Inalambricas

Mayo 13, 2016
Foto: Merino Reyna, Evelyn Lima ms arriba.

Entre los Andes y el mar
Profesor: Felipe Ibargen

Curso: Comunicaciones Inalmbricas
Agenda
Redes WLAN
Diversos modos de operacin.
Seguridad en conexiones inalmbricas.
Administracin de dispositivos inalmbricos en forma
centralizada.
Realizacin de clculos de radioenlaces basados en Radio
Mobile.
Planificacin y diseo de sistemas de comunicaciones
inalmbricas.

Estndares WLAN
802.11a High speed physical layer in 5 GHz band

802.11b Higher speed physical layer extension of wireless in 2.4
GHz band
802.11d Local and metropolitan area wireless
802.11g Broadband wireless
802.11i Security
802.11n Wideband service
Garg, V. (2010)

Modos de Operacin

Seguridad en Conexiones Inalmbricas
The broadcast nature of 802.11 networks makes them vulnerable to hackers.
Access
points continually broadcast their networks Service Set Identier (SSID) and Wi-
Fi-
enabled devices respond to these broadcasts. These broadcast messages are
vulnerable
to eavesdroppers and can result in attempted logons by unauthorized users.
Four layers of security are required for enterprise WLAN service.
User devices that are equipped with the following:
Virtual Private Network (VPN) software that enables the network to treat
wireless devices differently.
Personal rewalls to prevent hackers from accessing data on laptops,
notebooks, and personal digital assistants.
WPA2, which is strong 128-bit encryption to prevent eavesdropping (128-bit
encryption refers to encryption with a choice 128 combinations of zeros and
ones for every bit that is encrypted). This is also referred to as Advanced
Encryption Standard (AES).
Access points.
The LAN.
The complexity is due to the fact that software on the user device, the access
point,
controllers, and security servers must all match. In addition, enterprises have the
following tasks:
Distribute client software to each users device.
Check for rogue access points.
Enter names in databases.
Use a strong authentication method such as a Remote Authentication Dial- In

User Service (RADIUS) server with Authentication, Authorization, and
Accounting (AAA) capability.
Monitor usage.
Ensure that portable devices dont spread viruses to the corporate network
that they might have picked up from e-mail attachments or the Internet.
When corporations use WPA2, employees laptops wont be compatible with
corporate networks unless their home 802.11 networks also use WPA2

WEP Encryption: Wired Equivalent Privacy
nica opcin disponible entre 1999-2003.
Bsicamente encripta toda la data que se transmite en la red inalmbrica.
Utiliza el shared secret.
No tiene mucha facilidad en su uso. En redes empresariales deben acceder
a cada equipo para cambiar la contrasea.
WPA / WPA2 : WiFi Protected Access

La IEEE desarroll el 802.11i que reemplaza WEP con TKIP (Temporal Key
Integrity Protocol) (2003).
WiFi Alliance tiene dos estndares de seguridad:
WPA. Lanzado a finales de 2003. Incluye el soporte TKIP.
WPA2, Lanzado a principios de 2005. Cambia a AES-CCMP.
802.11n no utiliza WEP o TKIP

2 versiones:
Personal: diseado para redes del hogar, utiliza una passphrase compartida
entre todos sus usuarios.
Enterprise: requiere un servidor de red que maneje los login y provee una
llave de encriptacin nica para cada usuario en la red automticamente
sin que el usuario vea la clave.
WPS (Wi-Fi Protected Setup):

Wi-Fi Alliance elimina la necesidad de crear o ingresar una paraphrase; se
configura la seguridad con uno o dos Click.
El WPS permita a computadoras o dispositivos equipados con WiFi unirse a
redes WPA2 sin password o con un PIN corto, que se introduce por nica
vez.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cHjA3cYf5BQ

WPA2-Enterprise
El estndar IEEE 802.1x, trabaja con las cuentas de los usuarios y WPA2 para
proveer un nica lave de encriptacin para cada usuario en cada red.
Est combinacin es llamada WPA2 Enterprise.
El estndar 802.1X no incluye encriptacin para proteger la negociacin del
login, existen muchas estndar para proteger la capa de login encima del WPA2
Enterprise. Los ms populares:
EAP-TLS (EAP Transport Layer Security, SSL/TLS): se instalan certificados
en cada computadora en la red Wi-Fi.
PEAP (Protected EAP): equivalente a EAP-TTLS, pero se encuentra dentro
de Windows XP en adelante.
EAP-TTLS (EAP Tunneling Transport Layer Security): equivalente al PEAP.
Fuente: Fleishman, 2009

Administracin de dispositivos inalmbricos en
forma centralizada
http://youtu.be/s0jpzbTr6LY
Propagation:
Basic Elements of a Radio Link
Antenna 1 Antenna 2
Electromagnetic
Transmission Transmission
Line Fields Line
Trans-
Information mitter Receiver Information
current
Propagation current
Propagation is the science of how radio signals travel

(propagate) from a transmitting antenna to a receiving
antenna
Propagation is part of every radio link
To successfully design just one radio link, or a whole
wireless system, one must understand how propagation
occurs
basic mechanics of the propagation process
appropriate models/techniques for propagation prediction
characteristics of the other components of the overall radio
link

Elements and Parameters of a Radio Link
Transmitter
power output Generates RF energy on a
Transmitter modulation type desired frequency
spectral density Modulates the RF energy to
coding, if any convey information
Trans.
Antennas
line loss Convert RF energy into
Line electromagnetic fields, vice
gain, bandwidth
beamwidth versa
Antenna polarization Focus the energy into desired
directions (gain)
path loss Receiver
Filters out and ignores signals
gain, bandwidth on undesired frequencies
Antenna beamwidth Amplifies the weak received
polarization signal sufficiently to allow
Trans. processing
Line line loss De-modulates the signal to
sensitivity
recover the information
selectivity
spreading gain
Receiver coding gain
dynamic range

The Role of Frequency in Propagation
The frequency of a radio signal
determines many of its propagation
Frequency = number of cycles
characteristics
in one second units: 1 Hertz = 1 cycle per second
Frequency and wavelength are
inversely related.
1 second antenna elements are typically on
the order of 1/4 to 1/2 wavelength
in size
objects bigger than roughly a
/2 wavelength can reflect or obstruct
RF energy
RF energy can penetrate into an
enclosure (building, vehicle, etc.) if
it has openings roughly a
wavelength in size, or larger

The Relationship between Frequency and
Wavelength
F total Radio signals travel through empty space at
waves
the speed of light (C)
3x108 M
1 second
C = 186,000 miles/second
(300,000,000 meters/second)
Cell
Frequency (F) is the number of waves
per second (unit: Hertz)
Wavelength ()
speed is calculated:
(length of one wave)
=C
Examples: (distance traveled in one
AMPS cell site f = 870 MHz second) /(waves in one
= 0.345 m = 13.6 inches second)
=C/F
PCS-1900 site f = 1960 MHz
= 0.153 m = 6.0 inches
The Radio Spectrum: Frequencies
used by various Radio Systems
=1000 500 300 150 100 Meters
AM LORAN Marine
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.4 3.0 MHz
3,000,000 i.e., 3x106 Hz
=100 75 50 40 30 20 15 10 Meters
Short Wave -- International Broadcast -- Amateur CB
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 MHz
30,000,000 i.e., 3x107 Hz
=10 6 3 2 1 Meter
VHF LOW Band VHF TV 2-6 FM VHF VHF TV 7-13
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 120 140 160 180 200 240 300 MHz
300,000,000 i.e., 3x108 Hz
=1 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.15 0.1 Meter

UHF UHF TV 14-69 <Cellular GPS DCS,PCS
0.3 0.4 0.5 0/6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.4 3.0 GHz
3,000,000,000 i.e., 3x109 Hz
=0.1 0.06 0.03 0.02 0.015 0.01 Meter
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 GHz
30,000,000,000 i.e., 3x1010 Hz
Broadcasting Land-Mobile Aeronautical Mobile Telephony

Terrestrial Microwave Satellite
Basic Mobile Propagation Modes
Free Space
no reflections, no obstructions
Free Space first Fresnel Zone clear
d signal spreading is only mechanism
A D signal decays 20 dB/decade
B
Reflection
reflected wave 180out of phase
Reflection reflected wave not attenuated much
with partial cancellation
signal decays 30-40 dB/decade
Knife-Edge Diffraction
direct path is blocked by obstruction
Knife-edge additional loss is introduced
Diffraction formula available for simple cases

Free-Space Propagation
The simplest propagation mode
Imagine a transmitting antenna at the center of an empty
r sphere. Each little square of surface intercepts its share of the
radiated energy
Path Loss, dB (between two isotropic antennas) = 36.58
+20Log10(FMHZ)+20Log10(DistMILES )
Path Loss, dB (between two dipole antennas) =
Free Space 32.26 +20Log10(FMHZ)+20Log10(DistMILES )
Spreading Loss Notice the rate of signal decay:
energy intercepted 6 dB per octave of distance change, which is 20 dB per

decade of distance change
by the red square is
When does free-space propagation apply?
proportional to 1/r2 there is only one signal path (no reflections)
the path is unobstructed (first Fresnel zone is not penetrated by
obstacles)
1st Fresnel Zone
d
A D
B First Fresnel Zone =
{Points P where AP + PB - AB < /2 }
Fresnel Zone radius d = 1/2 (D)^(1/2)

Reflection with Partial Cancellation
Assumptions:
path distance is substantially longer
than height of either antenna
Direct ray there are no other obstructions and
the reflected ray is not blocked
If these assumptions are true, then:
Reflected
the point of reflection will be very
Ray
close to the car -- at most, a few
hundred feet away
the difference in path lengths is
Point of
reflection influenced most strongly by the car
antenna height above ground or by
This reflection is at grazing
slight ground height variations
incidence. The reflection is The reflected ray tends to cancel
virtually 100% efficient, and the the direct ray, dramatically reducing
phase of the reflected signal flips the received signal level
180 degrees.

Reflection with Partial Cancellation
Analysis:
physics of the reflection cancellation
Heights Exaggerated predicts signal decay approx. 40 dB
for Clarity per decade of distance
twice as rapid as in free-space!
HTFT observed values in real systems range from
HTFT 30 to 40 dB/decade
Path Loss, dB =
172 + 34 x Log10 (DMILES )
- 20 x Log10 (Base Ant. HtFEET)
- 10 x Log10 (Mobile Ant. HtFEET)
DMILES
Heights to Scale
Comparison of Free-Space and Reflection Propagation Modes

Assumptions: Flat earth, TX ERP = 50 dBm @ 1950 MHz Base Ht = 200 ft, Mobile Ht = 5 ft.
DistanceMILES 1 2 4 6 8 10 15 20
FS using Free-
SpaceDBM -52.4 -58.4 -64.4 -67.9 -70.4 -72.4 -75.9 -78.4
FS using
ReflectionDBm -69.0 -79.2 -89.5 -95.4 -99.7 -103.0 -109.0 -113.2

Knife-Edge Diffraction
Sometimes a single well-defined obstruction
blocks the path. This case is fairly easy to
H analyze and can be used as a manual tool to
estimate the effects of individual obstructions
First calculate Fresnel zone diffraction
R1 R2 parameter from path geometry
Next consult the table to obtain the
2 1 1
= -H

(R 1
+ R2 ) obstruction loss in dB
Add this loss to the otherwise-determined
path loss to obtain the total path loss.
0
-5 Other losses such as reflection cancellation
atten -10 still apply, but are computed independently
dB -15 for the path sections before and after the
-20 obstruction.
-25
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Recognize Typical Signal Decay Rates
Signal Level vs. Distance

Weve seen how the signal decays
0
with distance in two simplified
modes of propagation:
-10 Free-Space
20 dB per decade of distance
-20 6 dB per octave of distance
Reflection Cancellation
-30
40 dB per decade of distance
-40
12 dB per octave of distance
1 2 3.16
Distance, Miles
5 6 7 8 10 Real-life wireless propagation
decay rates fall typically between
One Decade 30 and 40 dB per decade of
One Octave of distance (10x)
of distance (2x) distance

Additional Propagation Modes
Refraction: common problem near water
wavefront can be bent when
encountering atmospheric layers of
Refraction different density
by atmospheric layers signal (or interference) can be delivered
far beyond normal line-of-sight path
infrequent, but commonly occurs near
large bodies of water and flat deserts
Ducting: an atmospheric freak
waves trapped between well-defined
Ducting atmospheric layers and/or earths surface
by atmospheric layers
signal can propagate hundreds of miles
>100 mi.
infrequent but can be relatively stable for
hours under unusual weather conditions

Real-Life Complications
Obstruction by Clutter Obstruction by Cluttered
Environment
RFD
this is the common mode in cities
random absorption, additional loss
random reflection causes delay
Multi-Path spread
Propagation Multi-Path Propagation
common in the mobile environment
dozens or even hundreds of signal
components arrive at random
amplitudes and phases
substantial delay spread
Building/Vehicle Penetration
diffraction, absorption cause extra
Building Penetration loss
Vehicle Penetration highly statistical and difficult to
predict
must be addressed for reliable
service

Multi-path Propagation Effects
Small-Scale/Short-term Phenomena
Signal levels vary as user moves Multi-path Propagation
Slow variations come from
blockage and shadowing by
large objects such as hills and
buildings
Rapid fading comes as signals
received from many paths drift
into and out of phase
phase cancellation occurs,
causing rapid fades that are
occasionally deep
Rayleigh Fading
the fades are roughly /2
apart: A /2
7 inches apart at 800 MHz
10-15 dB
3 inches apart at 1900 MHz
called Rayleigh fading, after
the statistical model that
describes it
t

Space Diversity
A Method for Combating Rayleigh Fading
D
Fortunately, Rayleigh fades are
very short and last a small
percentage of the time
Two antennas separated by
several wavelengths will not
generally experience fades at the
same time
Space Diversity can be obtained
by using two receiving antennas
and switching instant-by-instant
Signal received to whichever is best
by Antenna 1
Required separation D for good
Signal received
decorrelation is 10-20
by Antenna 2 12-24 ft. @ 800 MHz
5-10 ft. @ 1900 MHz
Combined
Signal

Space Diversity
Application Limitations
Space diversity can be applied
D only on the receiving end of a link
Transmitting on two antennas
would:
fail to produce diversity, since the
two signals combine to produce
only one value of signal level at a
given point -- no diversity results
produce objectionable nulls in the
radiation at some angles
Signal received Therefore, space diversity is
by Antenna 1 applied only on the uplink, i.e.,
reverse path
Signal received there isnt room for two
by Antenna 2 sufficiently separated antennas
on a mobile or handheld
Combined
Signal

Using Polarization Diversity
where Space Diversity isnt convenient
Sometimes zoning considerations or
aesthetics preclude using separate
diversity receive antennas
Dual-polarized antenna pairs within a
single radome are becoming popular
environmental clutter scatters RF energy
into all possible polarizations
differently polarized antennas receive
V+H signals which fade independently
or in urban environments, this is almost as
\+/
good as separate space diversity
Antenna pair within one radome can be
V-H polarized, or diagonally polarized
A B A B
each individual array has its own
independent feedline
Antenna A
feedlines connected to BTS diversity
inputs in the conventional way; TX
Antenna B duplexing OK
Combined

Building Penetration
Calculation Attempts using Physics
Vehicle Penetration Main Mechanism: Diffraction
A highly variable situation!
variable geometry
variable materials
variable contents
variable angle of RF penetration
Calculation attempts based on
? ? indoor geometry/ray tracing
floor-by-floor coupling delta
factors
? windows, doors, stairs, etc.
types of construction materials
Typical Penetration Losses concrete, insulation, etc.
compared to outdoor street level Calculation methods arent very
All metal attenuation 26 dB effective or reliable; instead,
Foil insulation 3.9 dB statistical models are used
Concrete block wall 13-20 dB
Ceiling Duct 1-8 dB
Metal Stairs 5 dB
The Reciprocity Principle
Does it apply to Wireless?
The Reciprocity Principle:
Between two antennas, on the same exact
frequency, path loss is the same in both
-148.21 dB
@ 876.45 MHz directions.
But things arent exactly the same in wireless --
transmit and receive 45 MHz apart
antenna: gain/frequency slope?
different Rayleigh fades up/downlink
often, different TX & RX antennas
RX diversity
-148.21 dB Notice also the noise/interference environment

@ 876.45 MHz may be substantially different at the two ends
So, reciprocity holds only in a general sense for
cellular
-151.86 dB
@ 831.45 MHz

Propagation Models
Why do we need propagation models?
Using the physics of propagation, even
our best calculations cant give us all the
answers we need
we cant compute every reflected path,
every obstruction
we even want general answers without
knowing specific paths
We can make measurements
but we cant measure every location we
want RF
So, we must take measurements and use
both physics and statistics to reach
general conclusions
We formalize our calculation processes
and call them models ,
dB

Types of Propagation Models and their Uses
Simple Analytical models Examples of Various Model Types

used for understanding and predicting
individual paths and specific obstruction Simple Analytical
cases free space (Friis)
General Area models reflection cancellation
primary drivers: statistical knife-edge diffraction
used for early system dimensioning (cell Area
counts, etc.) Okumura-Hata
Point-to-Point models COST 231
primary drivers: analytical Walfisch-Betroni/Ikegami
used for detailed coverage analysis and cell Point-to-Point
planning
Ray Tracing
Local Variability models - Lees Method, others
primary drivers: statistical Tech-Note 101
characterizes microscopic level fluctuations Longley-Rice, Biby-C
in a given locale, confidence-of-service
probability Local Variability
Rayleigh Distribution
Normal Distribution
Joint probability Techniques

General Principles of Area Models
-50 +90 Area models mimic an average path in
-60 +80 a defined area
-70 +70 Based on measured data alone, with
-80 +60 Field no consideration of individual path
RSSI, Strength,
-90 +50
dBuV/m
features or physical mechanisms
dBm
-100 +40 Typical inputs used by model:
-110 +30 Frequency
-120 +20 Distance from transmitter to receiver
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33
Distance from Cell Site, km Actual or Effective Base Station &
mobile Heights
Blue Trace shows actual measured signal Average Terrain Elevation
strengths on a drive test radial, as Morphology correction loss (Urban,
determined by real-world physics. Suburban, Rural, etc.)
Red Trace shows the Okumura-Hata
prediction for the same radial. The smooth Results may be quite different
curve is a good fit for real data. However, than observed on individual paths
the signal strength at a specific location on in the area
the radial may be much higher or much
lower than the simple prediction.

Statistical Techniques
Distribution Statistics Concept
An area model predicts signal Signal Strength Predicted vs. Observed
strength vs. distance over an area Signal Strength predicted
by area model
this is the median or most
probable signal strength at every Observed
Signal Strength
distance from the cell RSSI,
dBm
the real signal strength at any real
location is determined by physics,
and will be higher or lower
it is feasible to determine median Distance
signal strength M and standard
deviation Normal
Occurrences
Distribution
it is feasible to apply M and to
find probability of receiving an
arbitrary signal level at a given RSSI
distance
Median
Signal ,
Strength dB

Statistical Techniques
Practical Application of Distribution Statistics
Technique:
Percentage of Locations where
use a model to predict RSSI Observed RSSI exceeds Predicted RSSI
compare measurements with model 10% of locations
obtain median signal strength M exceed this RSSI
obtain standard deviation 50%
now apply correction factor to obtain field strength 90%
required for desired probability of service RSSI,
dBm
Applications: Given
a desired outdoor signal level
the observed standard deviation
from signal strength measurements Distance
a desired percentage of locations
which must receive that signal level Normal
Occurrences
compute a cushion in dB which will Distribution
give us that % coverage confidence
Median RSSI
Signal
Strength ,
dB

Area Availability and Probability of Service
at Cell Edge
Overall probability of service is best
close to the Base Station, and
decreases with increasing distance
Statistical View of away from Base Station
Cell Coverage
For overall 90% location probability
75% within cell coverage area, probability
will be 75% at cell edge
90% result derived theoretically, confirmed
in modeling with propagation tools,
and observed from measurements
Area Availability: true if path loss variations are log-
90% overall within area normally distributed around predicted
75%at edge of area median values, as in mobile
environment
90%/75% is a commonly-used
wireless numerical coverage objective

Statistical Characterization
Difficult to characterize
Building Penetration analytically, statistical techniques
Vehicle Penetration are more effective
many analytical parameters, all
highly variable and complex
Usually modeled as additional
penetration loss plus existing
Typical Penetration Losses, dB outdoor path loss
compared to outdoor street level
median value estimated/sampled,
Environment Median Std. statistical distribution determined
Type Loss, Dev.
(morphology) dB , dB standard deviation estimated or
Dense Urban Bldg. 20 8 measured
Urban Bldg. 15 8 additional margin allowed in link
budget to offset assumed loss
Suburban Bldg. 10 8
Rural Bldg. 10 8
Typical values in the table at left
Typical Vehicle 8 4

Composite Probability of Service
with Multiple Attenuating Mechanisms
Building
COMPOSITE = ((OUTDOOR)2+(PENETRATION)2)1/2
RSSICOMPOSITE = RSSIOUTDOOR+RSSIPENETRATION
Outdoor Loss + Penetration Loss
For an in-building user, the actual signal level includes regular

outdoor path attenuation plus building penetration loss
Both outdoor and penetration losses have their own
variabilities with their own standard deviations
The users overall composite probability of service must
include composite median and standard deviation factors

Calculating Fade Margin for Link Budget
Example Case: Outdoor is 8 dB., and penetration loss is 8 dB.
Desired probability of service is 75% at the cell edge.
What is the composite ? How much fade margin is required?
COMPOSITE = ((OUTDOOR)2+(PENETRATION)2)1/2 On cumulative normal distribution curve, 75%

= ((8)2+(8)2)1/2 =(64+64)1/2 =(128)1/2 = 11.31 dB probability is 0.675 above median.
Fade Margin required =
Cumulative Normal Distribution (11.31) (0.675) = 7.63 dB.
100%
90%
80% Calculating Required Fade Margin
75% 70% Building Out- Composite
60% Environment Penetration Door Total
50%
Type Median Std. Std. Area Fade
(morphology) Loss, Dev. Dev. Availability Margin
40% dB , dB , dB Target, % dB
30%
Dense Urban Bldg. 20 8 8 90%/75% @edge 7.6
20%
Urban Bldg. 15 8 8 90%/75% @edge 7.6
10%
Suburban Bldg. 10 8 8 90%/75% @edge 7.6
0%
Rural Bldg. 10 8 8 90%/75% @edge 7.6
.675
-3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Standard Deviations from
2.5 3
Typical Vehicle 8 4 8 90%/75% @edge 6.0

Median (Average) Signal Strength

Link Budget Models
Link Budgets mide las prdidas y ganancias

de seal desde y hacia el mvil Transmitter +43 dBm TX output
Identifica la mxima prdida posible en le Trans. -3

= +40
dB line efficiency
dBm to antenna
Line
canal Antenna
+13 dB antenna gain
Deteremina el mximo radio de cobertura = +53 dBm ERP
-158 dB path attenuation

Dos casos distintos: Uplink, Downlink Antenna = -105 dBm dipole antenna
Trans. +13 dB antenna gain

No hay ventaja en tener ms alcance slo en Line
= -92 dBm into line
-3 dB line efficiency
un sentido Receiver
= -95 dBm to receiver
Ajustar la potencia para obtener balance

uplink/downlink
Balance en los canales reduce interferencia y
maximiza la capacidad
necesita de un modelo de propagacin Downlink
adecuado
Uplink

Cellular Link Budget Model Example
Source: FWD Path REV Path

Cell TX PO Watts Spec: 45.00 3.00 MS TX PO Watts
Cell TX PO dBm Calc: 46.53 34.77 MS TX PO dBm
Cell Combiner Loss dB Input: -3.00 0.00 MS Combiner Loss db
Cell Cable Loss db Input: -3.00 -2.00 MS Cable Loss db
Cell Antenna Gain dBd Input: 10.00 5.00 MS Antenna Gain dBd
ERP Watts Calc: 113.03 5.99 ERP Watts
ERP dBm Calc: 50.53 37.77 ERP dBm
Max. FWD Path Loss, dB Calc: -169.53 -169.77 Max. REV Path Loss, dB
MS Antenna Gain dBd Calc: 5.00 10.00 Cell Antenna Gain dBd
MS RX Cable Loss Input: -2.00 -3.00 Cell RX Cable Loss
MS Diversity Gain Input: 0.00 4.00 Cell Diversity Gain
MS RX Sensitivity dBm Spec.: -116.00 -121.00 Cell RX Sensitivity dBm
Worst-Case Link Budget Calc: -169.77 0.24 Imbalance, dB

PCS-1900 Link Budget Model Example
TX TX TX
RX RX RX
Source: FWD Path REV Path

Cell TX PO Watts Spec: 16.00 1.00 MS TX PO Watts
Cell TX PO dBm Calc: 42.04 30.00 MS TX PO dBm
Cell Combiner Loss dB Input: -2.00 0.00 MS Combiner Loss db
Cell Cable Loss db Input: -3.00 0.00 MS Cable Loss db
Cell Antenna Gain dBd Input: 16.00 0.00 MS Antenna Gain dBd
ERP Watts Calc: 201.43 1.00 ERP Watts
ERP dBm Calc: 53.04 30.00 ERP dBm
Max. FWD Path Loss, dB Calc: -155.04 -154.00 Max. REV Path Loss, dB
MS Antenna Gain dBd Calc: 0.00 16.00 Cell Antenna Gain dBd
MS RX Cable Loss Input: 0.00 -3.00 Cell RX Cable Loss
MS Diversity Gain Input: 0.00 4.00 Cell Diversity Gain
MS RX Sensitivity dBm Spec.: -102.00 -107.00 Cell RX Sensitivity dBm
Worst-Case Link Budget Calc: -155.04 -1.04 Imbalance, dB
TX TX TX
RX RX RX

CDMA Reverse Link Budget Model Example
Term or Factor Given Budget Formula

MS TX power (dBm) 23.0 dBm
MS TX power (watts) 0.2 W
MS antenna gain and body loss (dBi) 0.0 dBi
MS EIRP (dBm) 23.0 dBm A
MS EIRP (watts) 0.2 W
Fade Margin (dB) -7.6 dB B
Soft Handoff Gain (dB) 4.0 dB C
Receiver Interference Margin (dB) -3.0 dB D
Building Penetration Loss (dB) -20.0 dB E
BTS RX antenna gain (dBi) 17.0 dBi F
BTS cable loss (dB) -3.0 dB G
kTB (dBm/14.4 kHz) -132.4 H
BTS noise figure (dB) 6.4 dB I
Eb/Nt (dB) 6.2 dB J
BTS RX Sensitivity -119.8 dB H+I+J
Uplink Path Loss (dB) 130.2 dB A+B+C+D-E+F+G-
(H+I+J+K)

CDMA Reverse Link Budget Model Example
(Discussion Continued)

MS TX power (dBm) 23.0 dBm
MS TX power (watts) 0.2 W
MS EIRP (dBm) 23.0 dBm A
MS EIRP (watts) 0.2 W
Fade Margin (dB) -7.6 dB B
Soft Handoff Gain (dB) 4.0 dB C
Receiver Interference Margin (dB) -3.0 dB D
Building Penetration Loss (dB) -20.0 dB E
BTS RX antenna gain (dBi) 17.0 dBi F
BTS cable loss (dB) -3.0 dB G
kTB (dBm/14.4 kHz) -132.4 H
BTS noise figure (dB) 6.4 dB I
Eb/Nt (dB) 6.2 dB J
BTS RX Sensitivity -119.8 dB H+I+J
Uplink Path Loss (dB) 130.2 dB A+B+C+D-E+F+G-
(H+I+J+K)

CDMA Forward Link Budget Model Example

BTS TX power (dBm) 44.0 dBm
BTS 25.67 W
% Power for traffic channels 74%
No. of traffic channels in use (chs.) 19
BTS cable loss (dB) -3.0 dB
BTS TX antenna gain (dBi) 17.0 dBi
BTS EIRP/traffic channel (dBm) 44.0 dBm A
BTS EIRP/traffic channel (watts) 25.1 W
Fade margin (dB) -7.6 dB B
Receiver interference margin (dB) -3.0 dB C
Building Penetration Loss -20.0 dB D
MS antenna gain and body loss (dBi) 0.0 dBi E
MS RX sensitivity -116.8 dBm F
(NF 10.5 dB, Eb/No 5 dB)
Downlink Path Loss (dB) 130.2 dB A+B+C+D-E+F

CDMA Forward Link Budget Model Example
(Discussion continued)
BTS TX power (dBm) 44.0 dBm
BTS 25.67 W
% Power for traffic channels 74%
No. of traffic channels in use (chs.) 19
BTS TX antenna gain (dBi) 17.0 dBi
BTS EIRP/traffic channel (dBm) 44.0 dBm A
BTS EIRP/traffic channel (watts) 25.1 W
Fade margin (dB) -7.6 dB B
Receiver interference margin (dB) -3.0 dB C
Building Penetration Loss -20.0 dB D
MS antenna gain and body loss (dBi) 0.0 dBi E
MS RX sensitivity -116.8 dBm F
Downlink Path Loss (dB) 130.2 dB A+B+C+D-E+F

CDMA Link Budget Conclusions
Reverse (Uplink) Forward (Downlink)

Term or Factor Given Budget
MS TX power (dBm) 23.0 dBm Term or Factor Given Budget
MS TX power (watts) 0.2 W BTS TX power (dBm) 44.0 dBm
MS antenna gain and body loss (dBi) 0.0 dBi BTS 25.67 W
MS EIRP (dBm) 23.0 dBm % Power for traffic channels 74%
MS EIRP (watts) 0.2 W No. of traffic channels in use (chs.) 19
Fade Margin (dB) -7.6 dB BTS cable loss (dB) -3.0 dB
Soft Handoff Gain (dB) 4.0 dB BTS TX antenna gain (dBi) 17.0 dBi
Receiver Interference Margin (dB) -3.0 dB BTS EIRP/traffic channel (dBm) 44.0 dBm
Building Penetration Loss (dB) -20.0 dB BTS EIRP/traffic channel (watts) 25.1 W
BTS RX antenna gain (dBi) 17.0 dBi Fade margin (dB) -7.6 dB
Receiver interference margin (dB) -3.0 dB
kTB (dBm/14.4 kHz) -132.4
Building Penetration Loss -20.0 dB
BTS noise figure (dB) 6.4 dB
Eb/Nt (dB) 6.2 dB
MS RX sensitivity -116.8 dBm
BTS RX Sensitivity -119.8 dB
Uplink Path Loss (dB) 130.2 dB
Downlink Path Loss (dB) 130.2 dB
Forward and reverse links should be in gain balance. Excess gain on just one link
is no advantage during two-way communication.
link balance adjustments are made by differential wilting or blossoming of the BTS
using BSM commands
El link budget uplink es el que usualmente limita la cobertura, debido a la
interferencia y a la baja potencia de los mbiles

Planificacin y diseo de sistemas de
comunicaciones inalmbricas
Fuente: Radiopath (2010)

Planificacin y diseo LTE 700 MHz
Outdoor overlapping zones study, 4dB Outdoor overlapping zones study, 10dB
range range Overlapping Zones, 10dB % Focus
range Zone
% Focus Number of Servers >=7 0
Overlapping Zones, 4dB range Zone Number of Servers >=6 0.1
Number of Servers >=4 0.1 Number of Servers >=5 3.1
Number of Servers >=1 100 Number of Servers >=2 59.5
Fuente: Alcatel-Lucent (2010) Number of Servers >=1 100

Clculo de Radioenlace usando RadioMobile
Fuente: http://www.cplus.org/rmw/rmonline.html



Clculo de Cobertura usando RadioMobile

Planificacin y diseo de RF InBuilding
Fuente: Lucent - Wise

Physical Database
Simple description of physical environment (Wall File)
Physical database from blue prints or hand sketches
Wall types desirable
Software tools available
Profesor:
Slide Felipe
56 Ibargen
Manhattan, NY
Manhattan 3D View Physical data available for

most cities
Slide 57
Manhattan, NY
Input Data given as Mapinfo vectors
Auto conversion into WiSE wallfile s/w by Steve

Fortune
3 Bases
Coverage Map
Strongest Server
Slide 58
RF Optimization
9 Radio Ports for 96.6% coverage 3 Radio Ports for 96.3% coverage
Lucent (2006)

Monitoreo RF Scanners
Vistumbler v10.6

Bibliografia
Alcatel-Lucent . LTE Telefonica Peru Trial: RF Design Results (2010).
Chang, K. RF and Microwave Wireless Systems. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (2008).
Frenzel, L. Understanding Solutions For The Crowded Electromagnetic Frequency
Spectrum (2012). Recuperado de www.electronicdesign.com
Garg, V. Wireless Communications & Networking. Morgan Kaufmann (2010).
Gueret, O. Ventajas de un sistema de microondas en el que todas las
comunicaciones son de paquetes (2015). Recuperado de
https://techzine.alcatel-lucent.com
Levis, C, Johnson J. & Texeira, F. Radiowave Propagation: Physics and Applications.
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (2010).
Rappaport, T. Wireless Communications Principles and Practice. Prentice-Hall, Inc.
(2002).
Fleishman, G.Engst A. Take Control of Your Wi-Fi Security. TidBITS Publishing,
Inc.(2009)


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Mayo 13, 2016

Foto: Merino Reyna, Evelyn Lima ms arriba.

Profesor: Felipe Ibargen

Profesor: Felipe Ibargen

802.11a High speed physical layer in 5 GHz band

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Use a strong authentication method such as a Remote Authentication Dial- In

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WPA / WPA2 : WiFi Protected Access

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WPS (Wi-Fi Protected Setup):

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Fuente: Fleishman, 2009

Propagation is the science of how radio signals travel

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Profesor: Felipe Ibargen

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=1 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.15 0.1 Meter

=0.1 0.06 0.03 0.02 0.015 0.01 Meter

Broadcasting Land-Mobile Aeronautical Mobile Telephony

Profesor: Felipe Ibargen

energy intercepted 6 dB per octave of distance change, which is 20 dB per

Profesor: Felipe Ibargen

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Comparison of Free-Space and Reflection Propagation Modes

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Signal Level vs. Distance

Profesor: Felipe Ibargen

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Profesor: Felipe Ibargen

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-148.21 dB Notice also the noise/interference environment

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Simple Analytical models Examples of Various Model Types

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Profesor: Felipe Ibargen

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For an in-building user, the actual signal level includes regular

Profesor: Felipe Ibargen

COMPOSITE = ((OUTDOOR)2+(PENETRATION)2)1/2 On cumulative normal distribution curve, 75%

Typical Vehicle 8 4 8 90%/75% @edge 6.0

Profesor: Felipe Ibargen

Link Budgets mide las prdidas y ganancias

Identifica la mxima prdida posible en le Trans. -3

Deteremina el mximo radio de cobertura = +53 dBm ERP

-158 dB path attenuation

Trans. +13 dB antenna gain

Ajustar la potencia para obtener balance

Profesor: Felipe Ibargen

Source: FWD Path REV Path

Worst-Case Link Budget Calc: -169.77 0.24 Imbalance, dB

Profesor: Felipe Ibargen

Source: FWD Path REV Path

Worst-Case Link Budget Calc: -155.04 -1.04 Imbalance, dB

Profesor: Felipe Ibargen

Term or Factor Given Budget Formula