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FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA


PULAU PINANG LABORATORY MANUAL

COURSE BASIC HYDRAULICS


COURSE CODE ECW 321
LEVEL OF OPENNESS 0
CATEGORY PARTIALLY OPEN ENDED
DEGREE OF OPEN-ENDED (%) 0
PERIOD OF ACTIVITY 1 WEEK (WEEK1)

TITLE METACENTRIC HEIGHT MEASUREMENT

1.1 Introduction

The traditional methods of conducting laboratory activities will not be able to


provide the avenue for students to enhance independent learning activities
and inculcate creativity and innovation.
Level 0 is fully prescriptive where problem, ways & means and answers are
provided to the students. However it is still necessary especially to first and
second year students.

PREAMBLE

Figure 1.1: A floating body is stable if the body is (a) The centre of gravity
is below the centroid of the body; (b) The metacentre is above ;
(c) unstable if below .

FKA, UiTM, KAMPUS BUKIT MERTAJAM DEC 2016


FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
PULAU PINANG LABORATORY MANUAL

1.2 Objective of the experiment


To identify the position of the metacentre (M) of a floating body, by referring
the distance from the centre of gravity (G).

1.3 Learning Outcomes


At the end of the laboratory activities, students would be able to:
1. Conduct guided experiment in group
2. Analyse theoretical and experimental results
3. Discuss and conclude experiment results.
4. Work in a group to produce the laboratory report.

1.4 Theoretical Background


In these laboratory activities students will be exposed to the equipment that
is used to measure the metacentric height of a pontoon. For static
equilibrium of the pontoon, the total weight, , (which acts through the
centre of gravity, ) must be equal to the buoyancy force which acts
through the centre of buoyancy , which is located at the centroid of the
immersed cross-section. When the pontoon heels through a small angle,
the metacentre is identified as the point of intersection between the lines
of action of the buoyancy force (always vertical) and extended. For
stable equilibrium, must be above .

There are two methods to measure the metacentric height, GM i.e. the
distance between G to M.

(a) Experimentally : Using adjustable position traversed weight

When the traversing weight, P is moved to one side (horizontally), the


centre of gravity, , shifts to a new position, , and the centre of buoyancy,
, also shifts to a new position, as shown in Figure 1.2.

Since the shift in the centre of gravity was caused by moving the traversed
weight, through a distance , then:
Px = W(GG ) (1.1)

FKA, UiTM, KAMPUS BUKIT MERTAJAM DEC


0 2016
FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
PULAU PINANG LABORATORY MANUAL

Figure 1.2: Movement of traversed weight from the centreline

= (1.2)
(1.3)
=

0

Where 0
= weight of traversed weight
= distance between the traversed weight and the mast of the pontoon
W = weight of assembled pontoon

(b) Theoretically : Based upon geometry and depth of immersion

The metacentric height, , is defined as

= (1.4)

The metacentric radius, , can be defined as



0
=
(1.5)

where
= the second moment of area of the plane of floating about an axis through
0
the centroid perpendicular to the plane of rotation, as the pontoon heels.
= the immersed volume

FKA, UiTM, KAMPUS BUKIT MERTAJAM DEC 2016


FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
PULAU PINANG LABORATORY MANUAL

The immersed volume, can be determined by calculation. Since the


buoyant force (upthrust) is equal to the total weight, , of the pontoon and
its load then,
= (1.6)
W = mg
The depth of immersion, can then be found from
0

= (1.7)

The point is the centroid of immersed area. It is at distance 2 from the


0
base. The centre of gravity is at a distance above the base (Figure 1.3).
By substitution from above, the following result is obtained.

2 (1.8)
= ( )
12 2

0
M

G
y
di B di/2

Figure 1.3: Section through a floating pontoon

FKA, UiTM, KAMPUS BUKIT MERTAJAM DEC 2016


FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
PULAU PINANG LABORATORY MANUAL

2. Problem Statement
An important application of the buoyancy concept is the assessment of the
stability of immersed and floating bodies when being placed in a fluid.
Knowing metacentre, location is vital and great importance in the design
PROBLEM
of ships and submarines. The body is said stable if is above and
STATEMENT
unstable if otherwise.

Students are required to perform the experiment to fulfil the objective


stated. Identify factors of difference between experimental and theoretical
results.

3.1 Apparatus
Metacentric height apparatus, hydraulic bench, weigh balance, ruler, knife
edge or fine string. The following dimensions from the equipment are used
in the appropriate calculations. If required these values may be checked as
part of the experimental procedure and replaced with your own
measurement.

Pontoon data:
Width = 200 mm
Length = 400 mm
WAYS & MEANS

FKA, UiTM, KAMPUS BUKIT MERTAJAM DEC 2016


FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
PULAU PINANG LABORATORY MANUAL

4.2 Procedures

Figure 1.4: Pontoon balance

1. Weight a) the assembled pontoon, b) the traversed weight (horizontal)


and measure pontoon dimensions.
2. Each group should have difference centre of gravity compare to others.
In order to change the centre of gravity, slide the traverse weight on mast to
the desired location. Below are the suggested locations of the traversed
weight to determine the centre of gravity.
Group 1 = 16 cm from base
Group 2 = 17 cm from base
Group 3 = 18 cm from base
Group 4 = 19 cm from base
2. Locate the pontoons centre of gravity, y by balancing the mast of
pontoon on a knife edge.
3. Place the pontoon in the water.
4. Adjust the traverse weight (horizontal) to its middle position. The plumb
bob should now read 0 tilt angle. If not, adjust the line accordingly.
5. Move the traverse weight slightly to right side (1 cm) and record the
angle of tilt. (Note: observe the line marked by the plumb bob. Measure
height of mast in order to calculate the angle of tilt)
6. Repeat step 5 until maximum tilt or until the pontoon is unstable.
7. Repeat step 5 and 6 by moving the traverse weight to the left side.

FKA, UiTM, KAMPUS BUKIT MERTAJAM DEC 2016


FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
PULAU PINANG LABORATORY MANUAL

3.3 Data Acquisition


Students are asked to obtain the metacentric height, GM for adjustable
position traversed weight experiment and based upon geometry and depth
of immersion experiment.

Pontoon Data :
Breadth, B = . m
Length, L = . m
Height of mast, h = . m
Assembled weight, W = .. kg
Traversed weight (horizontal), P = . Kg
Depth of immersed, di = m
Location of traverse weight (vertical), = ..m
Centre of gravity from base, y = m

Location Plumb
Distance, Height of Experimental
of bob Angle of
x mast GM
traversed position tilt
(cm) (cm) (m)
weight (cm)

Right
Right
Right
Left
Left
Left
Average

Theoretical GM = m

Factors contributing experimental errors :


..
..
..

RESULTS
4.0 Results, Analysis and Conclusion

FKA, UiTM, KAMPUS BUKIT MERTAJAM DEC 2016


FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
PULAU PINANG LABORATORY MANUAL

The group is required to submit the technical report of the laboratory results
highlighting the apparatus used, the procedures undertaken for the test,
data acquisition process, analysis carried out and the relevancy of the set-
out output to address the given problem.
In your discussion, explain experimental factors which could have
contributed to variation of results compare to theoretical calculation.

The report must be submitted 7 days after the completion of the test.

FKA, UiTM, KAMPUS BUKIT MERTAJAM DEC 2016

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