Chapter 2 The Structure of the Atom

List of PEKA experiments:

1. Diffusion of particles in a gas, liquid and solid

2. Rate of diffusion depends on the temperature
3. Rate of diffusion depends on the mass of the gas particles
4. Melting and freezing points of naphthalene, C10H8
Number Activity 2.1
Pg. 7
Title Diffusion of particles in a gas, liquid and solid
Aim To investigate the diffusion of particles in a gas,
liquid and solid
Problem How diffusion does occur through solid, a liquid and
Statement gas?
Hypothesis Particles can diffuse through the spaces between the
particles of a solid, a liquid and the gas.
Apparatus A. Diffusion in a gas
Gas jars
Gas jar covers
B. Diffusion in a liquid

Droppers / Teat pipette

Thistle funnel
Spatula
C. Diffusion in a solid

Stoppers
Test tubes
Test tube rack
Retort stand and clamp
Material A. Diffusion in a gas
Liquid bromine, Br2
B. Diffusion in a liquid

1 mol dm-3 potassium manganate (VII),

KMnO4solution
Water
C. Diffusion in a solid
 Potassium manganate(VII), KMnO4 crystal /
Copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 crystal
Hot liquid gel
Variables Manipulated variable: Type of medium
Responding variable: Motion of the particles
Controlled / Fixed variable: Temperature and
pressure
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Number Activity 2.2

Pg. 8
Title Rate of diffusion depends on the temperature
Aim To show that the rate of diffusion depends on the
temperature
Problem How does rate of diffusion depends on the
Statement temperature?
Hypothesis Higher temperature can increase the rate of diffusion
Apparatus Beakers
Droppers
Material Food colouring
Water
Ice water
Hot water
Variables Manipulated variable: Temperature of water
Responding variable: Rate of diffusion
Controlled / Fixed variable: Concentration
and volume of food colouring and pressure
Operational Higher temperature in water increases the particles
Definition to move faster and increases the rate of diffusion. /
Higher temperature in water increases the kinetics
energy than lower temperature in water.
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Number Activity 2.3

Pg. 9
Title Rate of diffusion depends on the mass of the gas
particles
Aim To show that the rate of diffusion depends on the
 mass of the gas particles
Problem How does rate of diffusion depends on the mass of
Statement the gas particles?
Hypothesis Low molecular masses diffuse faster than those with
high molecular masses
Apparatus Glass tube
Stoppers
Retort stand and clamp
Beakers
Droppers
Material Glass wool
Concentrated ammonia, NH3 solution
Concentrated hydrochloric acid, HCl
Variables Manipulated variable: Mass of the gas
particles
Responding variable: Rate of diffusion
Controlled / Fixed variable: Temperature and
pressure
Operational Gas with low molecular masses diffuse faster than
Definition those with high molecular masses.
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Number Activity 2.4

Pg. 9
Title Melting and freezing points of naphthalene, C10H8
Aim To determine the melting and freezing points of
naphthalene, C10H8
Problem How does rate of diffusion depends on the mass of
Statement the gas particles?
Hypothesis The temperature of naphthalene, C10H8 increase
during heating except at its melting and solidification
points
Apparatus Boiling tube
250 cm3 beaker
Thermometer (0 100C)
Tripod stand
Retort stand and clamp
Bunsen burner
Stopwatch
 Conical flask
Wire gauze
Material Naphthalene, C10H8
Water
Variables Manipulated variable: Heat supplied
Responding variable: Temperature
Controlled / Fixed variable: Naphthalene,
C10H8