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Hydraulic failure
Dr Bernd Schuppener
German Federal Waterways Engineering and
Research Institute, Karlsruhe
Former Chairman of CEN TC250/SC 7
Eurocodes:
Background & Applications
Contents
Definitions
Verification against failure by uplift
g
Verification against failure by
y heave
Internal erosion
Verification against failure by piping
10.1 General
(1)P The provisions of this Section apply to four modes of ground failure
induced by pore-water pressure or pore-water seepage, which shall be
checked as relevant:
checked,
failure by uplift (UPL);
failure by heave;
failure by internal erosion;
failure by piping.
NOTE
O 1 Failure
a u e by uplift
up t (UPL)
(U ) occu
occurs
s when
e po
pore-water
e ate p pressure
essu e uunder
de
a structure or a low permeability ground layer becomes larger than the
mean overburden pressure (due to the structure and/or the overlying
ground layer).
NOTE 2 Failure by heave occurs when upwards seepage forces act
against the weight of the soil, reducing the vertical effective stress to
zero. Soil particles are then lifted away by the vertical water flow and
f il
failure occurs (b
(boiling).
ili )
3 2013. Bernd Schuppener. All rights reserved
Eurocodes:
Background & Applications
Varved
clay
Gstr,d
Wdst;d
4 2013. Bernd Schuppener. All rights reserved
Eurocodes:
Background & Applications
10.1 General
(1)P The provisions of this Section apply to four modes of ground failure
induced by pore-water pressure or pore-water seepage, which shall be
checked as relevant:
checked,
failure by uplift (UPL);
failure by heave;
failure
f il b
by iinternal
t l erosion;
i
failure by piping.
NOTE 1 Failure by y uplift ((UPL)) occurs when pore-water pressure under
a structure or a low permeability ground layer becomes larger than the
mean overburden pressure (due to the structure and/or the overlying
ground layer).
NOTE 2 Failure by heave occurs when upwards seepage forces
act against the weight of the soil, reducing the vertical effective
stress to zero. Soil particles are then lifted away by the vertical
water
t flow
fl andd failure
f il occurs (b
(boiling).
ili )
5 2013. Bernd Schuppener. All rights reserved
Eurocodes:
Background & Applications
10.3 Failure by
y hydraulic
y heave HYD
Sand
10.1 General
NOTE 3 Failure by internal erosion is produced by the
transport of soil particles within a soil stratum, at the interface of
soil strata, or at the interface between the soil and a structure.
This may finally result in regressive erosion, leading to collapse
of the soil structure
structure.
NOTE 4 Failure by piping is a particular form of failure, for
example of a reservoir, by internal erosion, where erosion
begins at the surface, then regresses until a pipe-shaped
discharge tunnel is formed in the soil mass or between the soil
andd a ffoundation
d ti or att the
th interface
i t f between
b t cohesive
h i and d non-
cohesive soil strata. Failure occurs as soon as the upstream end
of the eroded tunnel reaches the bottom of the reservoir.
10 1 General
10.1
Types
yp of erosion
10.1 General
Erosion at interfaces:
Soil-structure interface
at interface between layers
10.1 General
NOTE 4 Failure by piping is a particular form of failure, for example
of a reservoir, by internal erosion, where erosion begins at the
surface then regresses until a pipe
surface, pipe-shaped
shaped discharge tunnel is
formed in the soil mass or between the soil and a foundation or at
the interface between cohesive and non-cohesive soil strata.
Failure occurs as soon as the upstream end of the eroded tunnel
reaches the bottom of the reservoir.
Impermeable layer
pipe
p p
Contents
Definitions
Verification against failure by uplift
g
Verification against failure by
y heave
Internal erosion
Verification against failure by piping
10.2 Failure by
y uplift
p UPL
dst d Gstb;d + Rd
Vdst,d ((2.8)
8)
where
Vdst,d = Gdst;d +Qdst;d
(2) Additional resistance to uplift may also be treated as a
stabilising
t bili i permanentt vertical
ti l action
ti (Gstb;d).
)
13 2013. Bernd Schuppener. All rights reserved
Eurocodes:
Background & Applications
10.2 Failure by
y uplift
p
Example: Tunnel below the ground water table
Gsoil,d
soil d
Ustb;d
H1
H H2
Rd Gstr,d
str d
Rd
Udst;d
15 2013. Bernd Schuppener. All rights reserved
Eurocodes:
Background & Applications
dst d Gstb;d + Rd
Vdst,d
Ud Gstr,d + Gsoil,d + Rd Ud
Contents
Definitions
Verification against failure by uplift
g
Verification against failure by
y heave
Internal erosion
Verification against failure by piping
10.3 Failure by
h d
hydraulic
li heave
h HYD
ud;dst d;stb ((2.9a))
G;dst uk;dst G;stb d;stb
uk;dst = w (h
(h + dw + d)
k;stb = (
( + w) d + w dw
k;stb = d + w (d + dw))
+5,00 = Gewssersohle
0
+2,50
k < kRest
Gewsser- oder
-8,00 Baugrubensohle
1
15
14 2
3
13
4
12 5
11 10 7 6
9 8
D t
Determination
i ti off th
the seepage fforce
measurement of the pore water pressure in the soil
approximative solutions from handbooks
graphical
hi l ddeterminations
t i ti off th
the flflow- and
d potential
t ti l fifield
ld
numerical methods
10.3 Failure by
y heave
(2)P The determination of the characteristic value of the
pore-water pressure shall take into account all possible
unfavourable
f bl conditions,
diti suchh as:
thin layers of soil of low permeability;
spatial effects such as narrow
narrow, circular or rectangular
excavations below water level.
NOTE 1 Where the soil has a significant cohesive shear
resistance, the mode of failure changes from failure by heave
to failure by uplift. The stability is then checked by using the
provisions
i i off 10
10.2
2 ((uplift)
lift) where
h additional
dditi l resisting
i ti fforces
may be added to the weight.
Contents
Definitions
Verification against failure by uplift
g
Verification against failure by
y heave
Internal erosion
Verification against failure by piping
Contents
D
Definitions
fi iti
Verification against
g failure by
y uplift
p
Verification against failure by heave
Internal erosion
Verification
Verification against failure by piping
10.5 Failure by
yppiping
p g
(3)P Failure by piping shall be prevented by
providing sufficient resistance against internal soil
erosion in the areas where water outflow may
occur.
occur
(4) Such failure can be prevented by providing:
sufficient safety against failure by heave where
the ground surface is horizontal;
sufficient stability of the surface layers in sloping
ground (local slope stability).
32 2013. Bernd Schuppener. All rights reserved
Eurocodes:
Background & Applications
Reference:
BAW Code of Practice - Stability
y of
Embankments at German Inland
Waterways
directly downloadable
> www.baw.de
www baw de
> publications
> codes of practice
> MSD ((2011))
36 2013. Bernd Schuppener. All rights reserved
Eurocodes:
Background & Applications
GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN with worked examples 13-14 June 2013, Dublin
Geotechnical design
with worked
examples
eurocodes.jrc.ec.europa.eu