Design and Analysis of Tall Steel

Buildings

Dr Mustafa Batikha
Design and Analysis of Tall Steel Buildings
Course leader and instructor: Dr Mustafa Batikha
Room: F 57, phone: 8785
E-mail: m.batikha@hw.ac.uk
Assessment
Coursework 40%
Final exam 60% (open book exam)

All the course materials are available on VISION

 Contents
1. Introduction to tall buildings
2. Design criteria for steel tall buildings
2.1 Loading
2.2 Strength and stability
2.3 Stiffness and drift limitations
2.4 Human comfort criteria
2.5 Foundation settlement
3. Structural Systems of steel tall buildings
3.1 Steel rigid frames
3.2 Braced frames
3.2 Shear wall systems
3.3 Tubular structures
3.4 Outrigger and belt truss systems
Introduction to tall buildings
Course References
Ali M.M. and Moon K.S. (2007). Structural Developments in Tall Buildings: Current
Trends and Future Prospects, Architectural Science Review, 50.3, pp 203-223.

ANSI/AISC 360-05 (2005). Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, American

institute of steel construction, USA.

ASCE Standard ASCE/SEI 7-10 (2013). Minimum design loads for buildings and
other structures, American Society of Civil Engineering, USA.

BS EN 1998-1 (2004). Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake

resistance -Part 1 : General rules, seismic actions and rules for buildings, CEN,
Brussels.

BS EN 1998-2 (2005). Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake

resistance -Part 2 :Bridges, CEN, Brussels.

BS EN 1990 (2002). Eurocode: Basis of structural design, CEN, Brussels.

Burton M.D., Kwok K.C.S. and Abdelrazaq A. (2015). Wind-induced motion of tall
buildings: designing for occupant comfort, International Journal for high rise
buildings, 4 (1), pp1-8.
FEMA 350 (2000). Recommended seismic design criteria for new Steel Moment-
Frame buildings, Federal Emergency Management Agency, USA.

Gioncu V. and Mazzolani F. M. (2002). Ductility of seismic resistant steel

structures, Spon press, UK.

Patil D.M. and Sangle K.K. (2015). Seismic behaviour of different bracing systems
in high rise 2-D steel buildings, structures, 3, pp 282-305.

Smith B.S. and Coull A. (1991). Tall building structures-analysis and design, John
Wiley & Sons, New York.

Roudsari M.T., Gordini M., Esmaeilpour B. Amini H. and Esfandiari J. (2014). Seismic
behavior evaluation of knee braced frames based on pushover and cyclic
analyses, Journal of applied sciences, 14 (24), pp 3627-3632.

Taranath B. S. (2017). Tall building design-Steel, concrete and composite

systems, CRC press, London.

Taranath B. S. (2012). Structural analysis and design of Tall buildings design-Steel,

and composite construction, CRC press, London.

Mendis P., Ngo T., Haritos N., Hira A., Samali B. and Cheung J. (2007). Wind Loading
on Tall Buildings, EJSE Special Issue: Loading on Structures, pp 41-54.
 Why Tall Buildings?
The limited space and rapid growth in population. Therefore, tall buildings
are practical solution for residential needs.
To Avoid decreasing the agricultural land.
The demand by business activities to be close to each other and to city
center.
City center hotel accommodations.
 Factors affecting the growth of high-rise structures
The available material: Steel, Concrete, composite and
lightweight materials for facades and infill walls.
 Factors affecting the growth of high-rise structures-Continued
Development of structural systems: requirements for stiff and strong structures

Interior Structures Exterior Structures

Lateral load resisting Lateral load resisting

system is within the system is at the
interior of the building building perimeter

Core-supported outrigger structure

Interior Structures (Ali and Moon, 2007)
Factors affecting the growth of high-rise structures-Continued

Exterior Structures (Ali and Moon, 2007)

 Factors affecting the growth of high-rise structures-Continued
Development of construction technology: Tower crane
Burj Khalifa example (828m) from Jan 2004- Jan 2010 (6years)
3 Tower Cranes each capable of lifting a 25-tonne load.
The usual maximum height for a free standing crane is 80m (These
usually helps up to 300-400 m tall buildings).
For upper levels, the crane attached to the structure.
 Factors affecting the growth of high-rise structures-Continued
Development of services necessary for the building in use : e.g. Elevators
Burj Khalifa case study: Floors above ground: 163; below ground: 2
57 elevators where the highest elevator landing at 638 m.
The supplier: Otis Farmington, CT, USA.
12 to 14 people per cabin.
Travel speed of 10 m per second (60 seconds from ground to level 124)
Under strong wind, elevators have Sway sensors when movements and
vibrations of elevator long ropes become too strong. Then, elevators get
shutdown temporarily.
Having features to minimize energy consumption by up to 50%
compared to the conventional elevators.

Speed of erection
Return on the investment in such large-scale project.
Tall buildings are in congested city center with difficult access.
 Factors affecting the growth of high-rise structures-Continued
Speed of erection-continued
Burj Khalifa Example (6years of construction)
$ 4.1 billions
Total area: 460,000 m2
Structural material: 192 Reinforced concrete piles (1.5m diameter and
45m long), mat concrete foundation of 3.7m thick, concrete structure to
level 155 (330,000m3 and 55,000 tonnes of steel rebar), steel structure
from level 156 to top (4000 tonnes).
26000 glass panels.
22 million man-hours (1300 workers per day)

(3 day-cycle) construction plan

Rebar pre-fabrication: reducing the number of workers going up and

down the tower.
Fast construction method for concrete slabs: using four levels of
shores.
 Factors affecting the growth of high-rise structures-Continued
Speed of erection-continued
(3 day-cycle) construction plan-continued
 Factors affecting the growth of high-rise structures-Continued
Speed of erection-continued

(3 day-cycle) construction plan-continued

Using high performance concrete: High strength, high durability

requirement, high modulus, and pumping (Cement= 350 to 400 kg/m3,
W/C0.3 with Silica Fume and Fly ash).

Advanced pumping technology for concrete: Pumping length up to

600m, concrete vertical pressure up to 200 bar (20 MPa) using 150mm pipe
diameter.
 Factors affecting the growth of high-rise structures-Continued
Building services
Monitoring system.
Fire Safety system.
Air Supply system.
Power supply system.
Water supply system.
 Design Process

The main interest in tall

buildings is the
architectural challenge
and client highly
impressive. Therefore,
structural engineer is
usually constrained to
architect view.