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) , Ai ) B = ( A1 I A2 ) U ( A1 I A2 ) ,
3 3 3 27
P (C ) = P ( A1 I A2 I A3 ) = P ( A1 ) P ( A2 ) P ( A3 ) = . . = .
5 5 5 125 8 8 8
. 3.3. 6 4 .
P( B) = P( A1 I A2 ) + P( A1 I A2 ) = + = .
30 30 15
. : ) ) A2 . ,
={ }; ) ={e }; )
. 6 5 1
: A1 I A2 , P( A1 ).P( A1 | A2 ) = . =
: : Ai ={i- 10 9 3
}, i = 1,2 . ( 4 5 2
A1 I A2 , P( A1 ).P( A1 | A2 ) = . = .
, , 10 9 9
) ,
P ( A2 ) = P ( A1 ) P ( A1 | A2 ) + P( A1 ) P ( A1 | A2 ) = 5 / 9
( 5.1 ).

11 12
 . , .
,
, .
S (.. , M = {e1, e2,K, en} n .
)
, k . -, (
) a ()
D ( A = {M D} )
():
SD (, ) n k-
D , k (..
,
).
SD
P( A) = , n k-
S
k (..
S . ,
).
3.3. N 5 cm e
Q. : ) MQ - ( ),
( ).
QN ( ); )

1 cm 2 cm N ( B).
:
. ) S MN,
n k-
| MS | 1
, Q MS , , P( A) = P(Q MS ) = = . n(n 1)(n 2)K(n k +1) n!
| MN | 2 ) Cnk = n
k= = , (4.1)
k! k!(n k )!
M P S R N
~
) Cnk = n +kk 1 .
0 1 2,5 3 5
.3.1 n k-
) . 3.1.
) Vnk = n(n 1)(n 2)K(n k +1)
| MP | | RN | 1 2 3
P(B) = P(Q MP) + P(Q RN ) =+ = + = . ~
| MN | | MN | 5 5 5 ) Vnk = n k .

, .
.
n
. Pn =Vnn = n! .
1. 12 cm
, , Cn0 = 1, Vn0 = 1, P0 = 1 .
.
4.1.
- 36 cm2 - 81 cm2 .
.
4. . . ( 212)
( 0,1,2,,9,
) , .. ,
~
. V103 =103 =1000 .

13 14
 ~ . k n
, V102 = 10 2 = 100 . ,
( ) k- , , n = Cnk .
n =1000 100 = 900 . , , r k-r
. ,
m =V103 V92 =10.9.8 9.8 = 648 . , P( A) = 648 = 0,72 . :
900
(
4.2. S
)
. e, - , ,
( N-M ).
7, 6, - 2 12.
r ,
. k-r
. 1) , C Nk rM . r-
, 11 : r . m = C r .C k r ,
C M M N M
S 2,3,...,11,12.
, . (4.2).
2) ij ={ i , j .
1.
}. , - .
ij ji , .. , 2. 3 .
.
6 3. , 10 . 4
~
. , n = C62 = 7 =
2 2
()
7.6
= 21 ,
. ,
, ={
}, ={ }, ={
{S = 6} {S = 7} , - }.
(6=1+5=2+4=3+3, 7=1+6=2+5=3+4). 4. 10
3/21, , .
. 5. , , , , .
. ?
3) , ( 6. 6 . : )
), ={ ij } , , ) 240.
7. 10 , , , , , , , , , .
ij (i, j =1,K,6) .
?
~ 5 6
n =V62 = 6 2 = 36 . P ( S = 6) = , P ( S = 7) = , 8. 4 2 . 2 .
36 36 ?
. 9. 10 . 2 2/15.
4.1. 4.2 , ?
10. b , c d .
. : )
, ; ) .
. 11. 40 10 . 20
4.3. M N-M . . 5 .
k ( k min(M , N M ) . 12. n m . k (k>m) .
.
- r . , 13. 4 , 4 4 . 4
r C k r
CM 1 , 2 1 .
N M
P ( A) = (4.2)
C Nk

15 16
14. 5.2. ( ).
5. . . H1, H 2,K, H n ,
3.2.) P(H i ) > 0 ( i = 1K
, , n ).
A2 ={ }
P(H k )P( A | H k )
. : P(H k | A) = n
, k = 1,2,,Kn . (5.2)
5.1. ( ). P(Hi )P( A | Hi )
i =1
H1, H 2,K, H n
P( A I H k ) P(H k )P( A| H k )
, P(H i ) > 0 ( i = 1,K, n ). . P(H k | A) = = n .
P( A)
n
P( A) = P(H i )P( A | H i ) (5.1)
iP( H ) P( A | H i )
i =1
i =1 5.2.
. , i j .
H i I H j = H1 UKU H n = . ?
. H1 ,
(5.1)
A = AI = AI (H1 U H 2 UKU H n ) = ( A I H1) U ( A I H 2 )KU ( A I H n ) , ,
P(H1)P( A | H1) 0,14
. P(H1 | A) = = 0,20 .
, P(H1)P( A | H1) + P(H 2 )P( A | H 2 ) + P(H 3 )P( A | H 3 0,66
P( A) = P( AI H1) + P( AI H 2 ) +K+ P( AI H n ) = , P(H1 | A) < P(H1) , .
.
= P(H1)P( A | H1) + P(H 2 )P( A | H 2 ) +K+ P(H n )P( A | H n ) ,
, .
, , , ,
(
). , .
5.1. 20 7 , 10 5.3. ( )
3 . , 0,15.
0,4, - , 0,9
0,8 1. 0,02 .
( )? ,
. ( , .
H1 ) ( H 2 ) ( . ={ }
H , P(H ) = 0,15 , P(H ) = 0,85 .
H 3 ). P(H1) = 7 , P(H 2 ) = 10 , P(H 3) = 3 (
20 20 20
). ={ } , P( A | H ) = 0,9

P( | H ) = 0,02 . (5.2)
P( A| H1) = 0,4 , P( A| H 2 ) = 0,8 , P( A | H 3 ) = 0,9 .
P(H )P( A| H ) 0,15.0,9
(5.1) P(H | A) = = = 0,89 .
P( A) = P(H1)P( A | H1) + P(H 2 )P( A | H 2 ) + P(H 3 )P( A | H 3 ) = P(H )P( A| H ) + P(H )P( A| H ) 0,15.0,9 + 0,85.0,02

= 1 (7.0,4 + 10.0,8 + 3.1) = 0,69.
.
20 1. 20 4 , 10 6
0,9
. ,
, 0,7 0,5 .
3.2. . .

17 18
2. , 96% .

0,98, 0,05. ) 7)
, :
. 1. ( ):
P( AI B) = P( A)P(B | A) = P(B)P( A | B) .
1) , n : P( A1 I A2 IKI An ) = P( A1)P( A2 | A1)KP( An | A1 IKI An 1) .
(, ).
: P( A I B) = P( A)P(B) .
2)
. 2. ( )
,
P( A U B) = P( A) + P(B) P( A I B)
,
( ). n -
, - . P( A1 UKU An ) =1 P( A1 IKI An ) .
3) ( ) : P ( A I B I C ) = P ( A) + P( B) + P (C ) .
A U B A I B , 3. H1, H 2,K, H n
.
, :
4) : 1) n
; 2) P( A) = P(H i )P( A | H i ) ( )
- i =1
: P(H k )P( A | H k )
1) 0 P( A) 1 ; 2) P() = 1 ( P(
/ ) = 0 ); P(H k | A) = n
, k = 1,2,,Kn ( ).
P(Hi )P( A | Hi )

3) Ai I A j = i j , P U Ak = P( Ak ) .
i =1
n n .
5) , 1. 2 .
. : . : ={ }; B={
( ) 3}, ={ 5}, D={ 6}, F={
. 6}.
2. , , , , . :
( ) ) 5 . .
, , . ) 3 . .
6) : 3. .
,
A B ( ): P( A) P(B) ,
) ,
A= B ( ) P( A) = P(B) ; ) .
4. 1, 2, 3, 4 5.
, P( A I B) =
/ . .
5. 5 5 .
P( A| B) P(B | A) . ?
6. 5 . 3
P(A) P(B) , .. .
7. 5 . 8 .
P( A| B) = P( A) PB | A) = P(B) . ?
, . 8. 5 , 1, 2, 3, 4 5.
( 1) ( 0).

19 20
 20. : ) 8 ,
={ - ; ) 10 , ?
}. 21. 1 2 .
9. 52 2 .
: ={ 2 }. ={ 1 2 0,4 0,6. ,
} 90% 1 70% 2
10. . ={ },
. :
={ 5}, B \ A , A I B , A U B . ) .
11. , . ) 1 , ,
:
) ; ) ; .
) ; ) ; 22. , .
) 5 , 2 3 , - 3 , 1 6
12. 6 . : ) .
; ) ; ) . ) .
13. 0,2. - ?
, ) . ?
- ) .
) 0,65; ) 0,9; ) 0,99. .?
14. 10 23. 3 .
.
15. 2 3 5 . 3 . ={ }, ={
. }, ={ , } ,
16. , 1 2 - , .
, . 2 . 24. 75% -
) , 5% -
. , .
) ={ 77% , 20% -
}, B={ , 3% - .
7}, A I B A U B . :
) ={ }.
17. ,
) B={
, -
}.
. , 0,2,
25. , .
0,3.
5 , 2 3 , - 3 , 1 6
) .
. .
) , .
.
.
) (5 )
.
) ,
. 1)
; 2) .
18. : 1, 2 5 ,
1/10, 1/5 1/4.
: A={ 1 5 }, B={
}, C={ }.
19. 5 , , 10 30, 20
30, - . ,
.
) .
) .
10 .

21 22

6. . . ,
. .

, , , -
.. , . ,

: .
5 ,
; .
,
; { < x }
,
. F ( x) = P( < x) , x (,)
, .
. ,
:
,
. 1) 0 F ( x) 1 ,
, 2) F (x)
, ..
. 3) lim F ( x) = 0 , lim F ( x) =1 ;
x x
( )
, ,
, .. = ( ), . F (x) < x .

6.1. F (x) ,
, , , . {a < b} .
, ( ) = 2 , ( ) = ( ) = 1 , ( ) = 0 . , { < b} { < a} , ,
, , ..
, P( < b) = F (b) , P( < a) = F (a) . , P( < b) = P( < a) + P(a < b) ,
,
.
, , P(a < b) = F (b) F (a) . (6.1)
:
6.1. P( = a )
- ,
. (6.1) b a , ..
- , P( = a) = lim [F (b) F (a)] (6.2)
b a, b > a
, .
6.2.
6.1.
, . . 0, 1 2
:
.
1. x 0 . - 0, < x 0

( = a ) , .. F ( x) = 0 .
( a < b , < c , ), ..

23 24
 1 , , ( xi , p ( xi ))
2. 0 < x 1 . F ( x) = P( < x) = P( = 0) = P( ) =
4 (.7.1).
< x , = 0 .
3. 0,5 0,5
3. 1 < x 2 . F ( x) = P( < x) = P( = 0) + P( = 1) = P( ) + P( ) + ( ) =
4 0,25
4. x > 2 . 2 < x , F ( x) = P( < x) = 1 .
. 6.1. 0 1 2 xi 0 1 2 xi
,
F (x) .7.1. .7.2.

1 ,
0,75 ,
, ( xi , pi ) ,
0,25 (.6.1). . . 7.1 7.2

0 1 2 x , 6.1.
, . -
. 6.1 , F (x)
,
. , < x ,
7. . , - .
, F ( x) = pi ( pi = p ( xi ) ). :
. xi < x

0, x x1
F (x) , , p1, x1 < x x2
x1 x2 K xi K p1 + p2, x2 < x x2 lim F ( x) =1 .
F ( x) =
p p1 p2 K pi K K x

x1 , x2 , xi ,... p1 + K + pk 1, x 1 < x x
K
pi = P( = xi )
F (x) a b
xi . ,

pi =1 , (7.1) P(a < b) = F (b) F (a) .

P( = a) = lim [F (b) F (a )] .
. b a, b > a
. 6.1
p ( x i ) = P ( = x i ) = p i , i =1,2,K , 6.1.
,
. .
x1 , x2 , xi ,... : P( A) = p , 0 p 1 .
1) p ( x ) =1 ;
i
i 2) P( < ) = p ( x ) ,
xi : < xi
i
0 1,
, .

25 26
 7.1. ,
, , ,
P( A) = p . = +
. P( = 1) = P( A) = p , P( = 0) = P( A) = 1 p = q , , ,
q A . , .. ( ) = ( ) + ( )
0 1 . .
, . , q + p = (1 p ) + p =1 .
P q p
0 1, : , , = sin , = ( E )( E ) .
x(,0] F ( x) = P( < x) = 0 ( < x 7.3. .
). 0,1 0,2 .
.
x (0,1] { < x } ,
) :
{ = 0 }, F ( x) = P( < x) = P( = 0) =1 p ,. -
x (1,) F ( x) = P( < x) = P( = 0) + P( = 1) = q + p =1 . - .
) = + -
0, x (,0]
.
, F ( x) = q, x (0,1] . ) 10 .
1, x (1,) -
7.2. .
P( A) = p . . . 0,1 2.
,
- . A1 ={ } A2 ={
.
}.
1,2,3,,( ). P( A) =1 p = q ,
P( = 0) = P( A1 I A2 ) = 0,9.0,9 = 0,81 , P( = 2) = P( A1 I A2 ) = 0,1.0,1 = 0,01 ,
p (1) = P( =1) = P ( A) = p , p (2) = P( = 2) = P( A I A) = qp ,
P( =1) = P(( A1 I A2 ) U ( A1 I A2 )) = 0,1.0,9 + 0,9.0,1= 0,09 + 0,09 = 0,18
P( = 3) = P( A I A I A) = q 2 p .. , ,
p (n) = pq n 1, n = 1, 2,K ,
0 1 2 0 1 2
1 2 3 K n K , .
. (7.2) p 0,81 0,18 0,01 p 0,64 0,32 0,04
P p pq pq 2 K pq n 1 K
(7.1). , , ) 0, 1, 2, 3 4.
| q |< 1 , ,
(!)
p + pq + pq 2 + K + p n 1 + K = p. 1 = p. 1 = 1 . 0 1 2 3 4
.
1 q p p 0,5184 0,3744 0,0964 0,0104 0,0004
(7.2) ) , ,
, .
, =10 .
.
0, 10, 20, 30, 40 ,
p = 0,5 , .
,
p =1/ 6 . -, .

27 28
 (,

8.2), .
E ( E , m , M , m ),
, , 7.3.
0.
. E = x p ( x ) ,
i i (8.1)
1. . ,
1 , , 1 . xi .
- , (8.1)
. .
- ? ,
2. 6 . ,
. .
3. 3 . -
, - 5 , :
4. 10 1 .
. 1) , EC = C .
, : ) ) . 2) , E(C ) = CE .
8. 3) 1 2 E(1 2 ) = E1 E 2 .
.
,
4) 1 2 ,
E(12 ) = E1 E2 .
.
, 5) = f ( ) ,
. f ,
,
E = E ( f ( )) = f ( x ) p ( x )
i i

0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4 ,
,
P 0,1 0,1 0,2 0,1 0,5 P 0,1 0,1 0,2 0,2 0,4 . ,
-, = E .
100 , , . ,

.
10.0 +10.1. +10.2 + 20.3+ 50.4 = 2,90 10.0 +10.1+ 20.2 + 20.3+ 40.4 = 2,70 .
100 100 (
)
, - .

,
D = E ( E ) 2 = ( x E )
i
2p
( xi ) (8.2)
(..
, .
= E ).

:
x1 x2 K xn K 1) D = E 2 (E ) 2 , E 2 = xi2 pi (8.3)
.
P p ( x1 ) p ( x i ) K p ( x n )K 2) D 0
3) , D = 0

29 30
 4) , D(C ) = C 2 D = D = 2,92n = 1,71 n .
5) 1 2 , D(1 2 ) = D1 + D2 . ,
, .
8.1. (8.3)
. , i .
. , ( . 4.2).
E D
= D
:
.
8.1.
k = E ( k ) = x k
i p ( xi ) - k ( k = 0,1,K )

( 8.1).
1 7
k = E ( E ) k = ( x E )
i
k p ( xi ) - k
. E = (1+ 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6) = , ( k = 2,3,K ).
6 2
0 = 1 , 1 = E , 2 = E 2 ,
E 2 = (12 + 22 + 32 + 4 2 + 52 + 62 )= 91 ,
1 ,
6 6 0 =1, 1 = 0 , 2 = D
91 49 35
D = E 2 (E ) 2 = = = 2,92 ,
6 4 12
2 = D = 2 12 , (8.4)

, = D = 2,92 = 1,71 . v3 = 3 31 2 + 2 23
8.2. ( 7.3). 4 = 4 413 + 612 2 314
. , :.
?
3
. : a = -
E = 0.0,81 + 1.0,18 + 2.0,01 = 0,2 , E = 0.0,64 + 1.0,32 + 2.0,04 = 0,4 . 3

= 44 3 - p .
,
E = E[10( +)] =10(E + E) =10.0,6 = 6
.
8.3. n . 1. .
1 36 , . , ,
. , , ,
0 00.
. k k- , .
k 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4
7 35 2. D .
1 1 1 1 1 1 . , E k = , D k = = 2,92 , P 0,1 0,2 0,4 0,2 0,1
P 2 12
6 6 6 6 6 6 0 1 2
3. 1 1 1 .
k = D = 1,71 . P
2 3 6
= 1 + 2 + K + n . 1 , 2 ( 1) 2 ,
k , : .
7n 4. 1 2 D1 =11 D 2 = 4 .
E = E (1 + 2 + K + n ) = E1 + E 2 + K + E n =
2 = 21 5 2 , = 2 .
D = D(1 + 2 + K + n ) = D1 + D 2 + K + D n = 2,92n

31 32
 1 0 1 2 2. 0 < x R { 0 < x } ,
5. 1 1 1 3 .
P 16 4 2 16 , .. F ( x) = P(M k (O, x)) =
x 2 = x 2
P ( > 0) , , E . R 2 R 2
. 3. R < x { < x } , R -
9. . , F ( x) = 1 ,
. , , .
0, x 0
x2
, .. , , F ( x) = 2 0 < x R ,
, R 1 x > R
. ,
{ = a} {a < b} 9.2.
P(1 < 0) = F (0) F (1) = 0 0 = 0 ,
(,
), P( R < R ) = F ( R ) F ( R ) = 1 1 = 5 .
. (. 6), 3 2 2 3 4 9 36
, , ,
( ), ,
F ( x) = P( < x) x (,) , 1) 0 F ( x) 1 ,
, . 2) F (x) x
lim F ( x) = 0 , lim F ( x) =1 ,
3)
. x x
9.1. k(,R) 4) P(a < b) = F (b) F (a)
R. D
{=},
. -
6.1,
(. 9.1).
P( = a) = lim P(a < b) = lim[F (b) F (a)] = 0 .
ba ba
.. P(1 < 0) , P( R / 3 < R / 2 ) . , :
. A = {M D} P( = a) = 0 ,
P( A) =
S(D)
( (3)). P(a < < b) = P(a < b) = P(a b) = P(a < b) = F (b) F (a)
R 2 , ,
{ < x } . : .
F (x) p (x) , .:

( )
M 0 R x 0 R x ,
. 9.1. .9.2. . 9.3. p ( x) = F( x) .
,
1. x 0 . F ( x) = P( < x) = 0 ,

.
F ( x + x) F ( x) P( x < x + x)
p ( x) = lim = lim
x 0 x x 0 x
33 34
 ,
:

1) p ( x) 0 ; 2) p ( x)dx =1 .
. 9.3 . 9.4
b x -
3) P(a < b) = p ( x)dx 4) F ( x) = p (t)dt ,
a p (x) . , 9.1 p ( x) > 0
, p (x) F (x) , [0, R ) , ,
, . 9.2, p ( x) > 0
:
x ,
p ( x) = F( x) , F ( x) = p (t)dt . . ,
,
2 x / R 2 x[0, R) 9.1 - ,
, 9.1. p ( x) = F ( x) =
. x = R , 9.2 x = 0 .
0 x[0, R)
[a,b)
Mo ,
p ( x) = max , .
b
9.2 x = 0 .
P(a < b) = F (b) F (a) P(a < b) = p ( x)dx 9.1
a , .
, , ,
P(a < b) , 0 < p < 1 :
[a, b] .
x p , P( < x p ) = p .
. 9.2. F ( x) = a + barctg x
F ( x) = p .
( ).
b. x (pkp) , P( x (pkp) ) = p .
.
. , x (pkp) = x1 p .
.
lim F ( x) = 0 a + b lim arctg x = 0 a b = 0 - :
x x 2
M e ( Q2 ) 0,5, .. M e = Q2 = x0,5 .

lim F ( x) =1 a + b lim arctg x =1 a + b =1 , Q1 0,25.
x x 2
1 1 Q3 0,75.
a = , b = , ,
2 0,1, 0,2 ..
0,01, 0,02 ..(
F ( x) = 1 + 1 arctgx . 1%- ..)
2
p ( x) = F( x) =
1 .
(1 + x 2 ) 9.1.
.9.3 .9.4. .

35 36
 9.3. 10. ,
0,25 9.2. .
. x0,25 x0,75 ,
p (x) . ,
F ( x) = 1 1 + 1 arctgx = 1 arctgx = x = tg = 1 .
4 2 4 4 4
3 1 1 3
F ( x) = + arctgx = arctgx = x = tg = 1 .
4 2 4 4 4 E = xp ( x)dx - (
, x0,25 = 1 .

x0(kp ) (kp ) m , M , m )
,25 = x1 0,25 = x0,75 , x0,75 = x0,25 = 1 .
.
1. [0,1] D = E( E ) 2 = ( x E ) 2 p ( x)dx -
Ox , OM = . ,

, = D - .
.
( ).
0 x < 1
2. F ( x) = a + barcsin x 1 x 1 . , :
1 x >1
:
b.
. 1. , EC = C .
3. p ( x) = ae | x | 2. , E(C ) = CE .
P(1 < < 2) . 3. 1 2 E(1 2 ) = E1 E 2 . (10.1)
0, x<0 4. 1 2 ,
4. F ( x) = 0,25 x 2 , 0 x 2
1, x>2 E(1 2 ) = E1 E 2 .
. , 5. = f ( ) ,
0,3 0,1.
f ,
5.

.
.
E = f ( x) p

( x)dx
)
.. :
) 1 , 2 ( 1) 2 .

6.
2
1. D = E 2 (E ) 2 , E 2 = 2
p ( x)x dx (10.2)
p ( x) = kx (2 x) x [0, 2] . : ) k ; )
0 x [0, 2] 2. D 0
; ) P(1 x 2] .
3. , DC = 0
4. , D(C ) = C 2 D
5. 1 2 , D(1 2 ) = D1 + D2 .

37 38
 E D :
1. :
k = p ( x) x
k
k: dx ( k = 1,2,K )


. .
F ( x) = P( < x) F ( x) = P( < x)

k: k = ( x E ) k p ( x) dx ( k = 2,3,K )
-. . -.
0 F ( x) 1 lim F ( x) = 0 , lim F ( x) =1
x x

(8.4)
, :
p ( x ) = P( = xi ) = pi , i =1,2,K

x1 x2 K xn K p ( x)dx =1 , p ( x) 0
v3 P p ( x1 ) p ( xi ) K p K( xn )
,
a = - : p ( x) = F( x) ,
3
a > 0 : a = 0 a < 0
p ( xi ) =1 x
F ( x) = p (t)dt
F ( x) = p ( x )
xi < x
i

{ a < b } { a < b }
P(a < b) = F (b) F (a) = p ( x )
x i :a x i < b
i
b
P(a < b) = F (b) F (a) = p ( x)dx
v4 a
= 3 -
4 2. :
p (x) x i p ( x i ) .


: E = .
10.1.
1 , x[a, b]

xp ( x)dx .

p ( x) = b a :
0, x[a, b] 1) EC = C .
( (a,b) ) 2) E (C ) = CE
. : 3) E(1 2 ) = E1 E 2 .
a b
E = xp ( x)dx = 0dx + 1 xdx + 0dx = b a = a + b .
2 2
4) E(1 2 ) = E1 E 2 , 1 2 .
b a 2( b a ) 2
a b 6) = f ( ) ,
b
(b3 a 3) b2 + ab + a 2
E 2 = x 2 p ( x)dx = 1 a
x 2 dx = = f ,
ba 3(b a) 3


f ( x k ) p ( x k ), .
(b a) 2
D = E 2 (E ) 2 = b + ab + a b + 2ab + a =
2 2 2 2
, E =
3 4 12


f ( x) p ( x)dx,

39 40


( x i E ) 2 p ( x i ) 3. 4 2 . ) 0 3
. ={2
: D = . }, ={ 2 }. ) 2

( x E ) p ( x)dx
2 . -
, , D .
: 4. ,
1) D = E 2 (E ) 2 , 3) D(C ) = C 2 D 1 2

2) DC = 0 4) D(1 2 ) = D1 + D2 , 1 2 1 2 1 0 1 2 2 2 1 0 1 2
,
. P 0,1 0,2 0,4 0,2 0,1 P 0,05 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,05
= D 5. p ( x) = a cos x ,

x ik p ( x i ) . x

,
2 2

. : ) ; ) P(| |> ; ) E )
4
k: k = .

.
x p ( x)dx .
k
6.

0, x < 3

( x E ) p ( x )
i
k
i . 3 9
p ( x) = x 2 + x a, 3 x 5 . : , , , E , P(3< < 4) .

4 2
k: k = .
( x E ) p ( x)dx
k . 0, x > 5
7. 4 . ,

,
:
0 1 2 3 4
0 =1 , 1 = E , 2 = E 2
P 0,10 p 0,40 0,15 0,05
, : a)

2 = D = 2 12 ; ) o
- 3; ) ; )
v3 = 3 31 2 + 2 23 .
0 1 2
4 = 4 413 + 612 2 314 8. 1 1 1 .
P
v3 2 3 6
: a =
3 1 , 2 ( 1) 2 .
v4
: = 3 . .
4 k (1 + x 2 ), x [0,1]
9. p ( x) =

0, x [0,1]
0 1 2 3 4 1
P 0
1. .
P p 2p 4p 2p p .. : ) k; ) ; )
3
: ) ; ) P(0 < 3) ; )
a ; ) D .
F (x) x = 3,4 , ) . 0, x < 1


0, x < 0 10. F ( x) = a( x 3 + 3x + 2), 1 x 1
1, x >1
2. F ( x) = ax 2 , 0 x 2 .
1, x > 2 . ) ; )
, , P(0 < <1) ; ) .
, - 1.

41 42
 - k , n k - .
, , k
11. , n k
.
Cnk , pk (1 p) = pk qnk
( ), ..

, . P = p k q n k + p k q n k +K+ p k q n k = C nk p k q n k .
144444
42444444
3
C nk

(kn )a () () ()
n .
( a + b) n = nk bk = a n + n a n 1b + n a n 2b 2 + K + n a n k b k + K + b n
1 2 k ,
k =0
k = 0,1,K, n
Cnk ( 4)
P ( = k ) = P (k ) = C nk p k q n k , (q = 1 p) (11.1)

()
Cnk = n =
k
n(n 1)(n 2)K(n k + 1)
k!
() ()
, k = 0,1,K,n , Cn0 = n = 1 , Cnn = = 1
0
n
n
( ~ B(n, p) ).

,

C n = n, C n2 =
1 n (n 1)
2
, C n3 =
n (n 1)( n 2)
1 .2 .3
5
, C14 ( )
= 14 =
5
14 .13 .12 .11 .10
1 .2 .3 .4 . 5
= 2002 .
E = np , D = npq . (11.2)

, :
, .. , - n , P( A) = p
. ,
. , .
.
- , ,
,

.
. ,

.
. , 5.3
P( A) = p ( ) P( A) =1 p = q p = 0,1 , n = 2 p = 0,2 , n = 2 .
( ) . , M o = k0 (
,
Pn (k ) -), ,
P( A) = p

, .
np + p 1 k0 np + p . (11.3)
. p
(11.2)
n ,
( n )
, n k
. i ( 7.1)
C nk p k q n k , k = 0,1,K, n , i- . i
q =1 p A . i 0 1
, Ei = p , Di = q(0 p)2 + p(1 p)2 = qp(q + p) = qp .
P q p
. 1,2,,n .
k , i , ,
k- ( (4)). n = 1 + 2 +K+n .
(1,2,k) ,

43 44
 , ,

> 0 ( ~ Po( ) ),
E = E1 + E2 +K+ En = np ,
0,1, 2,K, n,K
D = D1 + D2 +K+ Dn = npq .
11.1. 14 , k
P ( = k ) = p (k ) = e , k = 0,1,K,n,K (11.5)
0,2. : ) - k!
; )

, - 4 .
. .
, P( = k ) = 1 . ,
k =0
p = 0,2 n = 14 , (.. ~ B (14, 0,2) ),
k k e .
, P ( = k ) = P (k ) = C14
k 0,2 k 0,814 k , k = 0,1,K,14 . P( = k ) =e k! =e e =1 , k!
k =0 k =0 k =0
) (8.2) - :
14.0,2 0,8 k0 14.0,2 + 0,2 2 k0 3 , .. = 2 = 3 ,
(11.5) E = , D = .
P14(2) = C14
2 0,220,812 0,25 , P14(3) = C14
3 0,2k 0,811 0,25 .

) P( 4) = 1 P( < 4) = 1 P14 (0) P14 (1) P14(2) P14(3) 0,302 . ,

,
11.1. , k

n , A n k , .. ( ) = << 1 , (11.4),
~ B ( n, p ) - ~ B (n, q ) - = np (
A P ( = k ) = P ( = n k ) = C p q k k nk
. ).
n
,
. ()
Cnk , ,
p k q n k - , . , t :
P(k ) k
E = np p = E / n ,
t k t ;
()
nk
n.(n 1)K[n (k 1)] E E k
P (k ) = n p k q n k = 1 = - P(k )
k k! n n ;
( E ) k n 1 k 1 E n E k ( E ) k E
= 1 K1 1 1 e n . .
k! n n n n n k! , ,
, .
k , -
P (k ) = C nk p k q n k e , = E = np . (11.4)
k! , t,
(11.5), = at
, , , t. , ,
. , , t
B (n, p ) n .
, . 11.2.
0,001. 1000
- 2 ( ).

45 46
 . , .
0,3679 1. ( ).
np = 1000.0,001 = 1 , e = e1 = 0,3679 , .. P1000 (k ) , - 4 .
k!
2. - :
k = 0,1,2,K P( 2) =1 P( < 2) =1 P ( = 0) P( =1) = 0,2641 . ) 3 4 5 8 ; ) - 3 4 - 5 8
11.3. , .
, 3. , 2 3. 6 . : )
; ) ; ) .
: ) 4 ; ) - 4; ) . 4.
( e 6 = 0,0025 ). . ) 0,1339;) 0,1522; ) 0,8478. 0,1. ) 5 ; ) 300
.
, . 5. 500
. 0,002. , : ) 3 ; ) -
3; ) ; .) .
0 < p < 1 -
6. B(8, 1 3) . ) P( 2) , )
1,2,,n, P( = i) = pqi 1 , P( 2) .)
q
q =1 p . E = 1 , D = 2 .
7. , ,
p p 30 1 . , 1
- 2 .
- 8. 5 . :
, P( A) = p , ) ; ) ; )
4 .
7.2. 9. 0,01.
, - 0,95,
. .
, . , 10. , E = 3,75 , = 0,25 15 .
, .
q=1. , P(2 < 4) .
T = k 11. , ,
, k . 25 0,1.
. ( 4.2.) .
12. 6 4 . ) 0 3
. ={
N , M N , n N -
}, ={ }. ) 3
i C n i
CM . -
i = 0,1,2,K, min(M , n) , P ( = i ) = N M i = 0,1,2,K, min(M , n) .
C Nn , , D .
13. 6 4 . .
E = np , D =
N n np(1 p) , p = M . , , .
N 1 N ) i i-
( i =1,2,3,4 ).
- 5 35, 6 49.
) = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 .
, 6 49,
N = 49 - , M = 6 - , .
n = 6 - . 14. 3 7 . ,
6 i , .
C6i C43 , ?
i = 0,1,K,6 P( = i ) = (
C496 15. :
4.3)

47 48
 1 0 2 4 5 12.2. (
.
P p 0,3 p 0,2 0,3 ).
: ) p; ) , D , ) P(0 < 3) . (
) -
12. .
(
.
). ,
( 10.1) T .
.
1
p ( x) = b a , x [a,b] - [a,b] ,
. ,
0, x [a,b] t k ( k )
(t) k e t
(b a) 2 P(k,t) = () .
E = a + b , D = . k!
2 12 FT (t ) = P(T < t ) .
,
, - P(T < t) t.
. t < 0 , , , FT (t) = 0 .
12.1. , 1 t 0 , P(T < t) = 1 P(T t) . P(T t)
. 0,5 . .
, , t , ..
. , P(T t) = P(0,t) = e t , FT (t ) =1 e t .
( ).
, pT (t) = FT (t) = e t , t 0 pT (t) = 0 t < 0 .
.
, (0; 1,5] , 12.3. ,
, 10
(. 12.1). . ,
, P( A) = P( < 1) =
2 . 6 18 .
3 .
2
3

, ET =
1 = 10 = 0,1 p (t) = 0,1e0,1t , t > 0 ,
T

0 1 1,5
FT (t) =1 e0,1t . P 1 < T < 3 = FT 3 FT 1 = 0,0479 .
.12.1.
4 4 4 4

. = + .
2. ( )
= z ,
e x , x0 1 z. ,
p ( x) = E = 1 D = 2 . (12.2)
0 x<0 = u ,
= z u . ,
:

,
,
p ( z) = p (u) p ( z u)du ,

,
- , . p ( x) p ( x) (

49 50
p ( x) p ( x) p ( x) ). = 2 n = 3K
, ,7
12.2
, ,
13. .
= +
,
E = E + E , D = D + D .
, .
12.4. ,

, , ( x a) 2
,
p ( x) = 1 e 2 2 (13.1)
. 2
. 1, 2 ,K n ,K , ( )
(12.2). .

1) 2 = 1 + 2 p 2 ( z) = p1 (u) p 2 ( z u)du , a = E , = = D .

z . , a = 0, e = 0
u0 , (13.1) N (a, ) -
, .. 0 u z ,
z u0
( ~ N (a, ) ). p (x) , .
z z
p 2 ( z) = p1 (u) p 2 ( z u)du = e u.e (z u) du = 2e z du = 2e z z . 13.1, , ,
0 0 -,
.
2 ze z z 0
, p 2 ( z) = . a a + .
0 z<0
2) 3 = 1 + 2 + 3 = 2 + 3

z
p 2 ( z) = p 2 (u) p 3 ( z u)du = 2e u.e ( z u)udu = z e z z 0 .
3 2

0 2!
, n = 1 + 2 + K + n

.13.1. . 13.2.
x
n n 1
x
x 0 , E = n , D = n , N (0,1) ,
p n ( x) = (n 1)! e
e

n
n
2 Z.
0 x<0

( ). x 2

( x) = pZ ( x) = 1 e 2
14
f(2,3,x)

f(2,4,x)

2
12 f(2,5,x)
f(2,6,x)
f(2,7,x)
f(2,8,x)

. 13.2.
10

8

6

4
x t2

2
F ( x) = 1 e 2 dt , F ( x) = 1 F ( x) .
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 2
. 12.2

51 52
 F ( x) x 0 (.168). x > 0
: F ( x) = 0,5 + ( x)
P(Z < ) = F ( ) , P(Z > ) =1 F ( ) ,
-
P( < Z < ) = F ( ) F ( ) N (a, )
, P(Z < 1,46) = F (1,46) = 0,9279 ; a a
P( < < ) = , P(| a |< ) = 2
P(Z 2,21) = 1 F (2,21) = 1 0,9864 = 0,0136 ;
P(Z < 0,33) = F (0,33) =1 F (0,33) =1 0,6179 = 0,3821 ; ,
,
P(0 < Z < 1) = F (1) F (0) = 0,8413 0,5 = 0,3413 .
~ N (a, ) ,
: (15).
:
a a
P( < < ) = F F (13.2) 13.1.
X 1 N (a1, 1) X 2 N (a2 , 2 ) ,
: a1 + a2
a
P( < ) = F , P( < ) =1 F a 12 + 22 , ..

X 1 + X 2 N (a1 + a2 , 12 + 22 ) .
P(| a |< ) = 2F 1 (13.3) .

13.1.
a = 1,5cm (
. ,
), = 0,04cm ( ). )
P(| a |< 2 ) = 2F 2 1 = 2.F (2) 1 = 0,9544 . ,

0,07 . )
P(| a |< 3 ) = 2F 3 1 = 2.F (3) 1 = 0,9973 . 0,97?
. ) P( A) = P(| 1,5 |> 0,07) = 1 P(| 1,5 | 0,07) .
0,9973 1,
0,07
: (13.3) P(| 1,5| 0,07) = 2F 1 = 2F (1,75) 1 .
0.04

F (1,75) = 0.9599 . , P( A) =1 0,96 = 0,04 .
P(| a |< 3 ) 1 ,
) P(| 1,5 |< ) = 0,97 .
.. | a |< 3 . (13.3) :

13.2. P(| 1,5|< ) = 2F 1 = 0,97 F = 0,985 ,

0,04 0,04


= 2,17 0,09 .
z 0,04

x2
( z) = 1 13.2. N (2,1) .

e 2 dx , (z) = ( z)
2
0 0 z 0 < < 3 .

53 54
 .
x2
( ) 1)


1. : F (1,2) , F (2) , F (2,34) , F(-0,75). e 2 dx = ( z =
2 2
2. Z ~ N (0,1) : 0

P(1,5 < Z < 2,34) , P(1,2 < Z < 2,2) ,

P(2,5 < Z < 2,5) , P(Z < 1,44) , ,

P(Z < 2,2) , P(Z > 0,35) ,
P(Z > 2,6) .
N (0,1) .
3. X ~ N (36,10) . : ) P ( X > 48) ;
P (30 < X < 40) ; ) P(| X 36 |< 0,03) . - .

4. ~ N (56,10) . : P( > 68) , P(56 < < 65) , 1,K,k N (0,1) , , = 12 +K+k2
P(42 < < 52) , P( < 36) . 2 - k . (--
5. , P( > 58,39) = 0,0217 ,
) ~ 2 (k ) .
P( < 41,82) = 0,0287 .
.
6. x, ) F ( x) = 0,9660 , ) F ( x) = 0,3783 , ) F ( x) = 0,9495 , E = k , D = 2k .
x
) F ( x) = 0,0224 , ) F ( x 3) = 0,0591 , ) F = 0,8087 , ) F (2 x) = 0,6217 .
3
7.
450 3 .
444 452 .
8. , 11- 146
8 .
a) ?
, 138 154 ?
) , - 130 ?
) , - 162 ?
9. , , 200, .15.1.
22,8 .
) , 20% 23,3 ,
X ; 1 k 1 x
) - 21,82. k2 k x 2 e 2 , x 0
, X = 0,42 p ( x) = 2 .
2
0, x < 0
14.
.15.1
, k.
k .

-: ( z) = x z 1e x dx
0 k
1) (1) = 1 , 2) ( z +1) = z( z) . (n + 1) = n! , n- . 2p (k ) ,

3) ( z)(1 z) =
. . 170.
sin z
3) , ,
df (degree of
freedom).

55 56
 k x = 2p (k ) , k
k +1
1 x2 2
( 14.2) pt ( x) = Cx 2 1+ , x (, ) , (14.1)
k

k +1
C =
1 2 .
k k
2
0.4
(14.1) ,
2p (k )
t(1,x)
t(2,x)
0.35 t(3,x)
t(4,x)

.14.2. 0.3 Oy (.14.4).
14.1. ~ 2 (12) . 0.25 k = 1

12 22 , 0.2

p( x) = 1
P( < 12 ) = P( > 22 ) = 0,025 . P( 12 < < 22 )
0.15 ( 9.2).
0.1
(1+ x 2 )
. , 12 0,025 , 0.05
F-

: 12 = 02,025 (12) = 4,40 . 0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Fp (k ) , k
22 0,025. .
P( > 22 ) = 1 P( 22 ) = 1 0,025 = 0,975 , . 169
0,9, 0,95, .., - .
.. 22 0,975 22 = 02,975 (12) = 23,34 (.15.3) 14.2. ,
~ t(12) 0,9.
. , P( x < < x) = P(| |< x) = 0,9 .
,
1
P( < x) = P( > x) = (1 0,9) = 0,05 ,
2
12 22 .. 0,05.
.15.3. , :
x = t0(kr )
,05 (12) = t1 0,05 (12) = t0,95 (12) = 1,78 .
P( 12 < < 22 ) = 1 P( 12 ) P( 22 ) = 1 0,025 0,025 = 0,95
14.1. t-
. , , k
P( x < < x) = P(| |< x) = p .
N (0,1) 2 - k , ,

, = , . 14.5
( ), . 14.5. (
k ). t p t p ,
(t - ) k ( ~ t(k ) ). ,
~ t(k ) t p = t1+ p , t p = t2 p 1
2

57 58
 Fkr (k1,k2 )
tp t p
.14.5. .14.5. . 14.7.
Fp (k1,k2 )
-. 1 p :
Fp (k1,k2 ) = F1kr
p (k1,k 2 )
k1
~ 2 (k1) ~ 2 (k2 ) , = ,
1
k2 , ~ F (k1, k2 ) ~ F (k2 , k1) , = . ,

F- k1 k2 ( x1 > 0 { > x1}
-), ~ F (k1, k 2 ) ). 1 > x , < 1 .
1 x1
( 14.6)
1
x1 ~ F (k1, k2 ) , .. P( < x1) = .
F(1,1,x)
F(2,2,x)
F(3,4,x)
1 1
P < = , ,
F(4,3,x)
0.8 F(7,5,x)

x1 x1
0.6

~ F (k2 , k1) .
0.4

F (k1, k2 ) F (k2 , k1) :
0.2

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
1 1
F (k1, k2 ) = kr
, Fkr (k1, k2 ) = .
.14.6. F (k2 , k1) F (k2 , k1)

k +k -
k +k k1 1 2
1 2 1 2 k1 k2
p ( x ) = C (k2 + k1x ) 2 x 2 , x 0 , C= (k1) 2 (k2 ) 2 . 1. : ~ B(n, p) ,
0, x < 0 k k k = 0,1,K, n :
1 2
2 2 P( = k ) = p (k ) = Cnk p k q n k , E = np , D = npq (q =1 p )
= 0,1, 0.05 .. k1 k2
: -
Fkr (k1,k2 ) ( , P( A) = p .
. 171 172), .. Fkr (k1,k2 ) 2. > 0 :( ~ Po( ) ),
~ F (k1, k2 ) , P( > F (k1,k2 )) = (.14.7).
kr 0,1,2,K,n,K
k
e , k = 0,1,K,n,K ,
P ( = k ) = p (k ) = E = , D = .
k!
:

59 60
 1) ~ B(n, p) , 3.
= 0,5 . ) -
( ), ~ Po( ) = np .
. : ) , )
2) - .
. 4. , 3 . ,
3. : ~ N (a, ) ), 0,1. )
. - , 2 .
x(,) ) -
( x a) 2 . )
p ( x) = 1 e
?
2 2 ,
2 5.
80 8. )
E = a , D = 2 , = D = a = 0, e = 0 . )
, - 90 ? )
a a
P( < < ) = F F , P(| a |< ) = 2F 1 , - 60 ?
6. 1 0,6. )
1 1 ? )
x t2 10, 11, 12 13 . ?

F ( x) = 1 e 2 dt 7.
2 60
30 . : )
Z ~ N (0, 1) . - 30 ; ) 99%
4. : ?
8.
2 - k : ~ 2 (k ) ,
E =1 . : ) P( < 2) ; ) P( > 2) .
= 12 +K+k2 . 9. , 20% . a)
3
k : ~ t (k ) , . ) .
10. B (8,1 3) . : ) P ( 2) , )
= , N (0,1) 2 (k ) .
k P( 2) .
11. 2 3 . ,
- k1 k2 : , .
, ?
12. 2/3. 4
~ F (k1, k2 ) , = : , ~ 2 (k1) ~ 2 (k2 ) .
k1 k2 - ?
13. ~ B (10, 0,4) ~ N (0,1) ,
.
+ .
1.
, : ) 14. , 5 ,
, , 20 1 ; ) .
5 , , ?
0,8; ) 10 , 15. P ( < 0,95) , : ) ~ 2 (12) ; ) ~t (13) ; ~ F (8,10) .
( ) (9,91; 10,09). ) 16. 4 5 . ,
( ) , , , .
2 . ) , .
, 10 .
2. X ~ N (55,10) . ) P ( X > 70) ;
) P (55 < X < 65) ; ) P (42 < X < 52) .

61 62
 15. . 15.2. Z
13 ( n)
.
1
1 + K + n ) n n (1 + K + n ) EX
- Z= = = ,
. n
, , n n
1 + K + n
. = 1 , 2 ,K, n .
n
1, 2 ,K, n ,K
, (15.1) (15.2) :
, 1 n
. E = E (1 + K + n ) = =
n n , (15.3)
= 1 + 2 + K+ n + K 1 n 2 2
D = 2 D (1 + K + n ) = 2 = , =
( 8) n n n n
E = E(1 + 2 + K + n ) = 1 + 2 + K + n = n , (15.1) :
D = D(1 + 2 + K + n ) = D1 + D 2 + K + D n = n , 2 (15.2) 1, 2 ,K, n
1 + K + n n , E i = , D i = 2 , i = 1K
, ,n , :
, =
n = 1 + K + n , E = n

EZ =
1
(n n ) = 0, .. Z = D = n 2 = n .
n
e N (n, n) ;
D 1 +K+ D n 0 2 n
2
1
DZ = D( 1 +K+ n n ) = = 2 =1. 1 + K + n
n 2n n = ,
n
, ,
Z, , EZ = 0 , E = =
. -
DZ = 1 , n
, ..
e N ,
.

Z ~ N (0,1) . n
15.1. ,
15.1 ( ). 1, 2 ,K, n ,K

, 3,5 0,1.
100 ( 100)
1 + K + n n .
Z= , <
n
x2 .

lim P( < Z < ) = 1 e 2 dx . . i - i- ,
n 2 i ~ N (3,5; 0,1) .
15.1. , (15.3)
( , ) , 0,12 0,1
E = 3,5 , D = , = = 0,01.
, Z , N (0,1) . 100 10

63 64
 , 13.1, 15.1 . P( A) = p
. , ~ N (3,5; 0,01) , .. - (.. ) i
i - . ,
n -
. i 0 1
, Ei = p , Di = q(0 p) 2 + p(1 p) 2 = qp(q + p) = qp ,
15.1 P q p
1) , 2) = 1 + K + n , k
3) .
n . E = np , = npq ( 11
). 15.1,

~ N (np, npq) ,
.
: 15.2 ( ()
-) ~ B(n, p) ,
( 1022 1
n
), .
[a,b]
, - b np a np
e . P(a b ) F F

.
(15.4)
- npq npq

, n
.
15.2. 49
. .
: ) 30: ) 47 50. (k np) 2

. - Pn (k ) = Cnk p k qn k 1 e 2npq ,
= 49 (
2npq

). = 49 ( e 49 ),
-.
,
15.3.
E = E = = 49 = = = 49 = 7 .
p = 0,5 n = 36 . P ( 21) ,
, ~ N (49, 7) , :
, , : 21 21
36
31,5 49 29,5 49 P( 21) = C36 k p k q 36 k =
k (0,5)36 = 0,8785 - ,
)
P( = 30) = P(29,5 31,5) = F F = k =0 k =0
7 7
=1 F (2,5) 1+ F (2,78) = 0,9973 0,9940 = 0.0033 21 36.0,5
(15.3): P( 21) = F = 0,8413 .
49,5 49 47,5 49 36.0,5.0,5
)
P(47 < < 50) = P(47,5 49,5) = F F =
7 7 15.4. 2500 . , , 6
F (0,7) 1+ F (0,21) = 0,7580 1+ 0.5832 = 0,3412. ,
. ,

65 66
 1 1000 , ( 3 - ).
.
6 = 0,2 . ,
. ={ }. P(C ) =
30
- . ,
,
p = 0,2 n = 2500 . N
, P( > N ) 0,001 . .
,
N 2500.0,2 N 500 0,001
-: P( N < < ) = 1 F = 1 F
2500.0,2.0,8 20 ,
N 500 N 500 4 N 580. .
F 0,9999 . F (4) = 0,9999 , 16.1 ( ).
20 20
, 580 . > 0 ,
15.3.
: D
P(| E |< ) 1 . (16.1)
- Po(np) . 2
. ,
np > 5 - N ( np, npq ) .

. D
P(| E | ) . (16.2)
1. 7, 9, 2
, - .
2. 100 50 . (8.2)
.
D ( p i = p ( x i ) )
3. 1 ,..., 25 25

= 2 . =
1
(1 + K + 25 ) .
D = (x E )
i
i
2p
i = (x E )
xi :| xi E |<
i
2p
i + (x E )
xi :| xi E |
i
2p
i .
25
P ( < 0,25) . ,
4. [10,10] .

| xi E | , ( xi E )2 pi 2 pi .
xi :| xi E | xi :| xi E |
100 - 1?
5. .
1 1 . ) 10
pi = P(| E | ) . , D 2 P(| | ) .
xi :| xi E |
-
5 . ) 0,5 - D D
5 ?
P(| | ) P(| |< ) 1
2
2
6. 1, 2 3
16.1.
0,25, 0,5, 0,25. 72 1500 0,2. .
- 2,1?
,
16. . . ,
- 40.
, .

E = 1500.0,2 = 300 D = 240 .
,

67 68
 (16.1) = 40 : P(| 300 |< 40) 1
240 = 0,15 . D = 12 (D1 + K + D n ) 12 n.C = C ,
402 n n n
16.2. 1000 D
={ }. (16.1), .. P(| E |< ) 1 .
w( A) P( A) -
2
,
0,1.
1 + 2 +K + n
E1 + E 2 + K + E n D
P < 1 2 1 2 .
C
. i i- ,
n n n
1 + K + n
= = m n . n .
n n
, :
1 1 1 1 16.3. () 1 , 2 ,, n ,
= ( E1 + K + E n ) = ..n. = , D = 12 (D1 + K + D n ) = 1 . 1 . 1 = 1 .
n n 2 2 n n 2 2 4n ,
, > 0
m
n = 1000 P 1 < 0,1 1 1 = 39 . + +K+n
1000 2 4000.0,01 40 lim P 1 2 E < = 1 ,
(16.1) n
n
. .
(16.1) (16.2),
. , 2 < D , (16.1) , E1 =K = E n = E .
P(| E |< ) > 0 , .
,
(16.1) , ,
. . , .
, 16.3 .
, ,
,
P( A) = p . k
1 , 2 ,, n ,
1 +2 +K+n
, k- . = m ,
. n n
: . 1 , 2 ,, n
16.2. 1 , 2 ,, n , Ek = p ( 11).
16.3
, .. D1 C ,, D n C , > 0 16.4. () m n
+ + K + n E1 + E 2 + K + E n P( A) = p . , > 0 ,
lim P 1 2 < =1 .
n n n
lim P m p < = 1
n
n
1 + K + n
. =
n
m
w( A) = .
E1 + E 2 + K + E n n
E = ,
n

69 70
 pij
17. - . ( )
.

x1 K xn

p
. ,
, y1 p11 K pn1 , ij =1
.. M M i j
: ym p1m L pnm
; m
; pij p ( x i )
. j =1

1 , 2 ,, n . (1,2,K,n ) { = xi} ,
- , 1 , 2 ,, n - . , pij
. .
- ,
- . .
x1 K xn y1 K ym
.
( ,) . ( ,) P p ( x1 ) K p ( xn ) P p ( y1 ) K p ( ym )
Oxy , ( ,) 17.1. .
, P(( , ) D) , ={ }
D.
={ , 3 } .
( , ) .
( ,) (
.
) ,
. , = 0 = 0 , 1

, .
5 , , P( = 0 I = 0) = 2 = 1 .
. 6 3
, xi . (.18.1)

y j , i = 1,2,K, n, j = 1,2,K, m , ( ,) .
0 1 P ( y i )

- 1 1 2
0
3 3 3 .
p , ( xi , y j ) , 1 1 1
1
( xi , y j ) 6 6 3
1 1
pij , : P ( x i ) 1
2 2
p , ( xi , y j ) = P ( = xi I = y j ) = pij . ,
{ = xi I = y j } ,
( )
p
i j
ij =1 . P( = y j ) = p ( y j ) , (
) P ( = xi ) = p ( xi ) .

71 72
 .
lim F , ( x, y) = lim F , ( x, y) = lim F , ( x, y) = 0 ,
x y x , y
( ,) ,
. lim F , ( x, y) = F ( y), lim F , ( x, y) = F ( x), lim F , ( x, y) = 1
x y x y
p , ( x, y) ,
P(a < b, c < d ) D) = F , (b,d ) F , (a,d ) [F , (b,c) F , (a,c)] .
Oxy , .
:
1) p , ( x, y ) 0, ( x, y ) R ,2 2)
p , ( x, y)dxdy = 1 ;

p p , ( , ) .

p ( xi ) = p ( y j ) =
p (x, y)dxdy .
ij ij
3) P(( x, y)G) = , j i
G

:
p ( x) =

p , ( x, y )dy p ( y ) = p ( x, y)dx, ( , )

,

p ( x) = p , ( x, y)dy - ,
E E , D D .. ,


p ( x) = p , ( x, y)dx - , i

p ( xi ) xi , .
i

p ( yi ) yi , .

E = , E = ,


p ( x ) xdx, .

p ( y ) ydy, .

: F , ( x, y) = P( < x I < y), ( x, y) R .

:
( xi , y j ) , i =1,K, n, j =1,K, m .
p , ( x, y) = p ( x) p ( y)
,
F , ( x, y) . F , ( x, y) = F ( x)F ( y)
:
17.2. ,
x y
2F ,
p , ( x, y) =
xy
, F , ( x, y ) = p ( x, y, )dxdy .

,
p , ( x, y) = 6x 2 y , 0 < x < 1, 0 < y < 1 p , ( x, y) = 0
.
F , ( x, y) .
1
( , ) ,
0
p ( x) = p , ( x, y)dy = 6 x 2 ydy = 3x 2 x (0,1) p ( x) = 0 x (0,1) .
F ( x) = lim F , ( x, y) .
y 1

, :


0
p ( y) = p , ( x, y)dx = 6 x 2 ydx = 2 y y (0,1) p ( y) = 0 y (0,1) .

, p ( x) p ( y) = 3x 2.2 y = 6x 2 y = p , ( x, y) , ,
.

73 74
 17.3. p , ( x, y) = x + y (0 < x < 1, 0 < y < 1)
1 0 1 1 0 1
p , ( x, y) = 0 . ,
1 0,15 0,3 0,35 , 1 0,15 0,3 0,35
.
3 0,05 0,05 0,1 2 0 0 0
.
1 1 3 0,05 0,05 0,1

1 1 .17.2. .17.3.
p ( x) = ( x + y )dy =x + , x (0,1) , p ( y ) = ( x + y ) dx = y + , y (0,1) .
2 2 = 2 (.17.3).
0 0
, p , ( x, y ) p ( x). p ( y ) , .. . x1 + yk , x2 + yk 1 ,, xk + y1
17.4. ( ,) p1, k + p2, k 1 + K+ pk ,1
( k = 1,2,3 ).
1 0 1 + 0 1 2 3 4
.
1 0,15 0,3 0,35 P 0,15 0,3 0,4 0,05 0,1
2 0,05 0,05 0,1 .
1. :
E , E , D D .
xi xi
. ( yj
1 2 3 4 05 61 2
17.1. yj
) 0 1/8 1/16 1/16 1/16 1/16 1/8 ) 1/ 2 5/ 48 10 / 48 5/ 48
1 0 1 1 2 1 1/12 1/12 1/12 1/12 1/12 1/12 1/ 3 1/ 27 4 / 27 4 / 27
P 0,2 0,35 0,45 P 0,8 0,2 1 0 0 1/ 4
: E = 0,2 + 0,45 = 0,25 , E = 1.0,8 + 2.0,2 = 1,2 .
E 2 = (1)2.0,2 +12.0,45 = 0,65 , E = 1 .0,8 + 2 .0,2 = 1,6
2 2 2 2. , ,
1 6 1/ 4 , 2, 3, 4 5 1/8.
D = 0,65 0,25 = 0,5875
2 D = 1,6 1,2 2 = 0,16 . : . ,
. , , .
+ , -
( 12). - 1).
17.5. ( 17.1) 3. 4 1 , 2 3 .
= + , . 1,
. , -1, . 1,
17.1, 0, 1 2, -1, . :
a) , ( , ) ;
P( = 0) = P( = 0 I = 0) = 13 , P ( = 2) = P( =1I =1) = 16
) 1 = + 2 = .
P ( =1) = P( = 0 I =1) + P ( =1I = 0) = 12 ( ) 4.

0 1 2 D ={6 < x < 6;6 < y < 6} , .. p , ( x, y ) = a ( x, y,) D . : )

, . : ) , .
P 1 1 1
3 2 6
17.6. ( 18. . .
, ) , .
17.2,
( ).

75 76
. xi | = 0 0 1 yi | =1 0 1
, . 1 1 2 1 .
p |0 ( xi | 0) p |1 ( yi |1)
2 2 3 3
P( A I B)
P ( A| B ) = , , , ..
P( B) .
18.2. ( ,)
( , )
p , ( x i , y j ) 1 0 1
P( = x i | = y j ) = p | y j ( x i | y j ) = , i =1,K, n - 1 0,15 0,3 0,35
p ( y j ) 2 0,05 0,05 0,1
, = y j . ( 17.4)
p , ( x i y j ) = y2 = 2 .
P( = y j | = x i ) = p | xi ( y j | x i ) = , j =1,K, m -
p ( xi ) 0 1 1 2 1
. :
P 0,2 0,35 0,45 P 0,8 0,2
= xi .
= y2 = 2
( , ) ,
p ( y2 ) = 0,2
p , ( x, y ) p , ( x, y )
p | y ( x | y ) = , p|x ( y | x) = . |2 1 0 1
p ( y ) p ( x) .
P 0,25 0,25 0,5
| = y p | y ( x | y ) , , .
, 18.3.
. p|x ( y | x ) , 17.3.
.
.
x+ y
, p | y ( x | y ) =
, 0 < x < 1 , 0 < y < 1

y + 0,5
, .. . , y = 0,5 | = 0,5

p | y j ( xi | y j ) = p ( xi ), p | xi ( y j | xi ) = p ( y j ) ( , ) . p |0,5 ( x | 0,5) = x + 0,5 .

p | y ( x | y ) = p ( x), p | x ( y | x) = p ( y ), ( , ) x+ y
, p| x ( y | x) = , x (0,1) - ,
x + 0,5
18.1. ( 17.1).
y (0,1) .
| = 0 | = 1
. 18.4.
p , ( x1, y1 ) 1/ 3 1
. p |0 ( x1 | = 0) = p | y1 ( x1 | y1 ) = = = , .. x 2 2xy + y 2
p ( y1 ) 2/3 2 1
p , ( x, y) = e 2(1 2 ) .
( 2 (1 )
2

p ( y1 ) .
) ,
. . . )
= x , .

77 78

. ) p ( x) = p , ( x, y)dy =


E ( | x) = p| ( y | x) ydy



x 2 2 x + y 2

x 2 (1 2 ) + ( x 2 2 2x + y 2 ) , .
e
1 e 2(1 2 ) dy = 1 2(1 2 ) dy = , E ( | x) = x 19.3 .
2 1 2
2 1 2
, E ( | y ) = y .
x2(1 2 ) ( y x)2
x x
2 2

e 2(1 2) ( )d y x e 2 e 2 , , E ( | x )
e
2
= 1 2 2 (1 2 ) = 2 = .
2 1 2
1 2 2 2
, .
x2
g ( x) = E ( | x ) ,


2 dx = 2 .
h( y ) = E ( | y ) .

y2
1 e .
p ( y) = 2 .
2 ,
)
p , ( x, y ) , ( | x ) .
p|x ( y | x) = =
p ( x)
x 2 2 x + y 2
E ( E ( | x )) = E ( ) ,
1
e 2 (1 2 )

x 2 2 x + y 2 x 2 + x 2 2
( y x ) 2
( E ( | x )
2 1 2 e 2 (1 2 ) 1
).
= = = e 2(1 2 ) .
1 x2 2 (1 2 ) 2 (1 2 )
2
.
e 1. . 1, 17
2 | = k , =1,2, | =1 .
, = x | x 2.
E ( | x) = x - ) p , ( x, y ) = x + y ( x, y ) D = (0 < x <1, 0 < y <1) .

= 1 2 , .. N ( x , 1 2 ) . ) p , ( x, y ) = 6 x 2 y ( x, y ) D = (0 < x <1, 0 < y <1)

.
|y e N ( y, 1 2 ) . .
19. . .
.
cov( ,)
.
( E )( E) , ..
,
.. cov( ,) = E[( E )( E )] . (19.1)
, , cov( ,) = 0 , .
. ,
. ,
, p|x ( y | x ) | = x , cov( ,) = E[( E )( E)] = E[( E )]E[( E)] = (E E )(E E) = 0
, ,

. , , , ..
= x cov( ,) = 0 , .

79 80
 cov( , ) 0 , . D(a + b) = a 2 D + b2 D + 2abcov( ,) . (19.3)
19.1.
b2 t = ,
a

b
xi
1 0 1 D . t 2 + 2cov( , ). t + D 0 . t,
yi
1 0 0,25 0 . , .. cov 2 ( ,) D .D 0 .
0 0,25 0 0,25 19.1. (19.3) a = 1, b = 1
1 0 0,25 0

. D( +) = D + D + 2cov( , )
E = E = 0 . cov( ,) = E[( 0)( 0)] = E() .

( xi , y j ) xi , y j , p ij
, cov( ,)
( , ) = .
E ( ) = 0 cov( , ) = E ( ) EE = 0 , D D
.. . -
, , :
. 1) | ( ,) | 1 .
(19.1)

2) ( ,) .
3) , ( ,) = 0 .
cov( , ) = E ( . ) EE , (19.2)
4) = a + b , .. , ( , ) = 1 .
E E
n m , ( , ) = 0 , ,


i =1 j =1
p , ( xi , y j ).xi . y j ( , ) - . ( , ) 0 ,
E ( ) = . 19.2.



x. y. p , ( x, y )dxdy ( , ) - 17.4.
E = 0,15.1.( 1) + 0,3.0.1+ 0,35.1.1+ 0.05.1.2. + 0,05.0.1+ 0,1.1.1= 0,4 ,
. E E , cov( , ) = E EE = 0,4 0,5875.0,16 = 0,306 ,
cov( , ) = E ( .E . + EE ) = E ( ) E .E E . + E .E , cov( , ) 0,1
( , ) = = = 0,326 .
(19.2). DD 0,5875.0,16
: .
1. cov( , ) = 3 . cov(2 5,4Y + 2) .
(cov( ,)) 2 D D
2. ,
. , ) p , ( x, y ) = x + y ( x, y ) D = (0 < x <1, 0 < y <1) .
a + b , b ,
) p , ( x, y ) = 6 x 2 y ( x, y ) D = (0 < x <1, 0 < y <1)
D(a + b) 0 .
) p , ( x, y ) =15 x 2 y ( x, y ) D = (0 < x < y <1)

D(a + b ) = E (a + b (a + bE )) 2 = E (a ( E ) + b( E )) 2 = 3. ( , )
= a 2 E ( E ) 2 + 2abE (( E )( E )) + b 2 E ( E )) 2 = 3, 17.
= a 2 D + b 2 D + 2abE (( E )( E )) 4. 1
, 2 3, 17, .

81 82
 . ,
20. . :
. , , ,
, , 0, 1, 2 3 ( 2+1
. , ). ,
. , , ,, , .
: () :
; ,
; .
; ,
-; .
.. , , ,
. , ,
,
. T .
- .
. :
.
.
. ,
, (,
. ).
().
:
. ,
() -
.
, .
.
() ,
20.1.

. ,
.

X, Y, Z ..
. , -
() : ,
, . ( , ,
, ( -).
).
,
, ( .
) ( ) ( .
).
() ,
(
.
)
, .
,
,
, .. - ,
. .

,
X = 1 ,
,
, X = 0 .
, ( )
-
,

83 84
 x (1) , x (2) ,, x (n) X 1 , X 2 ,, ( x (1) , x (2) ,K, x (n) )
X n . : , , .
( ) .

- ,
:

;
x1 x2 K xn . (21.1)
( X 1,K, X n ) , X i ={ i- }
, ; xmax + xmin
: xmax xmin .
x (1) , x (2) ,, x (n) 2
X 1 , X 2 ,, X n , .. X 1 = x (1) , 1. .
X2 = x (2) .. (),

, -
k
, : X x1 x2 K xk
mi m1 m2 K mk
, mi = n , (21.2)
: i =1
1. ( mi xi .
).
mi
2. a i =
( ). n
3. , xi .
( ). k
X x1 x2 K xk
4. ,
i 1 2 K k
, i =1 (21.3)
i =1
( ). .


: ,
21. , . ( xi ,mi ) : -
. , ( xi , i ) (. 21.1).
.
,
. -
, .
, :
( ),
nx
. F *( x) = , x(,) , n x - , - .
. n
, :
- .
i
, , .. () ci = m j
j =1
( X 1, X 2 ,K, X n ) n.

85 86
 i
ci
() i =
n
=
j =1
j .
. , 5 0 = 5 ,

5 + 0 = 2,5 .
, 2
:
0 x x1
. . i
F ( x) = i xi < x xi +1, i = 1,K,k 1 ,
* (21.4) i .
1 x > x xi mi m xi xi 1
i = i c
k
n i = i
n
21.1. , 1 0 1 0,1 0,1
2 2 1 0,1 0,2 0,05
. 3 3 3 0,3 0,5 0,3
, 4 4 3 0,3 0,8 0,3
( 23) - , 5 5 2 0,2 1,0 0,2
.

xi 0 2 3 4 5 mi mi ,
0 x x1 , ( i = = )
2 i 0,1 0,1 0,3 0,3 0,2 n 10

2 + x x ( x x2 ) x1 < x x2 .21.1.
F ( x) = 2 1 (21.5) (21.3) (21.7)
i
i + ( x xi ) xi 1 < x xi , i = 3,K,k F *( x) F (x)
x
i xi 1
1 x > xk 0 x<0 0 x<0
0,1 0 x < 2 0,2 + 0,05( x 2) 0 x < 2
F * ( x) 0,2 2 x <3 0,5 + 0,3( x 3) 2 x <3
F * ( x) = , F ( x) =
, F ( x) , 0,5 3 x < 4 0,8 + 0,3( x 4) 3 x < 4
0,8 4 x <5
1+ 0,2( x 5) 4 x <5
, ( x1,0) , ( xi , i ) 1 x 5 1 x 5
( i = 2,K, k ). , . 21.1.

21.2.
(21.1) (21.2) ,
(21.2) . , S
, :
S = x1 + x 2 + K + x n ,
k
. S = m1 x1 + m2 x2 + K + mk xk = mi xi ,
i =1
21.1.
5,2,3,4,5,4,0,3,4,3. . 21.1 .21.2
,
, . 21.3. (0,2] F (x)
, x = 0 .

87 88
 (21.5), x1* x2* x2* K xk*
2 /( x2 x1) = 0,2 : 2 = 0,1 . . (21.8)
mi m1 m2 K mk
2. .
,

-. , (21.3)
, .
F * ( x) , -
[ xmin , xmax ] k [ x0 , x1) ,, [ xk 1, xk )
,
( 5 15).
:
mi , [ xi 1, xi ) .
0 x x0
i
: F ( x) = i + ( x xi ) xi 1 < x xi , i =1,K,k . (21.9)
di
[ xi 1, xi ) [ x0 , x1) [ x1, x2 ) K [ xk 1, xk ) k
1 x > xk
mi m1 m2 K mk
, mi = n , (21.6)
i =1 d i = xi xi 1 [ xi 1, xi )

: F (x) ( x0 xk ]
[ xi 1, xi ) [ x0 , x1) [ x1, x2 ) K [ xk 1, xk ) mi k , ( x0 ,0) , ( x1, 1 ) ,..., ( xk , k ) .
i 1 2 K k
, i =
n
, i =1 (21.7)
21.4.
i =1

.
i . 21.2. n = 20 :4,5; 1,2; 3,0; 4,0; 1,1;
() ci = m
j =1
j ; 4,2; 2,1; 3,4; 2,4; 3,9; 3,7; 4,3; 4,9; 2,7; 2,7; 3,6; 3,3; 4,2; 3,9; 2,4.

i .
ci
() i =
n
=
j =1
j . .
: :
1,2; 1,1;
(21.6) (21.7) 2,1; 2,4; 2,7; 2,7; 2,4;
(.21.3). 3,0; 3,4; 3,9; 3,7; 3,6; 3,3; 3,9.
4,5; 4,0; 4,2; 4,3;.4,9; 4,2,
: , ,

[ xi 1, xi ) , mi , .. [ xi , xi +1 ) [1, 2) [2, 3) [3, 4) [4, 5)
.
mi mi 2 5 7 6
hi = .
xi xi 1 - ,
: , :
, [ xi 1, xi ) , i .
. . .
i .
[ xi , xi +1 ) mi

- , i m c x +x
ci = m j i = i i = i xi* = i i 1
(21.2) (21.3), j =1 n n 2
xi 1 xi 1 [1, 2) 2 2 0,10 0,10 1,5
[ xi 1, xi ) xi* = ( i = 1K
, ,k ) 2 [2, 3) 5 7 0,25 0,35 2,5
2
3 [3, 4) 7 14 0,35 0,70 3,5
4 [4, 5) 6 20 0,30 1,00 4,5

89 90

( [ xi 1, xi ) , .
3. ,
) xi 2 5 7 8
.
mi 1 3 2 4
4. :
2, 3, 6, 1, 4, 1, 2, 0, 1, 5
1, 4, 4, 2, 3, 1, 2, 2, 1, 0.

.
5. (
):
16 35 29 30 37 20 34 40 46 10 23 48 33 45
50 32 12 15 13 25 25 34 10 14 39 20 25.
.
.21.3.
22. .
, (21.8) (21.9) - , ,
: .
0 x <1
0 x < 0,5
0,1 + 0,1( x 2) 1 x < 2
0,1 1,5 x < 2,5 0,35 + 0,25( x 3) 2 x < 3
F * ( x) = 0,35 2,5 x < 3,5 , F ( x) = ( X 1, X 2,K, X n ) n .
0,7 + 0,35( x 4) 3 x < 4
0,7 3,5 x < 4,5
1 + 0,3( x 5) 4 x<5
,

1 x > 4,5
1 x >5
(),
.
. 21.4. :
;
.
,
.
,
:
- M o - .

, ,
. ,
. 21.4. - .

1. 5, 3, 7, 10, 5, 5, 2, 10, 7, 2, 7, 7, 4, 2, 4 ) Q 2 ,
; ) . -, .
; )
(1,4], (4,8], (8,12]. ( M e ).
. ( 0 < p < 1 ) x p , 100p%
2.
( x j 1, xi ) (10,12) (12,14) (14,16) (16,18) (18, 20) (20, 22) (22, 24) - .
.
mi 2 4 8 12 16 10 3 , Q 2 = x 0,5 .

91 92
 ( p = 0,5 ), 22.2: ( n = 20 )
p = 0,25 p = 0,75 , : 0, 0, 0, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 8, 8,12,12, 20, 20, 20
:
- Q1 = x0.25 . - Q3 = x0,75 . x4 + x5 1 + 2
x0,2 = = = 2,5 , np = 20.0,2 = 4 ,
2 2
, :
x P% P% ( 0 < P < 100 ) , x 2 = x13+1 = 8 , np = 20. 2 =13,3333 r = 13 .
3
3
p = P /100 .
x8 + x9 3 + 6
x40% = x0,4 = = = 4,5 ( np = 20.0,4 = 8 - ).
2 2
( x (1) , x (2) ,K, x (n) ) , . x + x x + x x + x
Q1 = 5 6 = 2 + 2 = 2 , Q2 = 10 11 = 6 + 6 = 6 , Q3 = 15 16 = 8 + 12 = 10 .
2 2 2 2 2 2
22.1. , ,
. , xr ( Q1 Q2 )
1. (),
. -
-
(21.5)
x1 x2 K xn ( ) , , (
22.5).
x p ( ) : Q1 , Q2 , Q3 , - xmin = x1 -
1) r np . x r xmax = xn
, np - ).
2)
(box-plot) -
x r + x r +1 , np
xp = 2 (22.1)
xr +1, np e
xmin Q1 Q2 Q3 xmax
1
p = :
2
- :
x r + x r +1

(Q1, Q3) , ..
, n n
Q2 = 2 , r
2 , Q2 ,
x r +1 , n
-, -,
( x r ).
.
22.1. : ,
) 3, 5, 6, 7, 7. : n = 5 - , ,

n = 2,5 2,. r = 2 Q = x = x = 6 . , .
2 2 +1 3 :
2
x 3 + x 4 6 + 7 , :
) 3, 5, 6, 7, 7, 9. Q 2 = =
2 2 - l1 = Q1 1,5(Q3 Q1)

( r=
n = 6 = 3 ). - l2 = Q3 + 1,5(Q3 Q1) .
2 2
) 3, 5, 5, 6, 6, 7, 7 Q 2 = 6 .
93 94
 22.3. dr
22.2. Q2 = xr + (0,5 r ) ., d r = xr xr 1 .
r
. : xmin = 0 , xmax = 20 , Q1 = 2 , Q2 = 6 , Q3 = 10 .
22.2. , (22.2)
. 22.1. ( r = 2 ,
r = 2 2 ).
22.5.
100.
0 2 6 10 20 0 2 4 6 7 12 18 ( xi 1, xi ] (0,2] (2,4] (4,6] (6,8] (8,10]
.22.1. .22.2 mi 10 25 20 40 5
22.4. ( : a) x0,2 , ) Q1 , Q3 ,
): 0, 1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 6, 7, 18.
. ) ; ) 3%- x 3% .
.
: Q1 = x3 = 2 , Q2 = x6 = 4 . Q3 = x9 = 6 ,
mi c
l1 = 2 1,5(6 2) = 4 , l2 = 6 + 1,5(6 2) =12 . i ( xi 1, xi ] mi i = i = i
n n
, x11 = 18 , - 1 (0,2] 10 0,1 0,1
l2 . (.22.2). 2 (2,4] 25 0.25 0,35
2. . 3 (4,6] 20 0,20 0,55
4 (6,8] 40 0,40 0,95
[ xi 1, xi ) [ x0 , x1) [ x1, x2 ) K [ xk 1, xk ) 5 (8,10] 5 0,05 1
.
mi m1 m2 K mk ) : 2 = 0,35 -
, 0,2<0,35. ,
i
mj x0,2 (2,4] ( )

i = j , j =
j =1
n
.
x0,2 = x2 +
d2 2
(0,2 2 ) = 4 +
(0,2 0,35) = 4
200
.0,15 = 4 1,2 = 2,8
2 0,25 25
, [ xr 1, xr ) ,
) 0,25<0,35. , Q1 = x0,25 (2,4]
r . (22.8)
d2 2 200
: x0,25 = x2 + (0,25 2 ) = 4 +
(0,25 0,35) = 4 0,1 = 4 0,8 = 3,2 .
2 0,25 25
x p :
0,75<0,95. , Q3 = x0,75 (6,8] - ( )
1) - r ,
d4 2 20
p r Q3 = x0,75 = x4 + (0,75 4 ) = 8 +
(0,75 0,95) = 8 .0,2 = 8 1 = 7 .
4 0,40 4
2) , , [ xr 1, xr ) .
) Q 2 p = 0,5 , 0,5<0,55 (4,6] ,
xr xr 1
3) x p = xr + ( p r ) (22.2). d 2 20
r Q 2 = x3 + 3 (0,5 3 ) = 6 + (0,5 0,55) = 6 0,05 = 5,5
3 0,2 2
: ) x3% = x0,03 . 0,03<0,1 , x 0,03 (0, 2]
[ xr 1, xr ) , r -
, r 0,5 ,
95 96
 2 23. , ,
x0,03 = 2 + (0,03 0,1) = 2 20. 0,07 = 2 1,4 = 0,6 . .
0,1
. ,
, .
0 x(,0]
,
0,1+ 0,05( x 2) x(0,2] .
0,35 + 0,125( x 4) x(2,4]
X x1 x2 K xk
F * ( x) = 0,55 + 0,1( x 6) x(4,6] .
mi m1 m2 K mk
0,95 + 0,2( x 8) x(6,8]
1+ 0,025( x 10) x(8,10] :
1 x(10,) k
1 xm .
n i
o x = i i (23.1)
. =1
22.6. x0,4 - ,
21.1. .
. (22.2), , M o M e
3 = 0,5 > 0,4 , ( (, .
x3 x2 1 10 2 :
x0,4 = x3 + (0,4 3 ) = 3 +
(0,4 0,5) = 3 .0,1 = 2 . ( )
3 0,3 3 3
(22.1), np = 10.0,4 = 4 , ,
s x2 =
(x x) m = x
i
2
i
2 (x)2 , (23.2)
, .. x0,4 = 3 . n
s x = s x2 , (23.3)
.
1. , ( ) 100
: .
( xi 1, xi ) (20, 30) (30, 40) (40,50) (50,60) (60,70) (70,80) i ,
,
mi 10 12 25 42 7 4
x = xi i , s x2 = ( xi x ) 2 i
) -.
) 30% (8.1) (8.2)
. .
) 45% .
2. ( 8), ,
(20 ): c = const X Y,
2, 5, 0, 3, 2, 6, 6, 10, 12, 2, 5, 13, 14, 0, 1, 2, 6, 5, 5, 6.
, , 0,4.

3. 100 c =c s x2 = 0 .
, :
xi 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 (cx) = cx , s(2cx) = c 2 s x2 .
.
mi 5 12 15 24 17 13 10 3 1
( x y) = x y s x2 y = s x2 + s 2y .
, 64,
0,2. 23.1.
, x ,
:
x = 1 ( x (1) + K + x (n) ) , (23.4)
n
97 98
 x (i) i- .
(23.1) (23.4) ( )
mi xi , mi xi ui = axi b ,
,
, , xi =
1 (u + b) ,
a i
n
1 1 p

s x2` = 1 ( x (i) x) 2 .
n i =1
(23.5) x = [ x + b],
a
s x( p ) =
ap
su . (23.7)

: 23.1.
k ( xi , xi +1) (1,3) (3,5) (5,7) (7,9) (9,11)

.
: x p = xip mi , s = 1,2,... mi 2 4 10 6 3
i =1 ,
k a s ex .
p: s x( p ) = ( x x )
i =1
i
pm
i , s = 2,3,... . .
xi +1 + xi
1) xi* = :
2
:
xi* 2 4 6 8 10
s x( 2) = s x2 = x 2 ( x )2 .
mi 2 4 10 6 3
s x(3) = x3 3 x 2 x + 2( x )3 (23.6)
2) - x3* = 6 ,
s x( 4) = x 4 4 x3 x + 6 x 2 ( x ) 2 3( x ) 4
1
, ui = ( xi* 6) .
, 2
p p- .
u i mi u i mi u i2 mi u i3 mi u i4 mi
, ,
2 2 4 8 16 32
, . 1 4 4 4 4 4
0 10 0 0 0 0 ,
s x(3) s ( 4) 1 6 6 6 6 6
ax = - ex = x 3 - . 2 3 6 12 24 48
( s x )3 ( sx ) 4
= 25 4 30 10 90
:
.
m m m
. G = n x1 1 x2 2 ...xk k . 5

k
1 = 1 mi .
3) : u=
1

n i =1
4
ui mi = = 0,16 ,
25

H n i =1 xi 3 5 5
( mi = 1 ) u2 =
1

n i =1
30
ui2 mi = =1,2 , u 3 =
25
1
n i =1
ui3mi =
10
25
= 0,4 , u 4 =
1
n u m = 90
i =1
4
i
25
= 3,6 .
i
n
1 =1 1 .
H n i
G = n x1 x2...xn . 4) (23.7) :
=1 xi
s u( 2) = u 2 (u ) 2 =1,2 0,16 2 =1,1744
,
s u(3) = u 3 3u 2 .u + 2(u ) 3 = 0,4 3.0,16.1,2 + 2.0,16 2 = 0,1678
( xi 1, xi ] xi*
. s u( 4) = u 4 4u 3 ..u + 6(u ) 2 u 2 3(u ) 4 = 3,5263 .
99 100
 5) 3) :
1
(23.7). ui = ( xi* 6) ,
x x r 1
2 x p p : x p = x r + r ( p r ) , r -
r
xi* = 2ui + 6 , , x = 2u + 6 = 2.0,16 + 6 = 6,32 , - , p r .
s x( s ) = 2 s su( s ) , k
o x = 1 xi mi .
s x( 2) = s x2 = 22 su( 2) = 4.1,1744 = 4,6976 s x = 4,6976 = 2,1673 , n i =1

s x(3) = 23 su(3) = 8.(1,1678) = 1,3424 , s x( 4) = 24 su( 4) =16.3,5263 = 56,4216

s x2 =
(x x) m = x
i
2
i
2 ( x)2 ,
4) n
1,3424 k
ax = = 0,132 ,
10

x 2 = 1 xi2mi .
8
( s x )3 n i =1
6
sx( 4) .
4 ex = 3 = 0,4427. 1. 15 :
( sx ) 4 7,0 6,5 3,5 3,8 3,1 2,8 2,5 2,6 2,4 2,1 1,8 2,3 3,1 3, 0 2,5.
2

) , -
0 . ? )
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
, , .
.23.1 (. 23.1). 2.
107 119 99 114 120 104 88 114 124 116 101 121 152 100 125 114 95 117.
) d=20;
i ) ;

mi
: mi , i = , i = j - , ) ;
n ) 30%-, 0,2 0,6;
j =1
) .
xi ( 3. 20 , :
( xi 1, xi ) i ). 7, 7, 4, 5, 4, 6, 6, 9, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 6, 7, 6, 7, 9.
a) , ,
1) : - .
X x1 x2 K xk ) .
. 4. X e
mi m1 m2 K mk 2, 3, 2, 0, 3, 2, 4, 1, 0, 2, 5, 5, 1, 4, 5, 1, 2, 1, 0, 0, 3, 6, 2,1, 0
. ) , .
0 x x1 ) .
) .
: F * ( x) =
i xi < x xi +1, i = 1,K,k 1 . 5. ,
1 x > x :
k
x 15 16 17 18 19
2) a) i
mi 4 5 4 2 1
[ xi 1, xi ) [ x0 , x1) [ x1, x2 ) K [ xk 1, xk ) ( xi 1, xi ) (10,14) (14,18) (18,22) (22,26 ( 26,30) (30,34)
mi m1 m2 K mk )
mi 1 5 10 20 18 3
;
. ( xi 1, xi ) (34,36) (36,38) (38,40) (40,42) (42,44) (44,46)
0 x x0 ) ;
mi 2 3 30 40 20 5
i
: F ( x) = i + ( x xi ) xi 1 < x xi , i = 1,K, k .
xi xi 1

1 x > xk

101 102
 O , *

24. (). * = *( X 1,K, X n ) ,
, . (.. )
X 1 ,, X n .
.
. f ( X 1,K, X n )

, , , ( X 1,K, X n ) . f ( x (1) ,K, x (n) )
. .
x (1) ,, x (n)
, , , .. f ( X 1 ,K, X n ) .
(,
), ( B( p,n) , N (a, ) ) , (
22-23 )
().
.
,
-

:
* ,
; ( ). ,
; x EX ,
. sx2 DX ,
mi
i = pi = P( X = xi ) ..
n
( x (1) ,K, x (n) ) , .. ( X 1,K, X n ) . . , *
* ,
, . . ,
. 24.1, ) ,
, , ) (
( x (1) ,K, x (n) ) ( ), ) , .
). , - ).
, * , ..
* = *( x (1) ,K, x (n) ) .
, :
x (i) i- ,
) ) )
X i ={ i- .24.1.
} ( i =1,Kn ) *
, Xi , , * = *( X 1,K, X n ) ,
, , * ,
. .

103 104
 i pi
, * , E* = . 3.
, * , E* . .
, * ,
24.1. x = 1 ( x (1) + K + x (2) )
n 1* E( * )2 E (1* ) 2
X = 1 ( X 1 + K + X n ) EX 1 = K = EX n = EX , -
n .
(15.1) EX =
1 (EX + K + EX ) = EX , ..
n
n 1
25.
x .
( ). ( X 1, X 2,K, X n )
E* . X , ..
, : X i = x (i) , X i ,
1) E* = + a , a = const , * a .
. EX .
2) E* = a ,
1 * . 1
a x = ( x (1) + K + x (n) )
n
, E(* a) = E* a = ( + a) a = . 1
X = ( X 1 +K+ X n )
2). n
, E* , .
* . E* = , , :
* EX = 1 (EX 1 +K+ EX n ) = 1 n.EX = EX . (25.1)
. n n
2. , * , > 0 DX = 12 (DX 1 +K+ DX n ) = 12 n.DX = 1 DX .
n n n
lim P(| * |< ) 1 .
n EX = EX , x
, 16.3 , EX . 16.3
x .
, - X +K+ X n
lim P 1 EX < = 1 ,
, | * | -. n
n

mi , x EX .
24.3. , i =
n DX .
pi = P( X = xi ) . DX = E( X 2 ) (EX )
2

, i X = xi n n

(x x) = x
1 (i ) 2 1 (i ) 2 ( x )2
. 16.4 s 2X = ,
n n
>0 i =1 i =1
m n
lim P i pi < = 1 , S X2 = 1 X (X )
2
n n ( x (i)
2
i
n i =1

105 106
 i- ).
x = 1 (0,01.5 + 0,04.3 + 0,08.2) = 0,033 .
, S X2 , 10
D :
X i E ( X i2 ) = E ( X 2 )
1) DX s x2 = x 2 (x ) 2 ,
1 n 2 2 1
n n
E ( S X2 ) = E
n i =1
X i (X ) =
n
E ( X i2 ) E ( X 2 ) =
1
n
E( X 2 ) E( X 2 ) .
i =1 i =1 x 2 = 1 (0,012.5 + 0,04 2.30,082.2) = 0,00171 s x2 = 0,00171 0,0332 = 0,00071 .
10

1
n E( X 2 ) = 1 .nE ( X 2 ) = E ( X 2 ) ,
n
2) DX e
sx2 = n s x2 = 10 0.00071 0,0008 ( ).
~
n 1 9
( EX ) 2 = ( EX ) 2 ( (25.1)),
.
E ( S X2 ) = E ( X 2 ) ( EX ) 2 + ( EX ) 2 E ( X 2 ) = DX [ E ( X 2 ) ( EX ) 2 ] = DX DX . 1. :
, (25.2), xi 1 2 3 4 5 6
.
1 n 1 mi 8 17 11 10 2 2
E ( S X2 ) = DX DX = DX , .
n n 2. 15
, sx2 e ( ):
200, 200, 300, 300, 300, 400, 400, 400, 400, 400, 500, 500, 500, 500, 700.
DX .
, .
n 3. 0, 3, 2, 4, 1, 0, 2, 3, 2, 0, 1, 4, 5, 6, 2, 1, 2, 1, 0, 0, 3, 3,
sx2 = n sx2 = 1
~
n 1
( x x )2
n 1 i =1 i
2,1, 0. ,

,
DX . .
. 4. 80

, ~
sx2 > s x2 , n > 30 , ( xi 1, xi ) (15, 20) (20, 30) (30, 40) ( 40, 50) (50, 60)
.
, ~
sx2 s x2 . mi 2 6 26 30 16
3. X . , .

n 26. -
~
sx = 1
( x x )2
n 1 i =1 i . - .

, n. 25
. -
= DX . :
.
~
sx s x .
1 ,,
25.1.
DX k ( k).
, ,
xi 0,01 0,04 0,08 .
. , ~(,) (11) , EX=pn,
mi 5 3 2
.
DX=npq=np(1-p). , ,

107 108
 x , , ..
x L(1*, 2*,K, k*, x (1) ,K, x (n) ) = max .
. p* =
n -
M : , ,
1) , .
, .. p X = p X ( x, ) ,
.
2) 1 ,, k x (1) , , x (n) ,
, X = x (i ) P( X = x (i) ) = p X ( x (i) , ) , ..
. .
N
26.1. ,
[a,b] (13).
L( x (1) ,Kx (k ) , ) = P[( X = x (1) ) IKI ( X = x ( N ) )] = pi =1
X ( x (i ) , ) ,

( x , x ) (0, 2) (2, 4) (4, 6) (6, 8) , x (1) , , x (n) .

b i 1 i .
mi 6 5 8 5 X = x (i ) , -
: , * , P( X = x (i ) )

- (- 1).
(b a) 2
E = a + b , D = . * ,
2 12
, dL
L( x (1) ,K, x ( N ) , ) = max , .. * =0 .
xi 1 3 5 7 d
, x ~ sx2 DX :
mi 6 5 8 5
N
x = 1 (1.6 + 3.5 + 5.8 + 7.5) = 4 ;
24 ( x (1) ,Kx (k ) , ) = ln L( x (1) ,Kx (k ) , ) = ln p
i =1
X (x
(i ) , ) ,

1 14 24 2 112
s x2 = x 2 ( x ) 2 = (1.6 + 9.5 + 25.8 + 49.5) 16 = ~
s x2 = sx = d
24 3 23 23 * - =0 .
d
, b 26.1. -
+ b ,
=4
2 .
= 0,18 , b = 7,82 .
( b ) 2 112 k e
= . X ~ Po( ) , P( X = k ) = , k = 0,1,2,K EX = .
12 23 k!
- EX =

x (1) , , x (n) .
.
:
: x (1) , , x (n) N N

ln x e! = (x
X (i )
, , ( x (1) ,Kx ( N ) , ) = (i )
(i ) ln ln( x (i ) !) )
L(1, 2,K, k , x (1) ,K, x (n) ) i =1 i =1

1 ,, k , 1 ,, k

109 110
 N N ,
d

d
=
i =1
x (i) 1 1 = 1


i =1
x (i ) n -. - ,
:
N N

x Z = x EX N (0,1) (Z-)
1 1
x (i ) n = 0 = (i ) .
n
i =1 i =1
, - n
x
t= ~ EX t(n 1) (t- n
X ~ Po( ) x . sx
27. . n
. )
n~
sx2
* .
2 = 2 (n) ( 2 - n 1 )
2
* . , ~ ~ ~
s 2 2 sx2 s y2
* F = ~x2 x2 = 2 2 F (n1 1,n2 1) (F-
* - - sy y x y

n1 1 n2 1 ).
, - * .

* , , 14.
, ,
. , , ,
, . .
, X ~ N ( EX ,X ) ,
x x EX 0 < <1 .


X EX 1
Z= , X = ( X 1 + K + X n ) , = X (27.1) () (1, 2 ) ,
n
P(1 < < 2 ) = .
n
, =1 ,
( 13.1), ( ).
.
27.1. .
(15.3) , 2 1
Z , =
2
N (0,1) .
.
(27.1)
: ()
X , 0,9,
; 0,95, 0,99.
X , n n
.
:

111 112
1. * . =
.
2. Y = Y ( *, ) , n
,
* . ,
. x EX ,
3. ~sx
( y1, y2 ) , P( y1 < Y ( *, ) < y2 ) = . n
4. (14) n 1 .
1+
( x , x + ) , -
y1 < Y ( *, ) < y2 . 2
n 1 ,
28. t1+ (n 1) . 169.
2

EX = , :
X = .
27: X
1) x , n:
EX = . = : x Z 1+
<<x +Z ; (28.1)
1+
n n
X 2 2
2) 27.1 , Z = ~ N (0,1) , .. ~
sx ~s
n : x t1+ (n 1) < < x + t1+ (n 1) x . (28.2)
n n
Z x , ,. 2 2
, Z ,
. ,
3) , - 0 .
< < . , t- n =
, N (0,1) , ,
P( < < ) = P(| Z |< ) = 2F ( ) 1 = ,
Z +1 ~
2 2
sx.Z +1
1+ 2 ,
F ( ) = . , = 1+ , .. n> 2
, X = , n >
2
2

0 0

1+
. ~s x .
2
x x1 2 1 2 3 4 5
4) , < < < x < 28.1.
m1 2 1 2 2 2 1
.
n n
n )
<<x +Z = 0,95 . )
, x Z 1+ 1+
n n ,
2 2
0,95 - 0,5?
.

113 114
 . DX: 28.2. DX
0,95 28.1.

1 1 52 ~
x= xi mi = 2 , ~
sx2 = ( xi x ) 2 mi = , sx 2,4 . (28.4).
n n 1 9
) , (28.2). 2 - n 1= 9
+ 1 1 + 0,95 21+ (n 1) = 02,975 (9) =19.05 , 21 (n 1) = 02,025 (9) = 2,70
= = 0,975 . t-
2 2 2 2

n 1 =10 1 = 9 t0,975 (9) = 2,26 .

, 9.2,42 9.2,42
< DX < .
~
sx 2,4 19,05 2,70
= t +1 (n 1). = 2,26 =1,72 , , 2,73 < DX < 19,23 .
n 2 10
28.3.
(0,8; 3,72) . 40 .
) , 49 , 42
, t0,975 () = Z 0,975 =1,96 . 6 (
).
2,4 ) ,
0,5 1,96 , n 88 .
n 40 ?
) -
, 1 0,99.
?
.
(n 1)~
sx2
2 = , ) =40 x = 42
2 2, .. 40 ,
2 - n 1 (.170). - 2.

: n 2. 10
D t1+ (9) = ~ > = 1.05 .
sx 6
X 2
n: , t0,84 (9) 1,05 .
k
ns02 ns 2 ,
( x ) m
1
: < DX < 2 0 , s0 = 2
(28.3) , ,
1+ (n)
2 1 (n) n i i
i =1 , - 0,84.
2 2
) = 0,99 .
(n 1)~ sx2 (n 1)~ sx2 , = 1 .
: < DX < (28.4)
12+ (n 1) 12 (n 1)
2 2 Z 1+ = Z 0,995 = 2,575
1+ (n) 1 (n) 2 - n
2 2
2
~ 2
2 2
Z 1+ g .sx
, 12+ (n 1) 12 (n 1) - 2 -
n n > 2 , ..
2 2
n 1

115 116
 2,575.6 2
n > n > 238.7025 .
1
, 240.
.
1.

36 34 33 36 38 39 40 32.
EX
DX . = 0,95
EX DX .
2. 300 .
,
10
299, 276, 283, 301, 297, 281, 300, 291, 295, 291.
) 90%- .
) - 290, .
?
) 315,
. ?
3. ,
30
x = 38
s 2x = 2,9 .
a) ?
)
= 0,95 .
4. X :
-2, 0, -1, 1, 3.
)
.
) = 0,95
X .
5. 5
10, 9, 12, 15, 10.

= 0,99 .
6. 15
x = 0,956g , ~
s x = 20g . = 0,9 : )
; ) ;
7. , ,
:
) , , . 1,
22.
)
. 3, 22;
)
. 5, 21.

117
 2,575.6 2
n > n > 238.7025 . 29. . .
1
.
, 240.
.
1. ()

36 34 33 36 38 39 40 32. .
EX
, , ,
DX . = 0,95
.
EX DX . :
2. 300 .
1) ;
,
2) ;
10
299, 276, 283, 301, 297, 281, 300, 291, 295, 291. 3) .
) 90%- . .
) - 290, . (
? ), ,
) 315,
. ?
.
3. ,
30
x = 38 .
s 2x = 2,9 . :
a) ?
) -
= 0,95 . . .
4. X : , .
-2, 0, -1, 1, 3. = 3 ,
) p X ( x) = 3e3x , x > 0 . 0 < < 3 ,
.
) = 0,95 .
X . H 0 ,
5. 5
( ).
10, 9, 12, 15, 10.
H1 , .
= 0,99 .
H1
6. 15
x = 0,956g , ~
s x = 20g . = 0,9 : ) , H 0 .
; ) ; ,
7. , ,
:
, H 0 :{ = 0}
) , , . 1,
22.
H1(1) :{ 0} , H1(2) :{ > 0} H1(3) :{ < 0} .
)
. 3, 22; .
)
. 5, 21.

117 118
 . . K,
, : .
H 0 - . = K ( X 1 ,K, X n ) ,
, .
;
K .
H 0 - .
.
29.1
. n x ,
, , . 1
X = ( X 1 + K + X n ) ,
29.1. n
X
. , EX = EX , X = ( 15.1).
H 0 n
. X EX
Z=
(), . - X n
, , . ,
, ( H 0 ), .. Z ~ N (0,1) , ,
.
- X EX
Z = ,
X n
H 0 . x EX
0,1, Z . = .
0,05, 0,01 .. ,
X n
. 2.
. H1
H 0 H1
D, ao K . D H 0 .
H 0 ( X 1,K, X n ) .
.
,
, ,
( ) . ,

. : H 0 , K.
K.
1. = K ( X 1 ,K, X n ) , ,
, .. , D, K a ,
e . , , K.
.
D H 0 , .
, , K. K
H 0 . P( K D) = .

119 120
 D, K . , .
.
,
H 0 H1 .
.
A H 0 H1 . H 0
, H 0 , a
. :
) U (K
D = (, K , )) :
H 0 H 0

0.4

0.35

0.3

0.25 I
0.2
H 0 : 1 :
0.15

0.1
2 ( )
0.05

II
-4 -3 -1 0 1 3 4

K kp -2 K kp 2

H 0 : : 1
. 29.1. ( )
. = K
Kkp = K
K kp
1 .
1 2 2
2 2
.
,
2

. ,

K
D = (, K ) - ( 29.2)
, H 0 (. 29.3) , H1
D = (K , , ) - ( 29.2). (29.3). .
0.4

0.4 0.35 0.4

exp(-(x+1)**2/2)/sqrt(2*pi)
x>0.5? exp(-(x+1)**2/2)/sqrt(2*pi) : 1/0 0.4
0.35
0.35 0.3 0.35
0.3
0.25 0.3
0.25
0.25 0.25
0.2

0.2
0.2

0.2 0.15 0.15
0.15
0.15 0.1 0.1 0.1
0.1 0.05
0.05 0.05
0 0
0.05 0 -4 -2 0 2 4 0
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 3 4
0 -
4
-
3
- -
1 0 1 2 3 4 K1
K
, ,
H 0 H1
29.2. 29.2.
K K1
. 29.3 .29.3
1 , .
2. . . 29.4.
K . D , H 0 . = 0,05 = 0,01 . ,
K . D , H 0 . ,
.

121 122
0.5
, :
0.4

0.3 H 0 K,

0.2
,
0.1
1 = 0,1 K . .
0
K
K1 0
-0.1
-4 -2 2 4 .

, H 0 .

0.5
( H 0 )
0.4

H1 .
0.3
0.2 2 = 0,05 H 0 H1
0.1
:
0
1) K . .
- K 2 2 2) H1 ,
.29.4. D .
. 29.5. - 3) : K . D - H 0
a K . D - H 0
.
- ,
-. 30. - 2 -
, .
, .
:
0.5
- ,
0.4 0.5
,
-
0.4
0.3
.
0.3

0.2

, , H 0 = X ~ B( N , p) .
0.2

0.1 0.1

H 0 :
0
0
- K 2 2
X x1 x2 K xk
k
- K1 0
, n = mi .
0.1 -
4
-
2 2 4 mi m1 m2 K mk i =1
.29.5. ,
(
, N p).

. l.

. (, )

123 124
 ( N p), . p X ( x) FX ( x)
,
. mi mi H 0 .
mi mi ,
, H 0 . mi = npi (i = 1,K, k ) ,
,
k
(mi mi)2 :

2 = , , ..
i =1
mi
X x1 x2 K xk
2 - s = k l 1 . ,
mi m1 m2 K mk
( . pi = P( X = xi ) = p X ( xi ) (i = 1,K, k ) .
30.1), 2 (s)
, ..
2 (s) ( 12 (s) 1 ).
0.5

[ x1, xi +1) [ x1, x2 ) [ x2 , x3 ) K [ xk , xk +1)

,
0.4

mi m1 m2 K mk
0.3

0.2
pi = P( xi < X < xi +1) = FX ( xi +1) FX ( xi ) (i = 1,K, k ) .
0.1
30.1. H 0 , 41%
, 9% - , 46% - 4 % -
0

0 2 4 6 8 10

.
. 30.1
= 0,02 , : mi
A B O AB
74 25 26 15
.
. :
. 1) 200, ,
H 0
m1 = np1 = 0,41.200 = 82 , m2 = 0,09.200 =18 ,
:
m3 = 0,46.200 = 92 , m4 = 0,04.200 = 8 ,
1) mi

4
(mi mi) 2 ( 74 82 )2 ( 25 18 )2 ( 86 96 )2 ( 15 8 )2
=
k
(m m)2
2 = + + + =10,02
i mi i

2 = i =1
mi 82 18 96 8
i =1
2) ,
2) s = k l 1 , :
, s = 4 0 1 = 3
k e ,
3) .
2 = 2 (s) = 2
1 1 0,05(3) = 0,95(3) = 7,81 .
2
l e ,
4) .
2 > .
2 , .
2 = 2 (s) , 2 (s)
3) . 1 1 30.1. ,
1- 2 - s. , , 4
, , .
4) :
30.2. = 0,1
.
2 < .
2 , H
0 , ,
.
2 .
2 , H
0 ( xi 1, xi ) (0, 2) (2, 4) (4, 6) (6, 8)
, .
mi 6 5 8 5

125 126
 . ( xi 1, xi ) mi x* = ( xi + xi 1) / 2 mi xi mi xi2
1) . 26.1
= 0,18 b = 7,82 [a, b] (3, 4) 5 3,5 17,5 61,25
. (4, 5) 15 4,5 67,5 303,75
2)
2
. (5, 6) 23 5,5 126,5 695,75
[0,18; 7,82] (6, 7) 19 6,5 123,5 802,75
1 (8, 9) 6 7,5 45 337,5
p X ( x) = = 0,131 x [0,18; 7,82] x [0,18; 7,82] ,
7,82 0,18 = 68 27,5 380 2201

: x = 5,5882 , x 2 = 32,3676 , ~
s x2 = 1,1563 , ~
s x = 1,0753 .
0 x < 0,18
FX ( x) = 0,131x 0,024 0,18 x 7,82 . 2)
2
1 x >1

:
x x x x mi = n( pi pi 1 ) (mi mi ) 2
p1 = P(0 < X 2) = FX (2) FX (0) = 0,238 , ( xi 1 , xi ) mi pi = F i~ pi 1 = F i ~1
sx sx mi
p2 = P(2 < X 4) = FX (4) FX (2) = 0,500 0,238 = 0,262 ,
(3, 4) 5 0,069836 0,008042 4,201982 0,151555
p3 = P(4 < X 6) = FX (6) FX (4) = 0,262 , p4 = P(6 < X 8) = FX (8) FX (4) = 0,238 .
(4, 5) 15 0,292175 0,069836 15,11904 0,000937
n = 24 , .
: (5, 6) 23 0,649114 0,292175 24,27182 0,066642

(mi mi ) 2 (6, 7) 19 0,905391 0,649114 17,42689 0,142004

( xi 1, xi ] mi mi = npi
mi (8, 9) 6 0,987547 0,905391 5,586606 0,03059
(0, 2] 6 5,71 0,014 = 0,391729
(2, 4] 5 6,28 0,261 . ,
2
. = 1,192 .
(4, 6] 8 6,28 0,828 ,
2 = 0,3917 .
(6, 8] 5 5,71 0.089

2 = 12 0,1(5 2 1) = 02,9 (2) = 4,61

3)
= 1,192
4) .
2 < .
2 ,
3.
2
.
.
, 4 .
- x 1 2 3 4 5
1. i , 0,01,
[0,18; 7,82], .. s = k l 1 = 4 2 1 = 1 , , = 0,1 mi 110 130 70 90 100

2 =2 , 1,2,3,4 5,
1 0,1 (1) = 0,9 (1) = 2,706 .
2
?
4. .
.
2 < .
2 , 31. -
.
.
30.3. ,
. = 0,1
. . , ,
. 1) H 0 , .. H 0 ={ = 0 } .
a x a = EX ~
s x = X :
H1(1) :{ 0} , H1(2) :{ > 0} H1(3) :{ < 0} ,

127 128
 . ,
31.1. , { | x 3 |> }

= 0,1 , .. P( H1) = P(| x EX |> ) = 0,1
= 1 . ( X 1,K, X 9 ) =9
P(| x EX |> ) = 1 P(| x EX | ) P(| x EX | ) =1 0,1 = 0,9 .
x = 2,5 .
(14.2) X ~ N 3, ,
1
H 0 :{EX = 3} = 0,1 :
3
) H1 = {EX 3} ; ) H1 = {EX > 3} ; ) H1 = {EX < 3} .

P(| X EX | ) = 2F 1 = 0,9 2F (3 ) = 1,9 F (3 ) = 0,95 .
. , H 0 ,
X 1 , , X n ( ) F ( x) , 3 =1,645 = 0,548 .
N (3,1) , .. ,
EX = EX i = 3 X = X i = 1 [2,452; 3,548] ,
1 D = (, 2,452) U (3,548, ) . . 29.1
( i = 1K
, ,9 ). x = 2,5 X = ( X 1 + K + X 9 ) ,
9 . = 2,452 K
K . = 3,548 .
. = 0,1 . D ,

1 1 H 0 .
EX = ( EX +K+ EX ) = 9.3 = 3 , DX = 12 (DX + K + DX ) = 1 .9.1 = 9.1 = 1 , ) H1 = {EX > 3} . H 0
9 9 9 81 9
P( x 3 > ) = 0,1 , .. P(x > + 3) = 0,1 o
X = DX = 1 = 1 .
9 3
P( x > + 3) =1 P( x < + 3) =1 F + 3 3 =1 F (3 )
, H 0
1
, X ~ N 3, x = 2,5 13
3 , F (3 ) = 0,9 3 = 1,285 = 0,43 .
. D = ( + 3, ) = (3,43, )
H 0
(, 3,48] (. 29.2).
H1 . x = 2,5(, 3,48) ,
X EX , H0 .
x X .
) H1 = {EX < 3} . O H0
, , H 0 ,

x , ..
(, ) . P( x 3 < ) = 0,1 P( x < + 3) = F + 3 3 = F (3 ) = 0,1 .
13
H0 H1 . 0,1< 0,5 , 3 < 0 , ,
, D F (3 ) = 1 F (3 ) , .. F (3 ) = 1 0,1 = 0,9 .
H1 3 = 1,285 . , = 0,43 ,
: D = (, + 3) = (, 2,57) ( 29.2).
) H1 = {EX 3} , .. H1 = {3 < EX 3 > EX }
x = 2,5(, 2,57) ,
-, - 3, ..
x , | x 3 | . H 0 :{EX = 3} H1 = {EX < 3} .

129 130
 , H 0 = { DX = c 2 }

D
.
:
, H 0 :{EX = 3}
EX = : :
, , X ~ N (3,1/ 3) . ,

2
.=
ns02
~ 2 (n) , s02 = ( x ) m
i
2
i
.
X 3 c2 n
Z= ~ N (0,1) .
1/ 3 : H1 = {DX c 2} ,
2 < 2 (n),
2 > 2 (n ) ;
1
2 2
1 2 = 0,95 , 1 = 0,9 = 0,1
H1 = {DX > c } , 2
2 > 12 (n) ;
. , H 0 = {EX = a} , .

Z ~ N (0,1) . H1 = {DX < c 2} , 2 < 2 (n) .

.
,
(n 1)~
sx2
EX : :
2
.= ~ 2 (n 1) .
~ sx . c2
: H1 = {DX c 2} :
2 < 2 (n 1),
2 > 2 (n 1) ;
X 1
H 0 = {EX = a} ~ . 2 2
s n
x H1 = {DX > c } : 2 > 12 (n 1) ;
2
, t(n 1) (t- .

n 1 . : H1 = {DX < c 2} : 2 < 2 (n 1) .

.
H 0 = {EX = a} 2 ( s) t (s) 2 -
t- s ,
: . 170 169.
x a 31.1. ,
X : : Z . = ~ N (0,1) . (31.1)
X n H 0 = { = 0}
: H1 = {EX a} , | Z . a |> Z ; p- (p-value). :
1
2 1. K . .
H1 = {EX > a} , Z . > Z1 ; 2. ::
H1 = {EX < a} , Z . < Z . H 1 : { > 0 } p = P( K > K . )
x a H1 :{ < 0} p = P( K < K . )
X : : t. = ~ t(n 1) . (31.2)
~
sx n H 1 :{ 0 } p = P ( K < K . ) + P ( K > K . )
: H1 = {EX a} , | t. a |> t ; 3. .
p < , K .
2
H1 = {EX > a} , t. > t1 ; H 0 .
H1 = {EX < a} , t. < t . p , H 0

, . FK (x)
2 - n n-1 :
.

131 132
 31.1. 36 . , H 0 = {EX = 10} .
9,5k . (31.1)
= 0,1 , X X
, 10k , X 10
, : ) 1,65 1,65 , , X [9,45; 10,55] .
1/ 3
4k 2 ; ) , x = 9,5
2,25k 2 ; H 0 .
. , x = 9,5 , , -
H 0 = {EX = 10} H1 = {EX 10} . , H1 = {EX = 9} , .. X ~ N (9;1/ 3) . -
a) X = = 4 = 2 . X [9,45; 10,55] .
X a
Z ~ N (0,1) , .
n = P(9,45 X 10,55) (13.4):
1) n = 36 10,55 9 9,45 9
= F F 0,3333 = F (4,65) F (1,35) = 0,9999 0,9115 = 0,0884 .
, =10, = 2 , 0,3333
X 9,5. , , 1 = 1 0,0884 0.91 , ..
9,5 10 0,5 H1 = {EX = 9} n = 36
Z = = = 1,5 .
2 36 1 3 0,91.
2) = 0,1 31.3. , ,
Z = Z = Z 0,95 = 1,65 . .
1 - 4mm 2 , .
2
3) | 1,5|<1,65 , H 0 . 15
) 6,8mm 2 . ,
~ ) 0,01; ) 0,1?
s x = 2,25 =1,5 . t-
. ,
9,5 10 3 . , DX>4.
n = 36 1 = 35 , t = = = 2 ,
1,5 36 1,5 , H 0 = {DX = 4}
t (35) = t0,95 (35) 1,69 . | 2|>1,69 , H 0 H1 = {DX > 4} H 0
1 .
2
. 15
14 .6,8
31.2. (n 1)~
sx 14 = 25,5 .
=2 =
31.1), c2 4

9 k . :
. 31.1 , )
2 = 2 (n 1) = 2 (14) = 29,14 . 2
1 0,99 < ,
2
0,1
, .. .
D = {Z < 1,65 U Z > 1,65} D = [Z [1,65; 1,65] .
)
2 = 2 (n 1) = 2 (14) = 21,06 . 2
1 0,9 > ,
2
X 10
Z= (31.1)
2 36 .

133 134
 31.4. n .
. . 170,
-. p = 1 P( 2 (14) < 25,5) . 14 25,5
) H 0 = {EX = 10} , H1 = {EX 10} , n = 36 , = 0,1 , x = 9,3 02,95 (14) = 23,68 02,975 (14) = 26,12 ,
2 =4
; 0,95 < P( 52 (14) < 25,5) < 0,975 p < 1 0,975 0,025 ,
) H 0 = {EX = 10} , H1 = {EX < 10} , n = 36 , = 0,1 , x = 9,5
, H 0 .
6,25k 2 ( 31.1); ( 30, 31).
) H 0 = {DX = 4} , H1 = {DX > 4} , n = 15 , = 0,1 , . 1. 17, 15, 5, 9, 13, 42, 8, 24, 34, 38, 29, 6.
(0,10), (10,20), (20,30), (30,40) (40,50). )
. ) - : ; )
9,5 10 0,5 . ) H 0 ,
1) Z = = = 1,5 .
2 36 1 3 [0, 50] (
2) = 0,05 ).
p = P(| Z |>| 1,5|) =1 P(| Z |1,5) =1 [2 F (1,5) 1]= 2 2.0,9332 = 0,1336 . 2. ,
1000
3) p > , 100 .
, .. H 0 25 970
. ,
9,3 10 4,2 , :)
) : 1) t = = = 1,68 .
2,5 36 2,5 0,10; ) 0,01?
3. 2 ,
2) H1 = {EX < 10} , , 120.
T ~ t(n 1) (t- n 1 = 36 1 = 35 4. , 10 .
0,05
P(T < 1,68) . t- , n=16 ,
2
, 10,3, , ) 1 ; )
2
P(T < 1,68) = P(T > 1,68) = 1 P(T < 1,68) . 1,21 .
5. . 10
t- ,
2
35, 1,68, 100 .
, n t- ,
2?
- 50 .
N (0,1) , , P(T < 1,68) > 0,95 .
6. 150:
p = P(T < 1,68) = 1 P(T < 1,68) < 1 0,95 = 0,05 . xi 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33
3) p 0,05 < mi 1 4 13 23 22 29 29 16 11 2
. ( 10%-
.
t-,
7. . 59
P(T < 1,68) = P(T > 1,68) = 0,050932 .)
x 0 1 2 3
15 : i .
14 .6,8
mi 42 1 4 3
( n 1) ~
s 14
) 1)
2 = x
= = 25,5 , X ~ Po( ) ) =0,01; ) =0,05;
c2 4 8. ( - 25 ) 3, 2, 0, 1, 4, 5, 3, 2, 4, 1,
2) H1 = {DX > 4} , p = P( 2 (14) > 25,5) . 0, 2, 5, 5, 2, 1, 2, 1, 0, 0, 3, 6, 2,1, 0. a)
. , 20%
2 ( 14 , 30% , 30% - , 20% -
.
) , p = 0,02938 > 0,01. , .. 0,05.

135 136
 8 .

32. . xi 93 106 87 102 95 88 110 92
. yi 92 102 89 101 96 88 105 92 .
di = xi yi 1 4 2 1 1 0 5 0
,
. )
, = 0,99 ;
: ) ,
1) ,
, = 0,01 ?
, , 1
. . : d = (1+ 4 2 +11+ 0 + 5 + 0) = 1 .
8
2) ,
1
.

~
sd2 =
n 1 (d d ) = 5,71 ,
i
2 ~
sd = ~
sd2 = 5,71 = 2,39 .
: a) d = 1 x y ,
, .
(28.2):
. 1) (1+ ) / 2 = 0,995 t-
34. n 1 = 8 1 = 7 : t0,995(7) = 3,50 .
~
s 2,39
2) = t0,995 (7) d = 3,50 = 2,957 .
. . n 8
( x1,K, xn ) ( y1,K, yn ) 3) , 0,99 x y
Y (1 2,957;1+ 2,957) = (1,957; 3,597) ;
.
) H 0 = { x = y } , .. x y = 0 ,
xi yi i- , 0,01. H1 = { x y} ,
(. ). ) . ,
d i = xi yi , 0(1,957; 3,957) 0,99,
. H 0 0,99, H 0
(d1,K, d n ) ,
1 0,99 = 0,01 , . ,
d ~ sd2 , 0,01,
, ( ,
. H 0 .
, Y .32.2. ,
EX = x EY = y DX = x2 17,
( H 0 = { x = y} )
DY = y2 . D = X Y
H1 = { x > y} . , di

. d = 5,7 ,
32.1.
.

137 138
~
sd = 4,8 .
0,05? x2

. y2
H 0 = {d = 0} H1 = {d > 0} . :
d 0 5,7. 17 x2 s02x s02y s02x s02y
1) t. = = = 4,896 . 1) x y : , , s02x > s02y :
~
sd n 4,8 y2 F1 F2
2) (31.2) , 1
s02x = 1 ( xi x )2 , s02y =
n y 1 i y
( y )2 (33.1)
t. = t1 (n 1) = t0,95 (16) = 1,75 . t.. > t. , nx 1
. F1 = F1+ (nx , n y ), F2 = F1 (nx , n y ) - F-
. 2 2
1. , , nx n y .
. 12 ( )
x 17 16 21 14 18 24 13 23 14 16 18 21 x2 ~sx2 ~sy2 ~sx2 ~sy2 ~ 2 ~ 2
: i . 2) x y : , , ( sx > s y ) (33.2)
yi 18 14 19 11 23 21 15 24 13 10 20 19 y2 F1 F2
d i = xi yi
: F1 = F1+ (nx 1, n y 1), F2 = F1 (nx 1, n y 1) F-
= 0,95 . - 2 2
? nx 1 n y 1 .
33.
. 33.1.
Y F-,
(14.2).
( X 1,K, X n x ) e nx (Y1,K,Yn y ) 33.1. ,
.
n y . nx = 25 n y =13 , ~
sx2 = 0,35 , ~
s y2 = 0,40 . 90%
Y : y2 x2 .
-
( 33.1) ~
s y2 0,40
x y . . 1) ~ 2 = =1,1428 ( ~
s y2 > ~
sx2 )
sx 0,35
EX = x EY = y 2) .170 F-
0,05, ( 14.2)):
~
sx2 ~
s y2
F1 = F1+ ( n y 1,nx 1) = F1,9 (13 1, 25 1) = F0,95 (12, 24) = F0kp
,05 (12, 24) = 2,5055
DX = x2 DY = y2 2 2
.1. . 1 1
F2 = F1 (n y 1, nx 1) = F0,05 (12, 24) = = = 0,458
X ~ N ( x , x ) Y ~ N ( y , y ) F0kp ( 24,12 ) 2,1834
2 ,05
, ~
sx2 > ~
s y2 . y2 1,1428 1,1428
~ (33.2) , = (0,456; 2,495)
s2 2 x2 2,5055 0,458
, ~x2 x2
s y y x y ,
:
:

139 140
 H 0 = { x2 = y2} : H1 = { x = y} :
1) x y : 1) x2 2y -:

s02x xy x2 y2
: F. = s02x > s02 y ( (33.1)). : Z . = , = +
s02y nx ny
. :
F. > F. H1 = { x2 > y2} , F. = F1 (n x , n y ) . Z . > Z . H1 = { x > y} , Z . = Z1
F. > F. H1 = { x2 y2} , F. = F (n x , n y ) . Z . < Z . H1 ={ x < y } , Z . = Z1
1
2
| Z . |> Z . H1 = { x y} , Z . = Z
2) x y : 1
2
~
s2 2) x2 = 2y - H 0 = { x2 = y2} :
: F. = ~x2 ( ~
sx2 > ~
s y2 ).
sy :
. xy (n x 1)~
sx2 + (n y 1)~
s y2
t. = , s2 = (33.2)
F. > F. H1 = { x2 > y2} , F. = F1 (n x 1, n y 1) nx + n y 2
s2 1 + 1
F. > F. H1 = { x2 y2} , . F = F nx n y
(n x 1, n y 1)
1
2 :
x y t. > t. H1 = { x > y} , t. = t1 (n x + n y 2)
X ~ N ( x , x ) Y ~ N ( y , y ) , t- t. < t. H1 ={ x < y } , t. = t1 (nx + n y 2)
: | t. |> t. H1 = { x y} , t = t +1 (nx + n y 2)
x y : 2
3) x2 2y H 0 = { x2 = y2} :
1) x2 2y -:
xy
: t. = ,
x2 2y ~ ~
sx2 s y2
x y x y Z 1+ , x y + Z 1+ . , = + . +
nx ny nx n y
2 2
2) x2 = 2y , : :
t. > t. H1 = { x > y} , t. = t1 (k * )

x y x y t. s 2 1 + 1 , x y + t. s 2 1 + 1 ,
nx n y nx n y t. < t. H1 ={ x < y } , t. = t1 (k * )
(n x 1)~
sx2 + (n y 1)~
s y2 | t. |> t. H1 = { x y} , t. = t (k *)
s2 = , t = t +1 (nx + n y 2) 1
nx + n y 2 2
2
~ ~ ~ ~ [(~sx2 s y2 n y )]
nx ) + (~
2
s 2 s y2 s 2 s y2 k * ~ .
3) x2 2y -: x y x y t. x + , x y + t. x + , (~
sx2 nx )2 (s y2 n y )2
nx n y nx n y +
nx 1 ny 1
[(~sx2 s y2 n y )]
nx ) + (~
2
33.2. :
t = t +1 (k *) , k * ~ .
(~
sx2 nx )2 (s y2 n y )2 F- , -
2 +
nx 1 ny 1

141 142
 , , EX , X , EY Y :
, ~
sx2 > ~
s y2 . x = 73,75 , ~
sx2 = 55,07 ; y = 75,44 , ~
s y2 = 28,73 .
, :
, -
.. .. EY > EX - , .. 2Y < 2 X .
32.1.
, = 0,01
; , - -
.
8 , , H 0 = { x2 = y2} H1 ={ x2 > y2}
( /):
62, 73, 80, 79, 63, 77, 81, 75 H 0 = ( EX = EY } H1 ={EX < EY }
9 , : H 0 = { x2 = y2} H1 ={ x2 > y2 }
75, 78, 77, 68, 73, 79, 72, 71, 86.
) - . = 0,01 :
) a = 0,01 . 1)
. ~s 2 55,07
) :
F. = = ~x2 = =1,916 .
s y 28,73
: 62, 63, 73, 75, 77, 79, 80, 81,
2)
63 + 73 75 + 77 80 + 81
Q1 = = 68, Q2 = = 76, Q3 = = 80,5 . = 0,01
2 2 2
: 68, 71, 72, 73, 75, 77, 78, 79, 86, F (n x 1, n y 1) = F (7, 8) , .. F. = F0(, )
01 (7, 8) = 6,18 .
: Q1 = 72, Q2 = 75, Q3 = 78 . 3) F. < F. ,
-: .
H 0 = ( EX = EY } H1 ={EX < EY } .

1) , H 0 = { x2 = y2}
,

(33.2).
(nx 1)~
sx2 + (n y 1)~
s y2 7.55,07 + 8.28,73
s2 = = = 41,022 ,
60 65 70 75 80 85 nx + n y 2 8+9 2
: (
) x y 73,75 75,77
t. = = = 0,5444 .
. 1 1 1 1
Q3 Q1 = 78 72 = 6 , Q3 Q1 = 80,5 68 =12,5 s2 + 41,022. +
nx n y 8 9
- . 2)
) ,
D ={t. < t.} , ..
. EX , X
. , Y P (t. < t. ) = , : t. = t1 (nx + n y 2) = t0,99 (15) = 2,60 .
, , EY 3) , t. > t.
Y
. .

143 144
 ,
,
.

:
1. -2, 0, -1, 1, 3.
)
.
) = 0,95
X .
) 6 ,

~
sY2 = 5 . = 0,02
H 0 = {DY = DX } H1 = {DY DX } .
2. n1=16 n2=12
x1 =180 x2 =186 .
,
12 = 6 22 = 11 .
2 2

= 0.025 H0: 1 = 2 H1:1 < 2.

3. ,
, .
n1=21 ,
0,75. n2=11
0,25. H0: D1=D2.
H1 :D1>D2 0,05.
4. ,
. 100 .
10,3, 1,2,
9,8 1,6. 0,01
:
) .
) .
5. X
x1 = 4, x 2 = 0, x 3 = 2, x 4 = 2, x 5 = 6 .
) x ~
sX .
) EX X
= 0,95.
) n=9
~
sY2 =16 . = 0,02
, .. H 0 = {DX = DY } .
H1 = {DX DY } ( , X
).

145
 ,
, 34. .
. . .
Y
:
1. -2, 0, -1, 1, 3.
, ,
)
. . , ,
) = 0,95
..

X .
) 6 ,
( xi , yi ) , i = 1K
, , n , a

~
sY2 = 5 . = 0,02 n. ,
, , ( xi , yi )
H 0 = {DY = DX } H1 = {DY DX } .
2. n1=16 n2=12 (,Y).
:
x1 =180 x2 =186 .
xi x1 x2 K xn
, . (34.1)
yi y1 y2 K yn
12 = 6 22 = 11 .
2 2

= 0.025 H0: 1 = 2 H1:1 < 2. - ( xi , yi ) xy
3. ,
, . (. 1).
n1=21 , 1. . ,
0,75. n2=11 (34.1) .
0,25. H0: D1=D2. -
H1 :D1>D2 0,05. :
4. ,
. 100 .
10,3, 1,2, xi
9,8 1,6. 0,01 yj x1 K xk my j
: y1 m11 K mk1 m y1
) . , yi
) . M M M
5. X ys m1s K mks m y s
x1 = 4, x 2 = 0, x 3 = 2, x 4 = 2, x 5 = 6 . m xi mx1 K mxk n
) x ~
sX . .... xi
) EX X .34.1.
= 0,95. k s
) n=9 mij ( xi , y j ) n = mij
~ i =1 j =1
sY2 =16 . = 0,02
. ,
, .. H 0 = {DX = DY } . k
H1 = {DX DY } ( , X m y j = mij y j ,
). i =1
s
, m xi = mij xi .
j =1

145 146
 34.1. n=5: (8,1), (10,3), (5,1), (8,2) Y: y , s 2y , ~
s y2 , y p
(9,3).
( ). s (y p ) ,
x 8 10 5 8 9 Y.
: : i .
yi 1 3 1 2 3 2. ,
xi :
5 8 9 10 m y j :
yj
1 1 1 0 0 2 . 1 n

:
2 0 1 0 0 1 ( xi x )( yi y )
3 0 0 1 1 2 n i =1
m xi 1 2 1 1 5 s xy = k s .

:
1
n mij ( xi x )( y j y )
( xi 1, xi ) i =1 j =1
( y j 1, y j ) ( x0, x1) K ( xk 1, xk )
( y0, y1) m11 K mk1 m y1 cov( X ,Y ) (X,Y).
. - :
M M M
( ys 1, ys ) m1s K mks m ys 1 n
mx1 K m xk n n xi yi
s xy = xy x. y , xy = ki =1 s .
2. . 1 mij xi y j
1. Y.
n i =1 j =1
,
Y : sxy = n s xy -
. ~
n 1
: x , s x2 , ~
sx2 , x p s x( p ) , cov( X ,Y ) :
. ( ):

s xy
, , rxy = (34.2)
s x .s y
1 n
n xi ,
: x = i =k 1 ; cov( X ,Y )
1 m x
xy = (,Y) :
X .Y
n i =1 xi i 1) ;
: 2) 1 rxy 1 ;
1 n p
n xi , 3) r = 1 Y aX + bY + c = 0 .
x p = i =k 1 ; 4) Y:
k s
1 mx xip = 1 mij xip :
n i =1 n i =1 j =1
i

| rxy | 0,3 (. 35.1);

:
k 0,3 <| rxy |< 0,8 (.35.1);
s x2 = 1 mxi ( xi x ) 2 = x 2 x 2 ~
sx2 = n s x2 . | rxy | 0,8 .(. 35.1).
n i =1 n 1

147 148
 ( ).
. ,
Y (34.2),
(). ( xi , yi ) , n

i = 1K
, , n xi
rs =1
6
n(n 2 1) ( x y )
i=1
i i
2 .

(.. xi ). 2
xi xi rs =1 6 [(2 1) 2 + (1 3)2 + (3 2) 2 ] =1 1 .6 = 0,5 .
. 3(32 1) 4
yi yi . , Y , ..
aX + bY + c = 0 , | xy |=| rxy |=|rs |=1 .
, ( xi, yi)
34.1.
( xi , yi ) .
rx y ( xi, yi) .
34.2.
rs ( xi , yi ) ( :
). xi = aui + b, yi = cvi + d .
34.2.
: x = au + b , y = cv + d , (34.3)
xi 12,7 10,2 13,6

y j 2,7 3,2 3,0 . s x2 = a 2 su2 , s 2y = c 2 sv2 , s xy = a.c.suv , rxy = ruv (34.3)

: : 10,2; 12,7; 13,6. 34.3. 100
, x1 = 12.7 , x2 = 10,2 , ( xi 1, xi )
(0,2) ( 2,4) (4,10)
( y j 1, y j )
x3 =13,6 2, 1 3, .. x1 = 2 , x2 =1 , : .
(20,30) 20
x3 = 3 . (30,50) 30 10
, y1 =1 , y2 = 3 , y3 = 2 . (50,120) 20 20

xi 2 1 3 (,Y).
, : :
yi 1 3 2
: xi
1 3 7 myj
1 yj
1) x = y = (1 + 2 + 3) = 2 , 25 20 0 0 20 1 1 8
3 ui = xi 3 , v j = ( yi 40) =
n
40 0 30 10 40 5 5y j
1 ( x x ) 2 = 1 [(2 2) 2 + (1 2) 2 + (3 2) 2 ] = 2 , 85 0 20 20 40
n
2) s x2 = i m xi 20 50 30 100
i =1
3 3
ui
s 2y = s x2 = 2 ; s x = s y = 2 ; vj
-2 0 4 mv j
3 3
: -3 20 0 0 20 , :
1 1 1
3) s x y = ( xi x )( yi y) = [(2 2)(1 2) + (1 2)(3 2) + (3 2)(2 2)] = . 0 0 30 10 40
n 3 3 9 0 20 20 40
m ui 20 50 30 100
, rs = rx y =
1 / 3 = 0,5 .
2/3 2/3 1) u =
1 (2.20 + 0 + 4.30) = 0,8 , u 2 = 1 (4.20 + 16.30) = 5,6 ,
100 100

149 150
 ( ) (.35.1,)
su2 = u 2 u 2 = 4,96 , su = 4,96 = 2,23 .
(
2) v =
1 (3.20 + 0 + 9.40) = 3 , v 2 = 1 (9.20 + 81.40) = 34,20 , ) Y (
100 100 ).
sv2 = v 2 v 2 = 25,20 , sv = 25,20 = 5,02 .
3) xy =
1 [(2)(3).20 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0.0.30 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 9.4.20] = 8,4 ,
100 y y y
suv = 8,4 0,8.3 = 6 ;
4) ruv =
6 = 0.536 .
2,23.5,02
x x x
(34.3),(34.4): xi = ui + 3 x = 0,8 + 3 = 3,8 , s x2 = su2 = 4,96 , ) ) )
yi = 5vi + 40 y = 5.3 + 40 = 55 , s 2y = 25.sv2 = 630 ,
.35.1
s xy =1.5.suv = 30 rxy = ruv = 0,536 . (.17),
: cov( X ,Y ) = 0 , . , cov( X ,Y ) = 0 ,
Y x = 3,8 , y = 55 . , cov( X ,Y ) 0 - .
DX DY
100
~sx2 = s x2 = 6,06 s y2 = 5 630 = 787,5 .
~ s xy
100 1 4 rxy , cov( X ,Y )
cov( X ,Y )
XY . :
~ 100
sxy = s xy = 30,30 . .35.1 ( xi x )( yi y) ,
99
1 ( x x )( y y) > 0 , r > 0 (
n i
XY s xy = i xy
rxy = 0,536 . )
35. . .35.1 s xy < 0 , rxy < 0 (
. )
Y
.35.1) s xy rxy ( ).
n . (X,Y) ,
( x1, y1 ) ,, ( xn , yn ) , ,
. :

XY .
Y.
1. . Y
.
,
.
.
. 35.1.
2. XY
, Y = X 2 , Y = aX + b - .. Y.
.
Y

151 152
rxy XY .
XY , XY
N (m, ) , A H1 = { XY 0} :
1 + rxy 1 .
m = 1 ln , =
2 1 rxy n3 t (n 2) t ( n 2)
1
XY 2 2

m =
1 ln 1 + rxy Z Ao H1 = { XY < 0} :
1+ Z ~ N (0,1) ;
2 1 rxy
2
1 1
z1 = m * Z 1+ . z2 = m* + Z 1+ . ;
2 n 3 2 n 3
e2z1 1 , e2z 2 1 t1 (n 2)
xy
e2z1 + 1 e 2z2 + 1

. Ao H1 = { XY > 0}
XY ,

Y:
0 4

t (n 2)
, , t-,
, Y .. t ( n 1) = t1 (n 1) , H 0
;
n :
1 -1,
, Y rxy n 2
. 1) t. = ;
1 rxy2
3. 2) t- n-1
Y. :
H 0 Y, t = t (n 2) H1 = { XY 0} . H 0
1
.. H 0 = { XY = 0} . 2

, , t-
| t. |< t .
n-2 t(n 2) , t = t1 (n 2) H1 = { XY > 0} . H 0
rxy n 2 t. < t
t. =
1 rxy2 t = t1 ( n 2) H1 = { XY < 0} . H 0
t. > t .
:

153 154
 , 1-
,
.

, ..

. 35.1. ,
, : 6, 5, 1, 4, 2, 7,
8, 10, 3, 9. =0,05 ,
,
( H 0 = {rs = 0} ).
. xi ,
yi - . , xi
, yi -
.
xi 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
.
yi 6 5 1 4 2 7 8 10 3 9
:
n
rs =1
6
n(n 2 1) ( x y )
i =1
i i
2 =1 6 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
990
[5 + 3 + 2 + 3 +1 +1 + 2 + 6 +1 ] = 0,4545

:
rs n 2 0,45. 8 1,273
t. = = = =1,42 .
1 rs2 1 0,452 0,893
t-
t. = t (10 2) = t0,975 (8) = 2,31 .
1
2
| t. |< t. ,
H 0 , ..
.
.
1. X Y
xi 1 2 2 3 6
. ,
yi 0 1 2 4 8
0,99
.
2.
X 2 4 7 6 8
Y 2 12 16 18 21
X Y , ,
. .

155
 , 1- 36. . -
, .
.

, .. Y , ,
, ,
. 35.1. , .. (Y) ,
, : 6, 5, 1, 4, 2, 7, . X .
8, 10, 3, 9. =0,05 , Y , ,
, .
( H 0 = {rs = 0} ). Y, ,
. xi , x, X, ..
E (Y | X = x) = E (Y | x) = f ( x) ,
yi - . , xi
f (x) ,
, yi -
. , Y ,
.
f (x) Y . ( 18).
xi 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
. Y
yi 6 5 1 4 2 7 8 10 3 9
: Y = f (X )+ E , (36.1)
n , Y
rs =1
6
n(n 2 1) ( x y )
i =1
i i
2 =1 6 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
990
[5 + 3 + 2 + 3 +1 +1 + 2 + 6 +1 ] = 0,4545 .
:
: .
,
rs n 2 0,45. 8 1,273
t. = = = =1,42 . .
1 rs2 1 0,452 0,893
:
t- .
t. = t (10 2) = t0,975 (8) = 2,31 . .
1
2
| t. |< t. , .

H 0 , .. Y.
.
. ,
.
1. X Y Y X , .. f ( x) = 1 x + 0 .
xi 1 2 2 3 6 ( xi`, yi ), (i =1,K,n) .
. ,
yi 0 1 2 4 8 Y X = xi E (Y | xi ) = 1xi + 0 ,
0,99
. i = yi (1 xi + o ) (36.2)

2.
X 2 4 7 6 8 e yi (.36.1),
Y 2 12 16 18 21
.
X Y , , , i ,
. .
y = a1 x + a0 , - ,

155 156
.. (36.2). a1 a0 Y
1 0 . sxy
y = a1x + a0 , a1 = , a0 = y a1x . (36.3)
sx2

:
sxy y y x x sxy
yi y y = (x x) = rxy , rxy = ,
sx2 s y sx sx s y
y i = a1 xi + a0
rxy . ,
( x , y ) ,

xi sxy
a1 = = tg (
sx2
. 36.1. ).

y = a1 x + a0 Y,
- , : sxy
a1 a0
x = b1 y + b0 , b1 = , b0 = x b1 y ,
s 2y
(36.2) ( xi , yi ) ( xi , a`1xi + ao ) xx y y
: = rxy .
sx sy
n
S (a1 , 0 ) = ( x +
i =1
1 i 0 yi ) 2 .
-
,
Y. y = f ( x)
a1 a0 ,
, ,
S (a1, a0 ) , f ( x) = 0 + 1x + 2 x 2 , f ( x) = a0 + a1 sin x + a2 cos x , f ( x) = a0 + a1e x , ..
S (a1, a0 ) a1 a0 , .. f ( x) = f ( x, a0, a1,K, as ) , a0 , a1 ,..., as
n n n n
S (0 , 1,K, s ) ,
a1
=2 (a x + a y ).( x ) = 0
1 i 0 i i a1 x i + a0
2
x = x yi i i n

S
i =1
n i =1
n
i =1
n
i =1
S (0, 1,K, s ) = [ y f ( x ,a ,K,a )]
i i 0 s
2

a0
=2 (a x + a y ) = 0
1 i 0 i a1 x + na = x
i 0 i i =1
i =1 i =1 i =1 . , a0 , a1 ,..., as ,

n, a1 x + a0 x = xy .
2 S S S
= 0, = 0,K =0 .
a1x + a0 = y a0 a1 as
0 = y 1x , , f ( x) = 0 + 1x + 2 x 2
xy x. y Y X, a0 , a1 , a2 :
a1 = .
x 2 ( x )2
,

157 158
 x +a x = y
a0 n + a1 i 2
2
i i
4175
sx2 = x 2 ( x )2 =
15
16,62 = 2,78 .
a x +a x +a x = x y .
0 i 1
2
i 2 i
3
i i (36.4)
6732,78
a x +a x +a x = x y
0
2
i 1
3
i 2
4
i
2
i i
s xy = xy x. y =
15
16,6.26,74 =13,00

. 36.1. , , 13
, a1 = =1,78, a0 = 26,74 1,78.16,6 = 2,93,
. X ( 2,78
) Y ( ) .
y = 1,78x 2,93 . (. 36.2)
:
(20, 31,67), (16, 22,22), (20, 33,89), x = 19, y = 31,030 , .. ,
(18, 28,89), (17, 27,22), (16, 23,89), 310.
(15, 21,11), (17, 27,78), (15, 20,56),
(16, 28,33), (15, 26,67), (17, 28,33),
40
(16, 27,22), (17, 28,89), (14, 24,44).
. 35
x = 19 , 30
?
25
. ,
. 20
xi yi xi2 xi yi 15

20 31,67 400 633,4 10

16 22,22 256 355,52 5

20 33,89 400 677,8 0

18 28,89 324 520,02 0 10 20 30

17 27,22 289 462,74

. 36.2.
16 23,89 256 382,24 . 36.1. 36.1. ,
15 21,11 225 316,65 .
17 27,78 289 472,26
36.2.
15 20,56 225 308,4

16 28,33 256 453,28 xi 2 1 0 1 2
400,05 .
15 26,67 225 yi 1,2 0,1 0,8 0,2 0,8
17 28,33 289 481,61 : (36.4) a0 , a1 , a2
16 27,22 256 435,52
f ( x) = 0 + 1x + 2 x 2
17 28,89 289 491,13
- .:
14 24,44 196 342,16
249 401,11 4175 6732,78 x = 0 , x =10 , x =0 , x =34
i
2
i
3
i
4
i

: y =1,5 , x y = 0,7 , x y =8,3 .

i i i
2
i i

249 401,11
x= = 16,6 , y= = 26,74 .
15 15

159 160
 ( ), ,
xi yi xi2 xi3 xi4 xi yi xi2 yi , Y
.
-2 1,2 4 -8 16 -2,4 4,8 37.1. Y ,
-1 0,1 1 -1 1 -0,1 0,1 Y ()
0 -0,8 0 0 0 0 0 . :
1 0,2 1 1 1 0,2 0,2 .
,
2 0,8 4 8 16 1,6 3,2 ,
0 1,5 10 0 34 -0,7 8,3 N (0, )
.

Y N ( EY , ) ,
50 + 102 =1.5
101 = 0,7 0 = 0,03, 1 = 0,07, 2 = 0.46 , ,
100 + 341 = 8,3 EY = 1 X + 0 .
, y = 0,3x 2 0,07 x 0,46 (.36.3) Y X = x*
y = 1 x + 0 .
* *

1,5 Y X = x* . (. 37.1).
1,2 1 0 ,
1
0,88 0,8 ( xi , yi ) , i =1,2,K,n a1 a0
0,6 (36.3). , (37.1)
0,5
(.36.1) yi = a1 xi + a0 + i , yi = y i + i ,
0,1 0,2
0 -0,09
y i = a1 xi + a0 (37.2)
-0,23 Y X = xi .
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
-0,5 -0,46

-0,8 y i - ( )
-1
i - .
1. i = yi y i ,
yi y i
.36.3.
, (
37. . ).
, a1 a0 .
a ( (36.2), :
) . 1 1 1 1 1
- Y =
n = n ( y a x a ) = n y n a x n a
i i 1 i 0 i 1 i 0=
, .. EY = 1 X + 0 ( Y ) Y = y a1 x a0 = y a1 x ( y a1 x ) = 0 ,

Y = 1 X + 0 + , (37.1) s 2 .
( a0 = y a1 x ):

161 162
s2 =
1
n ( )
i
2 =
1
n i
2
=
1
n ( y a x a )
i 1 i 0
2=1
n
[( y y ) a ( x x )]
i 1 i
2
37.1. o
s 2y
s 2y
,

1 2 2a . 1 1
=
n ( y y) i 1
n
( y y )( x x ) + a . ( x x )
i
n i
2
1 i
2
s 2y a1s xy 2
s xy
s xy
2
s xy 2
s xy = = = rxy2 .
= s 2y 2a1s xy + a1.s x2 = s 2y 2 2 s xy + 2 s x2 = s 2y 2 , s 2y s 2y s 2y s x2
sx sx sx
- ,
s xy ~ N (0, ) (
a1 = ,
s x2 )
: , :
s2 = s 2y a1s xy - (37.3) ~ n 2
s2 = s - D= 2 ,
2. y i n2
(37.2): ~
s = ~s2 - ( )
y = y = y - . ~
s
y i ( sa1 = - a1
sx n
) :
1 1 1 1 sa0 = sa1 x 2 - a0
s 2y =
n ( y y )
i
2=
n ( y i y ) 2 =
n (a x + y a x y)
1 i 1
2 = a2
1
n ( x x )
i
2 = a2s2
1 x

s xy a1 1 a 0
a1 = , . , 0 t-
sa1 sa 0
s x2
n-2 . ,
s 2y = a12 s x2 = a1s xy (37.4)
(37.3), ,
s 2y , s2 s 2y 1 0 :
:
a1 t +1 (n 2)s ; a1 + t +1 (n 2)s
s 2y = s2 + s 2y 1 1
2 2
:
a0 t +1 (n 2)s ; a0 + t +1 (n 2)s ,
s 2y Y 0 0
2 2
:
+1
s2 = s 2y a1s xy - ( t +1 (n 2) t-
2
), 2
n-1 .
.
s 2y = a1s xy - ( X = x* , x* ( xmin , xmax )
), :
y i Y y .

163 164
 xi 1 4 6 10 14
.
y * : yi 35 44 40 52 53
1) a) Y ;
y * = a0 + a1 x* . ) ?
) ,
2) 6000 ?
1 ( x* x ) 2 )
s y * = s 1 + ( ). 0,95
n s x2 . :
3) t +1 (n 2) . x =7 , ~
sx2 = 20,8 , y = 44,8 , s y2 = 47,76 , s xy = 29 ,
2
s xy 29
4) y * y * t1+ s y * , y * + t1+ s y * . a1 = = =1,395 , a0 = y a1x = 35,042 ,
s x2 20,8
2 2
y = 1,395x 35,042 .
. 37.2. 17
: ) x = 0 ,
, 35000 .
x = 55,77 , y = 59,55 , x = 3495,41 , y = 5021,41 , xy = 4068,53 .
2 2
) y* = 1,395.6 + 35,042 = 43,406 . ,

6000 43400 .
0,95.
) ,
.
1) : s2 = s 2y a1sxy = 47,76 1,395.29,8 = 6,189 ,
sx2 = 3495,41 55,772 = 358,12 , s 2y = 5021,41 59,552 = 1475,26 ,
n 2 5
sxy = 4068,53 55,77.59,55 = 747,42 , 2) ~
s2 = s = .6,189 = 10,315 ,
n 2 3
747,42 ~
3) s = 10,315 = 3,21 ,
a1 = = 1,94 , a0 = 59,55 1,94.55,77 = 48,62 ,
358,12
4) :
y = 1,96 x 48,62 .
1 ( x* x ) 2 1 (6 7)2
n 2 s y* = s 1+ = 3,21 (1+ = 3,21. 1,25 = 3,589 ,
s2 = s 2y a1sxy = 25,26 ~ n sx 5 20,8
2
s2 = s = 28,63 ,
n 2
~ 5) t- n 2 = 5 2 = 3
~ s 5,36
s = 28,63 = 5,36 , sa1 = = = 0,066 +1 0,95 +1
sx n 385,12 17 = = 0,975 : t0,975(3) = 3,18 ,
2 2
6) 0,95
t +1 (n 2) = t0,975(15) = 2,13 , , = s y* .t0,975(3) = 3,18.3,89 = 12,37 .
2
7)
1 (1,94 2,13.0,07, 1,94 + 2,13.0,07) .
y* (43,406 12,37; 43,406 +12,37) = (31,036; 55,706) .
.. 0,95 1 e
, 31000 55700.
(1,79; 2,09) .
37.3. 6000
.
,
( ) ( )

165 166
 ( ):
X 8 10 5 8 9 .
1. Y 1 3 1 2 3 F ( x )
) ; ( Z -)
) Y X. ) x t2

F ( x) = 1
Y X ; )
.
2 e

2 dt , F ( x) = 1 F ( x)
2. 6 X Y ,

X 1 2 3 4 5 6.
Y 1 4 5 5 6 8
) ; : F (1,96) = 0 ,975002
) = 0,05 0,975
X Y ( H 0 = { xy = 0} H1 = { xy 0} ). 1.96

3. a X Y 0,00 0,01 0,02 0,03 0,04 0,05 0,06 0,07 0,08 0,09
0 0,500000 0,503989 0,507978 0,511966 0,515953 0,519939 0,523922 0,527903 0,531881 0,535856

0,1 0,539828 0,543795 0,547758 0,551717 0,555670 0,559618 0,563559 0,567495 0,571424 0,575345
X 2 4 5 6 8 . 0,2 0,579260 0,583166 0,587064 0,590954 0,594835 0,598706 0,602568 0,606420 0,610261 0,614092
Y 2 1 2 5 10 0,3 0,617911 0,621720 0,625516 0,629300 0,633072 0,636831 0,640576 0,644309 0,648027 0,651732
0,4 0,655422 0,659097 0,662757 0,666402 0,670031 0,673645 0,677242 0,680822 0,684386 0,687933
Y X . 0,5 0,691462 0,694974 0,698468 0,701944 0,705401 0,708840 0,712260 0,715661 0,719043 0,722405
Y, 0,6 0,725747 0,729069 0,732371 0,735653 0,738914 0,742154 0,745373 0,748571 0,751748 0,754903
=4,5. 0,7 0,758036 0,761148 0,764238 0,767305 0,770350 0,773373 0,776373 0,779350 0,782305 0,785236
4. , 0,8 0,788145 0,791030 0,793892 0,796731 0,799546 0,802337 0,805105 0,807850 0,810570 0,813267
Y. : 0,9 0,815940 0,818589 0,821214 0,823814 0,826391 0,828944 0,831472 0,833977 0,836457 0,838913
1 0,841345 0,843752 0,846136 0,848495 0,850830 0,853141 0,855428 0,857690 0,859929 0,862143
X 0 1 2 3 4 5 .
1,1 0,864334 0,866500 0,868643 0,870762 0,872857 0,874928 0,876976 0,879000 0,881000 0,882977
Y 15 22 31 40 48 54 1,2 0,884930 0,886861 0,888768 0,890651 0,892512 0,894350 0,896165 0,897958 0,899727 0,901475

, xi2 = 55 , yi2 = 8490 , xi yi = 666 , : ) 1,3

1,4
0,903200
0,919243
0,904902
0,920730
0,906582
0,922196
0,908241
0,923641
0,909877
0,925066
0,911492
0,926471
0,913085
0,927855
0,914657
0,929219
0,916207
0,930563
0,917736
0,931888
Y . ) 1,5 0,933193 0,934478 0,935745 0,936992 0,938220 0,939429 0,940620 0,941792 0,942947 0,944083
; ) 1,6 0,945201 0,946301 0,947384 0,948449 0,949497 0,950529 0,951543 0,952540 0,953521 0,954486
Y = 0,1 . 1,7 0,955435 0,956367 0,957284 0,958185 0,959070 0,959941 0,960796 0,961636 0,962462 0,963273
1,8 0,964070 0,964852 0,965620 0,966375 0,967116 0,967843 0,968557 0,969258 0,969946 0,970621
5. a 1,9 0,971283 0,971933 0,972571 0,973197 0,973810 0,974412 0,975002 0,975581 0,976148 0,976705

X Y :
X 2 4 7 6 8 2 0,977250 0,977784 0,978308 0,978822 0,979325 0,979818 0,980301 0,980774 0,981237 0,981691
Y 2 12 16 18 21 . : 2,1 0,982136 0,982571 0,982997 0,983414 0,983823 0,984222 0,984614 0,984997 0,985371 0,985738
2,2 0,986097 0,986447 0,986791 0,987126 0,987455 0,987776 0,988089 0,988396 0,988696 0,988989
a) Y X; 2,3 0,989276 0,989556 0,989830 0,990097 0,990358 0,990613 0,990863 0,991106 0,991344 0,991576
) a Y, X = 5 ; ) 2,4 0,991802 0,992024 0,992240 0,992451 0,992656 0,992857 0,993053 0,993244 0,993431 0,993613
0,95. 2,5 0,993790 0,993963 0,994132 0,994297 0,994457 0,994614 0,994766 0,994915 0,995060 0,995201
2,6 0,995339 0,995473 0,995604 0,995731 0,995855 0,995975 0,996093 0,996207 0,996319 0,996427
6.
2,7 0,996533 0,996636 0,996736 0,996833 0,996928 0,997020 0,997110 0,997197 0,997282 0,997365
( ) . :
2,8 0,997445 0,997523 0,997599 0,997673 0,997744 0,997814 0,997882 0,997948 0,998012 0,998074
X 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 . 2,9 0,998134 0,998193 0,998250 0,998305 0,998359 0,998411 0,998462 0,998511 0,998559 0,998605
Y 3 4 3 5 6 8 10 12 11 13 3 0,998650 0,998694 0,998736 0,998777 0,998817 0,998856 0,998893 0,998930 0,998965 0,998999
3,1 0,999032 0,999065 0,999096 0,999126 0,999155 0,999184 0,999211 0,999238 0,999264 0,999289
) Y; 3,2 0,999313 0,999336 0,999359 0,999381 0,999402 0,999423 0,999443 0,999462 0,999481 0,999499
) ; ) 3,3 0,999517 0,999534 0,999550 0,999566 0,999581 0,999596 0,999610 0,999624 0,999638 0,999651
. 3,4 0,999663 0,999675 0,999687 0,999698 0,999709 0,999720 0,999730 0,999740 0,999749 0,999758
3,5 0,999767 0,999776 0,999784 0,999792 0,999800 0,999807 0,999815 0,999822 0,999828 0,999835
3,6 0,999841 0,999847 0,999853 0,999858 0,999864 0,999869 0,999874 0,999879 0,999883 0,999888
3,7 0,999892 0,999896 0,999900 0,999904 0,999908 0,999912 0,999915 0,999918 0,999922 0,999925
3,8 0,999928 0,999931 0,999933 0,999936 0,999938 0,999941 0,999943 0,999946 0,999948 0,999950
3,9 0,999952 0,999954 0,999956 0,999958 0,999959 0,999961 0,999963 0,999964 0,999966 0,999967

167 168
 2 -
(t-)
: 02,95 (11) =19,6751375 7 - p = 0,95 2 -
: t 0,975 (8) = 2 ,306004133 - p = 0 ,975 t- n =11 .
n = 8 p
0,025 0,050 0,900 0,950 0,975 0,990 0,999
n
p 1 0,000982069 0,454936425 2,705543971 3,841459149 5,02388647 6,634896712 10,82756622
0,900 0,950 0,975 0,990 0,995
n 2 0,050635616 1,386294376 4,605170186 5,991464547 7,377758908 9,210340372 13,81551056

1 3,077683537 6,313751514 12,70620473 31,82051595 63,65674115 3 0,215795283 2,365973893 6,251388457 7,814727764 9,348403568 11,34486668 16,26623615
2 1,885618083 2,91998558 4,30265273 6,964556734 9,9248432 4 0,484418557 3,356694001 7,77944034 9,487729037 11,14328678 13,27670414 18,46682695
3 1,637744352 2,353363435 3,182446305 4,540702858 5,840909309 5 0,831211616 4,351460222 9,236356938 11,07049775 12,83250201 15,08627247 20,51500566
4 1,533206273 2,131846782 2,776445105 3,746947388 4,604094871
6 1,237344247 5,348120843 10,64464068 12,59158724 14,44937534 16,81189383 22,45774449
5 1,475884037 2,015048372 2,570581835 3,364929997 4,032142983
7 1,689869192 6,345811373 12,01703656 14,06714043 16,01276427 18,47530691 24,32188634
6 1,439755747 1,943180274 2,446911846 3,142668403 3,70742802
8 2,179730752 7,344121629 13,36156614 15,50731306 17,53454614 20,09023503 26,12448156
7 1,414923928 1,894578604 2,364624251 2,997951566 3,499483297
8 1,39681531 1,859548033 2,306004133 2,896459446 3,355387331 9 2,700389522 8,342832783 14,68365662 16,91897762 19,0227678 21,66599433 27,87716488
9 1,383028739 1,833112923 2,262157158 2,821437921 3,249835541 10 3,246972789 9,34181805 15,98717917 18,30703805 20,48317735 23,20925116 29,58829845
10 1,372183641 1,812461102 2,228138842 2,763769458 3,169272672 11 3,81574828 10,34099825 17,27500852 19,67513757 21,92004926 24,72497031 31,26413362
11 1,363430318 1,795884814 2,200985159 2,718079183 3,105806514 12 4,403788517 11,34032282 18,54934779 21,02606982 23,33666416 26,21696731 32,90949041
12 1,356217334 1,782287548 2,178812827 2,680997992 3,054539586
13 5,008750539 12,33975614 19,81192931 22,3620325 24,73560489 27,68824961 34,52817898
13 1,350171289 1,770933383 2,160368652 2,650308836 3,012275833
14 5,628726168 13,33927471 21,06414421 23,68479131 26,11894805 29,14123774 36,12327368
14 1,345030375 1,761310115 2,144786681 2,624494064 2,976842734
15 1,340605608 1,753050325 2,131449536 2,60248029 2,946712883 15 6,262137817 14,33885982 22,30712958 24,99579013 27,48839286 30,57791417 37,69729823

16 1,336757167 1,745883669 2,119905285 2,583487179 2,920781621 16 6,907664402 15,33849951 23,54182892 26,29622761 28,84535072 31,99992691 39,25235481
17 1,33337939 1,739606716 2,109815559 2,566933975 2,898230518 17 7,564186467 16,33818271 24,76903535 27,58711164 30,1910091 33,4086636 40,79021671
18 1,330390944 1,734063592 2,100922037 2,552379618 2,878440471 18 8,230746229 17,337903 25,9894231 28,86929943 31,52637844 34,80530572 42,31239633
19 1,327728209 1,729132792 2,09302405 2,539483189 2,860934604
19 8,906516548 18,33765323 27,20357106 30,14352721 32,85232686 36,19086911 43,82019596
20 1,325340707 1,724718218 2,085963441 2,527977001 2,845339707
20 9,590777511 19,33742983 28,41198058 31,41043286 34,16960691 37,56623475 45,31474662
21 1,323187874 1,720742871 2,079613837 2,517648014 2,831359554
21 10,28289782 20,33722858 29,61508943 32,67057337 35,47887591 38,93217269 46,79703804
22 1,321236742 1,717144335 2,073873058 2,50832455 2,818756056
23 1,31946024 1,713871517 2,068657599 2,499866736 2,807335678 22 10,98232081 21,33704534 30,81328234 33,92443852 36,7807121 40,28936044 48,26794229
24 1,317835934 1,710882067 2,063898547 2,492159469 2,796939498 23 11,68855204 22,3368793 32,00689967 35,17246163 38,07562727 41,63839812 49,72823246
25 1,316345073 1,708140745 2,059538536 2,48510717 2,787435805 24 12,40115026 23,33672677 33,19624426 36,4150285 39,36407706 42,97982015 51,17859777
26 1,314971864 1,705617901 2,055529418 2,478629817 2,778714523 25 13,1197201 24,33658743 34,38158698 37,65248413 40,64646916 44,31410491 52,61965576
27 1,313702913 1,703288423 2,051830493 2,472659904 2,770682946
26 13,8439051 25,33645925 35,56317121 38,88513865 41,92317015 45,64168268 54,05196237
28 1,312526782 1,701130908 2,048407115 2,467140089 2,763262442
27 14,57338291 26,3363399 36,74121675 40,11327205 43,19451096 46,96294214 55,47602018
29 1,311433647 1,699126996 2,045229611 2,46202135 2,756385902
30 1,310415025 1,697260851 2,042272449 2,457261531 2,749995652 28 15,30786062 27,3362301 37,91592255 41,33713813 44,46079183 48,27823579 56,89228537

40 1,303077053 1,683851014 2,02107537 2,423256774 2,704459262 29 16,04707179 28,3361282 39,08746978 42,55696777 45,7222858 49,5878845 58,30117346
50 1,298713694 1,675905026 2,008559072 2,403271907 2,677793261 30 16,79077241 29,33603221 40,25602376 43,77297178 46,97924223 50,89218135 59,70306426
60 1,295821093 1,670648865 2,000297804 2,390119457 2,660283014 40 24,43303947 39,33534592 51,80505719 55,75847932 59,34170704 63,69073973 73,40195753
70 1,293762898 1,66691448 1,994437086 2,38080746 2,647904603 50 32,35736408 49,33493921 63,16712082 67,50480652 71,42019524 76,15389117 86,66081523
80 1,292223583 1,664124579 1,990063387 2,373868245 2,638690591
60 40,48174843 59,33466815 74,39700583 79,08194439 83,29767502 88,37941893 99,60723316
100 1,290074761 1,660234327 1,983971466 2,364217356 2,625890514
70 48,75756563 69,33447649 85,52704303 90,53122518 95,02318414 100,4251843 112,3169318
120 1,288646234 1,6576509 1,979930381 2,357824599 2,617421135
80 57,1531735 79,33433312 96,57820347 101,8794741 106,6285676 112,3287926 124,839224
90 65,64661856 89,33422171 107,5650082 113,1452703 118,1358924 124,1163189 137,2083541
100 74,22192813 99,33413538 118,4980039 124,3421137 129,5611969 135,8067231 149,4492527

169 170
 F- = 0,01 F- = 0,05
: F0,01 (9, 5) = 6,057 - = 0,01 : F0,05 (9, 5) = 3,4817 - = 0,05
: n1 = 5 n2 = 9 . : n1 = 5 n2 = 9 .
n1 n1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 24
n2 n2
5 16,258 13,27 12,06 11,392 10,97 10,672 10,456 10,289 10,16 10,05 9,888 9,467 5 6,608 5,786 5,41 5,192 5,05 4,95 4,876 4,818 4,773 4,735 4,678 4,527

6 13,745 10,92 9,78 9,1483 8,746 8,4661 8,26 8,1017 7,976 7,874 7,718 7,313 6 5,987 5,143 4,757 4,534 4,387 4,284 4,207 4,147 4,099 4,06 4 3,842

7 12,246 9,547 8,451 7,8466 7,46 7,1914 6,9928 6,84 6,719 6,62 6,469 6,074 7 5,591 4,737 4,347 4,12 3,972 3,866 3,787 3,726 3,677 3,637 3,575 3,411

8 11,259 8,649 7,591 7,0061 6,632 6,3707 6,1776 6,0289 5,911 5,814 5,667 5,279 8 5,318 8,649 7,591 7,006 6,632 6,371 6,178 6,029 5,911 5,814 5,667 5,279

9 10,561 8,022 6,992 6,4221 6,057 5,8018 5,6129 5,4671 5,351 5,257 5,111 4,729 9 5,117 4,257 3,863 3,633 3,482 3,374 3,293 3,23 3,179 3,137 3,073 2,901

10 10,044 7,559 6,552 5,9943 5,636 5,3858 5,2001 5,0567 4,942 4,849 4,706 4,327 10 4,965 4,103 3,708 3,478 3,326 3,217 3,136 3,072 3,02 2,978 2,913 2,737

11 9,646 7,206 6,217 5,6683 5,316 5,0692 4,8861 4,7445 4,632 4,539 4,397 4,021 11 4,844 3,982 3,587 3,357 3,204 3,095 3,012 2,948 2,896 2,854 2,788 2,609

12 9,3302 6,927 5,953 5,412 5,064 4,8206 4,6395 4,4994 4,388 4,296 4,155 3,781 12 4,747 3,885 3,49 3,259 3,106 2,996 2,913 2,849 2,796 2,753 2,687 2,506

13 9,0738 6,701 5,739 5,2053 4,862 4,6204 4,441 4,3021 4,191 4,1 3,96 3,587 13 4,667 3,806 3,411 3,179 3,025 2,915 2,832 2,767 2,714 2,671 2,604 2,42

14 8,8616 6,515 5,564 5,0354 4,695 4,4558 4,2779 4,1399 4,03 3,939 3,8 3,427 14 4,6 3,739 3,344 3,112 2,958 2,848 2,764 2,699 2,646 2,602 2,534 2,349

15 8,6831 6,359 5,417 4,8932 4,556 4,3183 4,1415 4,0045 3,895 3,805 3,666 3,294 15 4,543 3,682 3,287 3,056 2,901 2,791 2,707 2,641 2,588 2,544 2,475 2,288

16 8,531 6,226 5,292 4,7726 4,437 4,2016 4,0259 3,8896 3,78 3,691 3,553 3,181 16 4,494 3,634 3,239 3,007 2,852 2,741 2,657 2,591 2,538 2,494 2,425 2,235

17 8,3997 6,112 5,185 4,669 4,336 4,1015 3,9267 3,791 3,682 3,593 3,455 3,084 17 4,451 3,592 3,197 2,965 2,81 2,699 2,614 2,548 2,494 2,45 2,381 2,19

18 6,0289 6,371 6,632 6,6318 7,006 7,0061 7,0061 7,0061 7,006 7,591 7,591 7,591 18 3,838 4,066 4,066 4,066 4,459 4,459 4,459 4,459 4,459 4,459 4,459 4,459

19 8,1849 5,926 5,01 4,5003 4,171 3,9386 3,7653 3,6305 3,523 3,434 3,297 2,925 19 4,381 3,522 3,127 2,895 2,74 2,628 2,544 2,477 2,423 2,378 2,308 2,114

20 8,096 5,849 4,938 4,4307 4,103 3,8714 3,6987 3,5644 3,457 3,368 3,231 2,859 20 4,351 3,493 3,098 2,866 2,711 2,599 2,514 2,447 2,393 2,348 2,278 2,083

21 8,0166 5,78 4,874 4,3688 4,042 3,8117 3,6396 3,5056 3,398 3,31 3,173 2,801 21 4,325 3,467 3,073 2,84 2,685 2,573 2,488 2,421 2,366 2,321 2,25 2,054

22 6,3707 6,371 6,371 6,3707 6,178 6,1776 6,1776 6,1776 6,178 6,178 6,178 6,178 22 4,066 3,838 3,838 3,838 3,838 3,838 3,838 3,838 3,838 3,838 3,838 3,838

23 7,8811 5,664 4,765 4,2636 3,939 3,7102 3,539 3,4057 3,299 3,211 3,074 2,702 23 4,279 3,422 3,028 2,796 2,64 2,528 2,442 2,375 2,32 2,275 2,204 2,005

24 7,8229 5,614 4,718 4,2184 3,895 3,6667 3,4959 3,3629 3,256 3,168 3,032 2,659 24 4,26 3,403 3,009 2,776 2,621 2,508 2,423 2,355 2,3 2,255 2,183 1,984

25 7,7698 5,568 4,676 4,1774 3,855 3,6272 3,4568 3,3239 3,217 3,129 2,993 2,62 25 4,242 3,385 2,991 2,759 2,603 2,49 2,405 2,337 2,282 2,237 2,165 1,964

26 7,7213 5,526 4,637 4,14 3,818 3,5911 3,421 3,2884 3,182 3,094 2,958 2,585 26 4,225 3,369 2,975 2,743 2,587 2,474 2,388 2,321 2,266 2,22 2,148 1,946

27 7,6767 5,488 4,601 4,1056 3,785 3,558 3,3882 3,2558 3,149 3,062 2,926 2,552 27 4,21 3,354 2,96 2,728 2,572 2,459 2,373 2,305 2,25 2,204 2,132 1,93

28 7,6356 5,453 4,568 4,074 3,754 3,5276 3,3581 3,2259 3,12 3,032 2,896 2,522 28 4,196 3,34 2,947 2,714 2,558 2,445 2,359 2,291 2,236 2,19 2,118 1,915

29 7,5977 5,42 4,538 4,0449 3,725 3,4995 3,3303 3,1982 3,092 3,005 2,869 2,495 29 4,183 3,328 2,934 2,701 2,545 2,432 2,346 2,278 2,223 2,177 2,105 1,901

30 6,1776 6,632 7,006 7,0061 7,591 7,591 7,591 7,591 7,591 7,591 8,649 8,649 30 3,838 4,066 4,459 4,459 4,459 4,459 4,459 4,459 4,459 4,459 4,459 5,318

40 7,3141 5,179 4,313 3,8283 3,514 3,291 3,1238 2,993 2,888 2,801 2,665 2,288 40 4,085 3,232 2,839 2,606 2,45 2,336 2,249 2,18 2,124 2,077 2,004 1,793

60 7,0771 4,977 4,126 3,649 3,339 3,1187 2,953 2,8233 2,719 2,632 2,496 2,115 60 4,001 3,15 2,758 2,525 2,368 2,254 2,167 2,097 2,04 1,993 1,917 1,7

80 6,9627 4,881 4,036 3,5631 3,255 3,0361 2,8713 2,742 2,637 2,551 2,415 2,032 80 3,96 3,111 2,719 2,486 2,329 2,214 2,126 2,056 1,999 1,951 1,875 1,654

100 6,8953 4,824 3,984 3,5127 3,206 2,9877 2,8233 2,6943 2,59 2,503 2,368 1,983 100 3,936 3,087 2,696 2,463 2,305 2,191 2,103 2,032 1,975 1,927 1,85 1,627

120 6,8509 4,787 3,949 3,4795 3,174 2,9559 2,7918 2,6629 2,559 2,472 2,336 1,95 120 3,92 3,072 2,68 2,447 2,29 2,175 2,087 2,016 1,959 1,911 1,834 1,608

6,6351 4,605 3,782 3,3194 3,017 2,8022 2,6395 2,5115 2,408 2,321 2,185 1,791 3,842 2,996 2,605 2,372 2,214 2,099 2,01 1,938 1,88 1,831 1,752 1,517

171 172