Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
GO2 ,
Green O2 ( ) , , ,
, , ,
, , -
. ,
, - .
,
,
, , -
, , ,
, , -
.
. .
, ,
(. )
-
, , () [110].
: (1)
(DDREF) (2)
(). , , , -
[11].
[3,8,10].
1. DDREF
/2. DDREF
()
(DDREF), - [13].
, - DDREF ,
[9]. [1417]. -
. DDREF, - ,
- [17,18].
() ,
, 2 [12]. , , , -
, - [15].
Young Scientist . # 7 (141) . February 2017 Ecology 171
, -
- [31]; , -
-. , , --
( -) [14,32].
[19]. - -
DDREF [12]. - [14].
DDREF -
, [33]. -
. , (fitting)
- -
. - -
, ; -
, -
[20]. , - [34].
[35].
; , -
. - -
, DDREF [12,31,36,37]; ,
, - -
, - (. ). -
, [21]. ,
[13,10]. , -
, -
, . ., [22]. ()
- [5,7].
-
.. [23]. 0,52
, - , -
- [3840]. -
3100 , ( 10000 -,
) 3,5 ,
700 [24]. ,
-
,
. , - [41,42].
- 1 -
[25]. ;
-
(), . , -
()
[26,27]. , - [41,42], -
-
; , - .
[26,28]. - -
, , , , . ., -
( ), - [36,37,43].
(-
. - -, , -)
250 ; [31,4449].
. -, -
, -
, - - ,
[5051]. -
200 [15,29,30]. , ,
172 . 7 (141) . 2017 .
, - . -
, -
, [64,65],
(observational bias) [52]. , .
,
- -
. , [15,16],
, . ., (odds averaging) -
[53]. 90% -
0,1 [48]. , - [14].
, . , -
0,91 [44].
, . --
, -
[54]. ; ,
,
4050 .
40 [55]. BEIR VII,
- - (
) [15,16] -
[26]. , , -
[66] . . -
-
12 - - () [15]
[55]. , . , ,
(bias) -
, , 50100 -
[6,7]. , - 1050 [20], -
- - -
, [56,57].
1 -- 90 [67], -
-
, , . .
[44] ( -
), - [13,14,18,23,24]. , -
. - ,
. . DDREF [12]. -
-
0,1 [45]. , , , -
, ,
, , . [68].
- [69].
[4449]
, - ,
[36,37,43,5862]. -
. , -
a priori ,
, - ;
, ,
[1,2]. ,
, - , -
[1,63]. , ,
- recall bias [52]: ,
( ) - [70,71].
, , -,
, -
Young Scientist . # 7 (141) . February 2017 Ecology 173
. - ,
, RET/PTC3
, . [84] 1998 . , RET/PTC
1000 , DDREF -
110 4 [27]. . ,
DDREF 2 [19]. - RET/PTC1 [88]. -
[16]. , RET/PTC1
- RET [88], ,
, - RET/ PTC3, RET/PTC1. -
. , RET -
- [84,89,90], -, ,
- -
DDREF, - RET,
de novo [89]. -
. , RET/PTC -
,
2. . ; , .
, RET/PTC
,
RET ( , RET/PTC3) (clusters) , -
() - ,
- [89,91].
[72,73]. - RET/PTC3
, RET/PTC3 , . .,
[74]. - . -
, - RET -
, - , [90], -
, - ,
. , - . -
, , , RET/PTC IIIIV ,
. [87,92], -
, , RET, , RET/PTC3 -
in vitro, ,
, [93,94]. -
[7579]. ..- RET/PTC3, RET/PTC1 [94].
RET/PTC -
in vitro 0,1 [80] - RET/PTC3, -
[77,78]. . [95].
10 , 63 %
RET/PTC3 [96]
4000 RET
[81] . - [97,98]. , RET/PTC1 81%
[2,4,8] - , 10
, RET - [96]. RET ( RET/
, RET/ PTC3)
PTC3 . - , -
[82], - , T4 [96,99]. -
[8386] , RET/PTC , RET/PTC,
, (BRAF, RAS, PAX8PPAR)
. ,
(19952001 .); 1 4 [92]. -
[87]. [83 ; , -
86] RET/PTC .
, -
: RET/PTC1 - : , -
174 . 7 (141) . 2017 .
19811985 . 15 ;
, 3, ,
0,3 ; , - . RET/PTC -
, 25 0,5. : RET -
1,0 0,1 [100,101]. ; RET-
: RET/PTC1 , RET/PTC3
15 , 1971 1985 [74,96]. -
. - :
19 - -1 -
[102] ( [98], RET ( 10,3%) [110,111], ,
) , [4].
10 , RET -
24 [103]. RET/PTC1 [111].
2008 [112] -
, RET/PTC -
19861990 ., . .
: - RET/PTC
. -
10 24 - ,
[11], , - RET/PTC
. RET/PTC1. RET/PTC3
: The background [112].
rate of thyroid cancer among children under age 10 years , RET/
is approximately 2 to 4 cases per million per year [11]. PTC [113].
[100] --
. , - .
[11] -; . -
[100,101]. . RET/PTC
- [114,115],
1989 ,
[74]. - [116]. , -
- RET/PTC3
[104,105]. , - [117].
[106], ,
. - RET/PTC1 [90,117]. ,
[106] - -
[100,101] , , .
- RET/PTC3 [118],
[8]. . RET/PTC3 -
,
[107]. - : 64,7% 42,9% [119].
; [74], RET/PTC
- [82,110,120],
. - [120],
-
(19861996) .
[108]. T4 -
50% 224 -
. 4
: 71% [108]. , , -
- RET
[109]. , , , RET/
- PTC3 , RET/
, - PTC1. ,
. - ,
- , -
Young Scientist . # 7 (141) . February 2017 Ecology 175
[98]
- .
, , [124], -
, , -
. - ,
-
, , , -
. RET - .
, [94], ,
- -
/ [95,121]. -
, ( .
) - .
, ( -
RET/PTC3, RET/PTC1; -
BRAF) [97,122,123] , ,
[105,
[97,122]. - 125]. -
.
,
1. ,.. . . .
. 2008; (3):1722.
2. ,.. . . . .
2011; (5):749.
3. Jargin,S.V.Thyroid carcinoma in children and adolescents resulting from the Chernobyl accident: possible causes of
the incidence increase overestimation. Cesk Patol 2009;45:502.
4. Jargin,S.V.On the RET rearrangements in Chernobyl-related thyroid cancer. J.Thyroid Res 2012;2012:373879.
5. Jargin,S.V.On the low-dose-radiation exposure in the Techa River Cohort and mortality from circulatory diseases.
Radiat Environ Biophys 2013;52:41920.
6. Jargin,S.V.On the radiation-leukemia dose-response relationship among recovery workers after the Chernobyl
accident. Dose Response 2013;12:1625.
7. Jargin,S.V.Leukemia and cardiovascular diseases in the Techa river cohort. J Environ Occup Sci 2014;3:634.
8. Jargin,S.V.Chernobyl-related cancer and precancerous lesions: Incidence increase vs. late diagnostics. Dose
Response 2014;12:40414.
9. Jargin,S.V.Biological effectiveness of ionizing radiation: Acute vs. protracted exposures. J Environ Stud 2016;2:5.
10. Jargin,S.V.Hypothesis: overestimation of Chernobyl consequences. J.Environ. Occup Sci 2016;5:5965.
11. (UNSCEAR) 2008. D. -
.
12. Rhm,W., WoloschakG.E., ShoreR.E. et al. Dose and dose-rate effects of ionizing radiation: a discussion in the
light of radiological protection. Radiat Environ Biophys 2015;54:379401.
13. ICRP. Low-dose extrapolation of radiation-related cancer risk. ICRP Publication 99. Ann ICRP 2005;35 (4).
14. Doss,M.Linear no-threshold model vs. radiation hormesis. Dose Response 2013;11:48097.
15. ,.. : pro contra.
. . . . 2011; (1):1079.
16. ,.. --
. . . . 2008; (4):389408.
17. Tubiana,M., FeinendegenL.E., YangC., KaminskiJ.M.The linear no-threshold relationship is inconsistent with
radiation biologic and experimental data. Radiology 2009;251:1322.
18. Feinendegen,L.E.Evidence for beneficial low level radiation effects and radiation hormesis. Br J Radiol 2005;78:37.
19. Haley,B.M., PauneskuT., GrdinaD.J. et al. The increase in animal mortality risk following exposure to sparsely
ionizing radiation is not linear quadratic with dose. PLoS One 2015;10: e0140989.
20. Brenner,D.J., DollR., GoodheadD.T. et al. Cancer risks attributable to low doses of ionizing radiation: assessing
what we really know. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003;100:137616.
176 . 7 (141) . 2017 .
21. Karam,P.A., LeslieS.A.Calculations of background beta-gamma radiation dose through geologic time. Health Phys
1999;77:6627.
22. Kaludercic,N., DeshwalS., Di LisaF.Reactive oxygen species and redox compartmentalization. Front Physiol
2014;5:285.
23. ,.. . : , 1995.
24. Mitchel,R.E.The dose window for radiation-induced protective adaptive responses. Dose Response 2009;8:192
208.
25. Shuryak,I., BrennerD.J., UllrichR.L.Radiation-induced carcinogenesis: mechanistically based differences between
gamma-rays and neutrons, and interactions with DMBA. PLoS One 2011;6: e28559.
26. National Research Council of the National Academies. Health risks from exposure to low levels of ionizing radiation
(BEIR VII Phase 2). Washington, D.C.: National Acad Press, 2006.
27. UNSCEAR 1993 Report. Annex F: Influence of Dose and Dose Rate on Stochastic Effects of Radiation.
28. Task Group on Radiation Quality Effects in Radiological Protection. Relative biological effectiveness (RBE), quality
factor (Q), and radiation weighting factor (w (R)). Ann ICRP 2003;33 (4):1117.
29. Little,M.P., MuirheadC.R.Curvature in the cancer mortality dose response in Japanese atomic bomb survivors:
absence of evidence of threshold. Int J Radiat Biol 1998;74:47180.
30. Heidenreich,W.F., ParetzkeH.G., JacobP.No evidence for increased tumor rates below 200 mSv in the atomic bomb
survivors data. Radiat Environ Biophys 1997;36:2057.
31. Ozasa,K., ShimizuY., SuyamaA. et al. Studies of the mortality of atomic bomb survivors, Report 14, 19502003:
an overview of cancer and noncancer diseases. Radiat Res 2012;177:22943.
32. Cuttler,J.M.Remedy for radiation fear discard the politicized science. Dose Response 2014;12:17084.
33. Sasaki,M.S., TachibanaA., TakedaS.Cancer risk at low doses of ionizing radiation: artificial neural networks
inference from atomic bomb survivors. J Radiat Res 2014;55:391406.
34. Dourson,M., BeckerR.A., HaberL.T. et al. Advancing human health risk assessment: integrating recent advisory
committee recommendations. Crit Rev Toxicol 2013;43:46792.
35. Jargin,S.V.On the mathematical modeling of radiation-related abnormalities in humans. Molodoi Uchenyi Young
Scientist 2014; (19):468.
36. Krestinina,L.Y., DavisF.G., SchonfeldS. et al. Leukaemia incidence in the Techa River Cohort: 19532007. Br J
Cancer 2013;109:288693.
37. Ostroumova,E., PrestonD.L., RonE. et al. Breast cancer incidence following low-dose rate environmental exposure:
Techa River Cohort, 19562004. Br J Cancer 2008;99:19405.
38. ,.., .., .. .
. . . 1990; (12):115.
39. ,.., .., .. . -
. . . . 2000; (6):104.
40. Tokarskaya,Z.B., ScottB.R., ZhuntovaG.V. et al. Interaction of radiation and smoking in lung cancer induction
among workers at the Mayak nuclear enterprise. Health Phys 2002;83:83346.
41. ,.., ., ..- -
. . . . 2004; (3):306.
42. ,.., .., .. . , -
. : , 2001.
43. ,.., .. .
2010; (6):349.
44. ,.., .., .. -
, 19481958 . . . .
2012; (2):14957.
45. ,.., ., .. . -
: 19481982. . . . 2015; (4):4361.
46. Azizova,T.V., MuirheadC.R., DruzhininaM.B. et al. Cardiovascular diseases in the cohort of workers first employed
at Mayak PA in 19481958. Radiat Res 2010;174:15568.
47. Azizova,T.V., ZhuntovaG.V., HaylockR.G. et al. Chronic bronchitis in the cohort of Mayak workers first employed
19481958. Radiat Res 2013;180:61021.
48. Krestinina,L.Y., EpifanovaS., SilkinS. et al. Chronic low-dose exposure in the Techa River Cohort: risk of mortality
from circulatory diseases. Radiat Environ Biophys 2013;52:4757.
49. Yablokov,A.V.Nonmalignant diseases after the Chernobyl catastrophe. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009;1181:58160.
Young Scientist . # 7 (141) . February 2017 Ecology 177
50. Zablotska,L.B., BazykaD., LubinJ.H. et al. Radiation and the risk of chronic lymphocytic and other leukemias
among Chornobyl cleanup workers. Environ Health Perspect 2013;121:5965.
51. McGeoghegan, D., BinksK., GilliesM. et al. The non-cancer mortality experience of male workers at British Nuclear
Fuels plc, 19462005. Int J Epidemiol 2008;37:50618.
52. Watanabe,T., MiyaoM., HondaR. et al. Hiroshima survivors exposed to very low doses of A-bomb primary radiation
showed a high risk for cancers. Environ. Health Prev Med 2008;13:26470.
53. Smith,J., BeresfordN.A.Chernobyl Catastrophe and Consequences. Chichester: Springer, 2005. P. 23966.
54. Vallis,K.A., PintilieM., ChongN. et al. Assessment of coronary heart disease morbidity and mortality after radiation
therapy for early breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2002;20:103642.
55. UNSCEAR 2006 Report. Annex B: Epidemiological evaluation of cardiovascular disease and other non-cancer
diseases following radiation exposure.
56. UNSCEAR 1962 Report. Annex D: Somatic effects of radiation.
57. Schultz-Hector,S.Radiation-induced heart disease: review of experimental data on dose response and pathogenesis.
Int J Radiat Biol 1992;61:14960.
58. Krestinina,L.Y., DavisF., OstroumovaE. et al. Solid cancer incidence and low-dose-rate radiation exposures in the
Techa River cohort: 19562002. Int J Epidemiol 2007;36:103846.
59. Sokolnikov,M., PrestonD., GilbertE. et al. Radiation effects on mortality from solid cancers other than lung, liver,
and bone cancer in the Mayak worker cohort: 19482008. PLoS One 2015;10: e0117784.
60. Azizova,T.V., KorobkinA.V., OsovetsS.V., BannikovaM.V.Latency period of acute leukemia in the cohort of Mayak
workers. Chronic radiation exposure: low-dose effects. In: Abstracts of the 4th International Conference, Nov. 911,
2010, Chelyabinsk; 2010. P. 145.
61. Yablokov,A.V.Oncological diseases after the Chernobyl catastrophe. Ann N Y AcadSci. 2009;1181:16191.
62. Ivanov,V.K., GorskiA.I., TsybA.F. et al. Solid cancer incidence among the Chernobyl emergency workers residing
in Russia: estimation of radiation risks. Radiat Environ Biophys 2004;43:3542.
63. Jargin,S.V.Unfounded statements tending to overestimate Chernobyl consequences. J Radiol Prot 2013;33:8814.
64. Duport,P., JiangH., ShilnikovaN.S. et al. Database of radiogenic cancer in experimental animals exposed to low
doses of ionizing radiation. J Toxicol Environ Health. B Crit. Rev 2012;15:186209.
65. Dreicer,M.Book review. Chernobyl: Consequences of the catastrophe for people and the environment. Environ
Health Perspect 2010;118: A500.
66. Bertell,R.Behind the cover-up. Assessing conservatively the full Chernobyl death toll. Pacific Ecologist 2006; Winter.
67. Ron,E., ModanB., PrestonD. et al. Thyroid neoplasia following low-dose radiation in childhood. Radiat Res
1989;120:51631.
68. Tanaka,S., TanakaI.B. 3rd, SasagawaS. et al. No lengthening of life span in mice continuously exposed to gamma
rays at very low dose rates. Radiat Res 2003;160:3769.
69. Caratero,A., CourtadeM., BonnetL. et al. Effect of a continuous gamma irradiation at a very low dose on the life
span of mice. Gerontology 1998;44:2726.
70. Little,J.B.Low-dose radiation effects: interactions and synergism. Health Phys 1990;59:4955.
71. Jargin,S.V.Hormetic use of stress in gerontological interventions requires a cautious approach. Biogerontology
2016;17:41722.
72. Nikiforov,Y. E.Radiation-induced thyroid cancer: what we have learned from Chernobyl. Endocr Pathol
2006;17:30717.
73. Nikiforov,Y.E., NikiforovaM.N.Molecular genetics and diagnosis of thyroid cancer. Nat Rev Endocrinol
2011;7:56980.
74. ,.., .., . . : -
, 2006.
75. Matsuu-Matsuyama,M., ShichijoK., OkaichiK. et al. Effect of age on the sensitivity of the rat thyroid gland to
ionizing radiation. J Radiat Res 2015;56:493501.
76. Lee,W., ChiacchieriniR.P., ShleienB., TellesN.C.Thyroid tumors following 131I or localized X irradiation to the
thyroid and pituitary glands in rats. Radiat Res 1982;92:30719.
77. Mizuno,T., IwamotoK.S., KyoizumiS. et al. Preferential induction of RET/PTC1 rearrangement by X-ray irradiation.
Oncogene 2000;19:43843.
78. Ito,T., SeyamaT., IwamotoK.S. et al. In vitro irradiation is able to cause RET oncogene rearrangement. Cancer Res
1993;53:29403.
79. Finn,S.P., SmythP., OReganE. et al. Array comparative genomic hybridisation analysis of gamma-irradiated
human thyrocytes. Virchows Arch 2004;445:396404.
178 . 7 (141) . 2017 .
108. Tronko,M.D., BogdanovaT.I., KomissarenkoI.V. et al. Thyroid carcinoma in children and adolescents in Ukraine
after the Chernobyl nuclear accident: statistical data and clinicomorphologic characteristics. Cancer 1999;86:149
56.
109. Williams,E.D., AbrosimovA., BogdanovaT. et al. Thyroid carcinoma after Chernobyl latent period, morphology and
aggressiveness. Br J Cancer 2004;90:221924.
110. Vuong,H.G., AltibiA.M., AbdelhamidA.H. et al. The changing characteristics and molecular profiles of papillary
thyroid carcinoma over time: a systematic review. Oncotarget 2016; doi: 10.18632/oncotarget. 12885
111. Mitsutake,N., FukushimaT., MatsuseM. et al. BRAF (V600E) mutation is highly prevalent in thyroid carcinomas in
the young population in Fukushima: a different oncogenic profile from Chernobyl. Sci Rep 2015;5:16976.
112. ,.., .., .. - RET/
PTC . --
. . . . 2016; (1):525.
113. Tuttle,R.M., LukesY., OnstadL. et al. ret/PTC activation is not associated with individual radiation dose estimates
in a pilot study of neoplastic thyroid nodules arising in Russian children and adults exposed to Chernobyl fallout.
Thyroid 2008;18:83946.
114. Leeman-Neill,R.J., BrennerA.V., LittleM.P. et al. RET/PTC and PAX8/PPAR chromosomal rearrangements in
post-Chernobyl thyroid cancer and their association with iodine-131 radiation dose and other characteristics. Cancer
2013;119:17929.
115. Hamatani,K., EguchiH., ItoR. et al. RET/PTC rearrangements preferentially occurred in papillary thyroid cancer
among atomic bomb survivors exposed to high radiation dose. Cancer Res 2008;68:717682.
116. Nakachi,K., HayashiT., HamataniK. et al. Sixty years of follow-up of Hiroshima and Nagasaki survivors: current
progress in molecular epidemiology studies. Mutat Res 2008;659:10917.
117. Nikiforov,Y.E.Molecular diagnostics of thyroid tumors. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2011;135:56977.
118. Rao,P.J., VardhiniN.V., ParvathiM.V. et al. Prevalence of RET/PTC1 and RET/PTC3 gene rearrangements in
Chennai population and its correlation with clinical parameters. Tumour Biol 2014;35:953948.
119. Di CristofaroJ., VaskoV., SavchenkoV. et al. ret/PTC1 and ret/PTC3 in thyroid tumors from Chernobyl liquidators:
comparison with sporadic tumors from Ukrainian and French patients. Endocr Relat Cancer 2005;12:17383.
120. Jung,C.K., LittleM.P., LubinJ.H. et al. The increase in thyroid cancer incidence during the last four decades is
accompanied by a high frequency of BRAF mutations and a sharp increase in RAS mutations. J Clin Endocrinol
Metab 2014;99: E27685.
121. Leboulleux,S., BaudinE., HartlD.W. et al. Follicular cell-derived thyroid cancer in children. Horm Res 2005;63:145
51.
122. Suzuki,K., MitsutakeN., SaenkoV., YamashitaS.Radiation signatures in childhood thyroid cancers after the
Chernobyl accident: possible roles of radiation in carcinogenesis. Cancer Sci 2015;106:12733.
123. Jarzab,B., Handkiewicz-JunakD.Differentiated thyroid cancer in children and adults: same or distinct disease?
Hormones (Athens) 2007;6:2009.
124. Akulevich,N.M., SaenkoV.A., RogounovitchT.I. et al. Polymorphisms of DNA damage response genes in radiation-
related and sporadic papillary thyroid carcinoma. Endocr Relat Cancer 2009;16:491503.
125. Kharecha PA, Hansen JE. Prevented mortality and greenhouse gas emissions from historical and projected nuclear
power. Environ Sci Technol 2013;47:488995.