = uv vu 0.
I The key in integration by parts is in
making right substitutions.

R
1. x sec2 xdx
R
2. ln xdx
R x
3. e sin xdx

1. Let u = x and v 0 = sec2 x. Then u 0 = 1

and v = tan x.
Z Z
x sec2 xdx = x tan x tan x
= x tan x ln | sec x| + K

2. Let u = ln x and v 0 = 1. Then u 0 = 1/x

and v = x.
Z Z
ln xdx = x ln x (1/x)xdx
Z
= x ln x dx
= x ln x x + K .

3. Let u = e x and v 0 = sin x. Then u 0 = e x

R x v = cos x. x
and R
e sin xdx = e cos x + e x cos xdx.
We
R xapply integration by parts again to
e cos xdx.

3. Let u = e x and v 0 = cos x. Then u 0 = e x

and
R x v = sin x. x R x
e cos xdx =
R x e sin x e sin x.
Therefore e sin xdx = R
e x cos xR + e x sin x e x sin xdx.
Hence 2 e x sin xdx = e x (sin x cos x)
R 1
giving e x sin xdx = e x (sin x cos x).
2

INTEGRALS - Partial Fractions
I A rational funcion is sometimes integrated

by expressing it as a sum of smaller
fractions called partial fractions.
I The integral is found by integrating each
partial fraction and add the results.
I We look at the process of decomposing a
given rational function into partial
fractions.

INTEGRALS - First Rule
I A rational function
p(x)
f (x) =
q(x)
can be expressed directly in partial
fractions if the highest power of x in p(x)
is at least 1 less than the highest power of
x in q(x).

3 + 2x
I By the first rule, , can be
x3 + 1
expressed directly in partial fractions while
x4 + 1
can not.
x 3 + 2x
I However, by division,
x4 + 1 1 2x 2
=x+ 3 .
x 3 + 2x x + 2x
1 2x 2
I The fraction 3 can be expressed in
x + 2x
partial fractions.
INTEGRALS - Second Rule
I For any linear factor

ax + b
in the denominator of a rational function,
there will be a corresponding partial
fraction of the form
A
ax + b
where A R.
I Express the function

x
(1 x)(2 + x)
in partial fractions.

I Suppose that
x A1 A2
= +
(1 x)(2 + x) 1 x 2 + x
A1(2 + x) + A2(1 x)
=
(1 x)(2 + x)
, i.e., x = A1(2 + x) + A2(1 x).

INTEGRALS - Solution to Example 9 cont....
I Let x = 2; 2 = 3A2 A2 = 2/3.

I Let x = 1; 1 = 3A1 A1 = 1/3.
I Therefore
x 1/3 2/3
= +
(1 x)(2 + x) 1 x 2 + x

1 1 2
= .
3 1x 2+x

INTEGRALS - Third Rule
I For any liner factor ax + b repeated r

times in the denominator , there will be
corresponding partial fractions of the form
A1 A2 Ar
, , .........,
(ax + b) (ax + b)2 (ax + b)r
where A1, A2, ....., Ar R.


2
(x 1)2(x + 1)

I Suppose that
2 A1 A2 A3
= + +
(x 1)2(x + 1) x 1 (x 1)2 x + 1
=
A1(x 1)(x + 1) + A2(x + 1) + A3(x 1)2
,
(x 1)2(x + 1)
i.e., 2 =
A1(x 1)(x + 1) + A2(x + 1) + A3(x 1)2.

I Let x = 1; 2 = 2A2 A2 = 1.
I Let x = 1;
2 = (2)2A3 A3 = 2/4 A3 = 1/2.
I Equating constant terms;
2 = A1 + A2 + A3
A1 + 1 + 1/2 = 2 A1 = 1/2.

2
I Therefore
(x 1)2(x + 1)
1/2 1 1/2
= + +
x 1 (x 1)2 x + 1

1 1 2 1
= + + .
2 x 1 (x 1)2 x + 1

INTEGRALS - Fourth Rule
I For any quadratic factor ax 2 + bx + c in

the denominator , there will be
corresponding partial fraction of the form
A1x + A2
(ax 2 + bx + c)
where A1, A2 R.


x
x 4 16

I Note that by the difference of two squares

x 4 16 = (x 2)2 42
= (x 2 4)(x 2 + 4)
= (x 2 22)(x 2 + 4)
= (x + 2)(x 2)(x 2 + 4).

I Let
x A1 A2 A3x + A4
= + + .
x 4 16 x + 2 x 2 x2 + 4
I That is
x = A1(x 2)(x 2 + 4) + A2(x + 2)(x 2 +
4) + (A3x + A4)(x + 2)(x 2).

Let x = 2.
2 = (2 + 2)(4 + 4)A2 2 = 32A2 giving
A2 = 1/16.
Let x = 2
2 = (2 2)(4 + 4)A1 2 = 32A1
giving A1 = 1/16.
Equating coefficients of x 3;
0 = A1 + A2 + A3 = 1/16 + 1/16 + A3
giving A3 = 2/16 = 1/8.
Let x = 2
2 = (2 + 2)(4 + 4)A2 2 = 32A2 giving
A2 = 1/16.
Let x = 2
2 = (2 2)(4 + 4)A1 2 = 32A1
giving A1 = 1/16.

Equating coefficients of x 3
0 = A1 + A2 + A3 0 = 1/16 + 1/16 + A3
giving A3 = 2/16 = 1/8
Equating constant terms we have
0 = 8A1 + 8A2 4A4
0 = 8(1/16) + 8(1/16) 4A4 giving
A4 = 0.

Hence
x
x 4 16
1 1 1
= +
16(x + 2) 16(x 2) 8(x 2 + 4)

1 1 1 2
= + .
16 x + 2 x 2 x 2 + 16

INTEGRALS - Fifth Rule
I For any quadratic factor ax 2 + bx + c

repeated r times in the denominator ,
there will be corresponding partial
fractions of the form
A11x + A12 A21x + A22
, , .....,
(ax 2 + bx + c) (ax 2 + bx + c)2
Ar 1x + Ar 2
where
(ax 2 + bx + c)r
A11, A12, A21, A22, ...., Ar 1, Ar 2 R.

I Show that
2x 1 1
=
(x 1)2(x 2 + x + 1)3 27(x 1)2
1 x +1
+
27(x 1) 27(x 2 + x + 1)
1 x +3
.
9(x 2 + x + 1)2 3(x 2 + x + 1)3


R x
1. dx
(1 x)(2 + x)
R 2
2. dx
(x 1)2(x + 2)

1. By Example 9,
x 1 1 2
= .
(1 x)(2 + x) 3 1 x 2 + x
Therefore
Z
x
dx
(1 x)(2 + x)
Z
1 1 2
= dx
3 1x 2+x

1.
Z Z
1 dx dx
= 2
3 1x 2+x
1
= [ ln |1 x| 2 ln |2 + x|] + K
3
1
= [ln |1/(1 x)| 2 ln |2 + x|] + K .
3

2
2. By example 10, 2 (x + 2)
=
(x 1)
1 1 2 1
+ + .
2 x 1 (x 1)2 x + 1
Therefore
Z
2
dx
(x 1)2(x + 2)
Z Z Z
1 dx 2dx dx
= + +
2 x 1 (x 1)2 x +1

2. Z
1 2dx
= ln |x 1| + + ln |x + 1|
2 (x 1)2
R 2dx
For let u = x 1. Then
(x 1)2
du = dx.
So Z Z Z
2dx du
2
=2 2
= 2 u 2du
(x 1) u
= 2/u = 2/(x 1).
R 2dx
2. Hence 2 (x + 1)
=
(x 1)
1 2
ln |x 1| + + ln |x + 1| +K .
2 x 1

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INTEGRATION

April 21, 2016

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA INTEGRATION

I Given a function f (x), we can

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA INTEGRATION

I f (x) is called anti-derivative or

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA INTEGRATION

I Recall that the derivative of any constant

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA INTEGRATION

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA INTEGRATION

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA INTEGRATION

Evaluate the following integrals;

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA INTEGRATION

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA INTEGRATION

Let k be a constant. Then

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA INTEGRATION

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA INTEGRATION

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA INTEGRATION

Evaluate the following integrals;

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA INTEGRATION

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA INTEGRATION

I Notice from above that indefinite integral

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA INTEGRATION

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA INTEGRATION

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA INTEGRATION

I By the Theorem in the previous slide, the

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA INTEGRATION

Evaluate the following integrals;

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA INTEGRATION

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA INTEGRATION

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA INTEGRATION

Verify the following;

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA INTEGRATION

I Integrals for some functions are difficuilt

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA INTEGRATION

I The Substitution Rule is the method

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA INTEGRATION

The Substitution Rule for integration is

Evaluate the following integrals;

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA INTEGRATION

1. Let u = x 2 + 1. Then du = 2xdx.

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA INTEGRATION

Evaluate the following integrals;

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA INTEGRATION

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA INTEGRATION

Evaluate the following integrals;

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA INTEGRATION

= 1/3(93/2 13/2) = 26/3.

2. Let u = x 3. Then du = 3x 2dx giving

Evaluate the following integrals;

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA INTEGRATION

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA INTEGRATION

This is the integral of the function in which

Evaluate the following integrals;

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA INTEGRATION

1. Lat u = x 2 + 7. Then du = 2xdx giving

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA INTEGRATION

I Recall that if f and g are differentiable

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA INTEGRATION

Evaluate the following integrals;

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA INTEGRATION

1. Let u = x and v 0 = sec2 x. Then u 0 = 1

FRANCISCO CHAMERA LUANAR-BUNDA INTEGRATION

2. Let u = ln x and v 0 = 1. Then u 0 = 1/x