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Question:
Which Vowel formant would be more susceptible to significant hearing
thresholds in the higher frequencies (F1 or F2)?
Degree of Hearing Levels x Frequency-
Vowels
Question:
Which Vowel formant would be more susceptible to significant
hearing thresholds in the higher frequencies (F1 or F2)?
Response:
F2 as these occur at higher frequencies than F1
Question:
Which Consonants would be more susceptible to significant hearing
thresholds in the higher frequencies?
Degree of Hearing Levels x Frequency:
Consonants
Question:
Which Consonants would be more susceptible to significant hearing
thresholds in the higher frequencies?
Response:
Fricatives, Affricatives, High Frequency Plosives (/t/, /d/), (/r/ versus /l/)
Temporal/Frequency Resolution
Questions:
Which speech sounds/aspects would be least affected by poor
frequency/temporal resolution?
Question:
Which speech sounds/aspects would be least affected by poor
frequency/temporal resolution?
Response:
a. Speech sounds with greater frequency separation be easiest to perceive:
For vowels: Front versus back vowels have greatest F2 separation
For consonants: if in same speech sound class, then anteriorly versus more
posteriorly produced (e.g., /f/ versus /sh/)
Question:
Which speech sounds/aspects would be most affected by poor frequency/temporal
resolution?
Response:
a. Speech sounds that have least frequency separation be most affected by poor frequency
resolution:
Vowels: Vowels that have relatively close F2 (e.g., /i/ versus /e/) would be most difficult
Consonants: Speech sounds that have relatively close peak energies be impacted (/f/
versus /th/, alveolar versus velar (e.g., /sh/ versus /s/)
b. Speech sounds with shortest productions (plosives, stops) and very fast changing
formant transitions (plosives, stops, liquids- /r/, /l/) would be most affected by poor
temporal resolution
Frequency Spectral Information & Duration
Question:
Which are the slowest changing, longest lasting speech sounds?
Frequency Spectral Information & Duration- contd
Vowels:
All relatively long in duration (@ 125-175 msecs), thus, not as impacted
by duration as much as consonants re perception of frequency spectral
information
Consonants:
Nasals and fricatives are relatively long in duration (@125-150 msecs),
depending on location in word (medial being shorter than initial and final
positions)
If information is audible relative to the frequency loss, then temporal
resolution should be sufficient to hear/perceive place
Longest Duration, Slowest Changing
Speech Sounds- contd?
Note that even though liquids (l/r/) are relatively long in nature (similar to
fricative duration as long as it is not in a blend ), only true for F1 and F2
F1 and F2 are almost identical between /r/ and /l/, however, F3 is
different
Problem is that the third formant changes rapidly (making it harder to
perceive/distinguish between the two sounds)
Frequency Spectral Information & Duration
Question:
Which are the fastest changing, shortest lasting speech
sounds?
Shortest Duration/Fastest Changing Speech Sounds?
Response:
Question:
Which category of speech sounds exhibit the fastest formant
transitions?
Formant Transitions
(Frequency Onsets X Rapidity Of Transition)
Regarding liquids, third formant transitions in/l/ and /r/ are very
fast changes.
Thus, harder to perceive in those with hearing loss and many with
processing difficulties (CAPD)- think of Japanese (cant distinguish
/r/ from /l/)
Formant Transitions
(Frequency Onsets X Rapidity Of Transition)
Detection
Recognition
AIDED:
Distance /a/ /u/ /ee/ /f/ /sh/ /s/ /m/
Detection
Recognition
Male Talker
UNAIDED:
Detection
Recognition
AIDED:
Distance /a/ /u/ /ee/ /f/ /sh/ /s/ /m/
Detection
Recognition
What Did We Find?
Predictions:
Obviously, able to hear at greater distances with hearing aids on
Likely found that distance for recognition versus detection needed
to be closer for at least some speech sounds
Likely found that distance for female generated fricatives (/s/ and
/s/ likely needed to be closer in distance (due to higher frequency
components)
Examining An Audiogram: A Process To
Determine What Might Be Perceived by a Client
In this case, if hear F1 but not F2, then person will perceive only
F1; Because F1 in /i/ is similar to the /u/, one perceives /u/
Thus, in discrimination task /i/ versus /u/, hear /u/ both times
Examining An Audiogram- contd
Examining An Audiogram- contd
Aided (PTA)
If aided (unaided better than 70 dB), likely can still perceive place with hearing
aids, as sounds are audible and temporal resolution is likely sufficient for all
consonants
If > 70 dB loss, then place for stops and voice onset time will both be affected
Examining An Audiogram- contd
Aided (PTA)