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Introduction : and water form a paste that coats the coarse and
fine aggregates in the mix. The paste hardens and
In a construction companys one of the projects; binds the coarse and fine aggregates together.
the cost of rectification and retrofitting was more
than 1 crore. Reason? After a lot of investigation, 3. Limits of w/c ratio as per IS 456:2000
it was established that the site team added
additional water in concrete during concreting. To produce concrete, water is added in mix of
Due to this, concrete cubes failed to achieve the cement, aggregate (coarse and fine aggregate).
desire compressive strength and they failed. By The water is required to start hydration process.
adding additional water at site, water/cement There are two objectives to add water in concrete,
ratio increased, resulting in to drastic loss of i) a chemical process called hydration to take
compressive strength. place, and
ii) to bring workability.
1. Key Terminology
Water-Cement Ratio =
4. Importance of water/cement ratio
50.0
45.0
40.0 40.0
35.0
30.0 30.0
25.0
20.0 20.0
15.0
10.0
---->
0.0
0.30 0.50 0.70 0.90
water cement ratio ---------->
Pic-5 : Bug-holes in set concrete
Graph-2 : relation of w/c & compressive strength
Initial sprinkling of water on coarse aggregate The water requirement mentioned in above table
in acute summer season. is with assumption that the aggregates are
Similar to standard gauge box for aggregates, completely dry and are in SSD (surface saturated
standard vessel like bucket or similar must be dry) condition. In following conditions, necessary
established. moisture correction to be done and amount of
Strict supervision during concrete production. water to be reduced accordingly,
Following sequence of concrete preparation: Sand (fine aggregate) is wet
Half of the water to be added in drum first. Water is sprinkled over coarse aggregates
Then adding coarser material and then finer Rainy season
material (20 mm- 10 mm Sand cement). Water seeps in the foundation (wet
Remaining water to be added at the end. foundation)
Drum must be rotated minimum for 2 minutes Aggregate get wet because of water leakage
after addition of water into concrete mix. from surrounding area
Usage of tamping from outside drum for
proper mixing of finer particles (cement & 9. References
sand) with coarse material properly. a) http://www.technogenome.com/2016/03
While batching concrete using concrete mixer, /water-in-concrete-how-important-it-
if w/c ratio is found lesser or more than is.html
specified, necessary water correction to be b) IS 456:2000 Plain & reinforced concrete, 4th
done in subsequent batches, so that overall revision
w/c ratio gets maintained. c) SP 23:1982 Handbook on Concrete Mix
While batching concrete using SLM (Self (based on Indian standards)
Loading Mixer), the single batch size is very
large. Hence, care should be taken for
controlling w/c ratio as specified.
Strictly not adding uncontrolled water in to
the concrete mix.
8. Quantity of water for nominal batched
concrete