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Fluid Mechanics
Laboratory Manual
1
Cairo University Fluid Mechanics
Faculty of Engineering 2nd Year Civil Engineering
Irrigation and Hydraulics Department 2010 - 2011
Table of Contents
Description of the Hydraulic Bench 3
1. Weir Experiment (Rectangular and Triangular)... 5
2. Impact of Jet .... .9
3. Flow through Sharp Edged Orifice .13
4. Bernoullis Theorem Demonstration ..18
2
Cairo University Fluid Mechanics
Faculty of Engineering 2nd Year Civil Engineering
Irrigation and Hydraulics Department 2010 - 2011
Pump
Scale of Switch
the volume
(liter)
Control
Valve
Upper tank of
the bench
3
Cairo University Fluid Mechanics
Faculty of Engineering 2nd Year Civil Engineering
Irrigation and Hydraulics Department 2010 - 2011
Scale of Pump
the volume Switch
(liter)
Control
Valve
Upper
tank of the
bench
4
Cairo University Fluid Mechanics
Faculty of Engineering 2nd Year Civil Engineering
Irrigation and Hydraulics Department 2010 - 2011
Theory
For the rectangular weir: For the triangular weir:
3 5
2 8
Q = C d . .B. 2g .H 2 Q = Cd . . tan . 2 g .H 2
3 15 2
Experimental Setup
Point
Gauge
Stilling
Baffle
Open
Channel
Weir Plate
(V-notch)
5
Cairo University Fluid Mechanics
Faculty of Engineering 2nd Year Civil Engineering
Irrigation and Hydraulics Department 2010 - 2011
1. The rectangular or triangular weir plate is attached to the regular Hydraulic Bench as shown
in the photographs.
2. A stopwatch, a hook or a point gauge are also needed with the experiment.
Reading Crest level Water level Initial volume Final volume Time (T)
(C.L.) (mm) (W.L.)(mm) (I.V.) (liter) (F.V.) (liter) (sec)
1
2
3
4
5
6
Cairo University Fluid Mechanics
Faculty of Engineering 2nd Year Civil Engineering
Irrigation and Hydraulics Department 2010 - 2011
Plot Q against H, Q against H1.5, log Q against log H, Cd against H, and obtain the Cd from the slopes
of the two linear graphs. Compare the three obtained values of the Cd
B. Triangular weir:
Reading Crest level Water level Initial volume Final volume Time (T)
(C.L.) (mm) (W.L.)(mm) (I.V.) (liter) (F.V.) (liter) (sec)
1
2
3
4
5
Plot Q against H, Q against H5/2, Log Q against Log H, Cd against H, and obtain the Cd from the slopes
of the two linear graphs. Compare the three obtained values of the Cd
7
Cairo University Fluid Mechanics
Faculty of Engineering 2nd Year Civil Engineering
Irrigation and Hydraulics Department 2010 - 2011
180.00
160.00
slope = 11.974
140.00
120.00
100.00
Q
80.00
60.00
40.00
20.00
0.00
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00
H^2.5
Cd = slope*15/(8* tan . 2 g ) = 0.507
2
8
Cairo University Fluid Mechanics
Faculty of Engineering 2nd Year Civil Engineering
Irrigation and Hydraulics Department 2010 - 2011
2. Impact of Jet
Theory
From momentum principle,
Q
Fy = Q( v v. cos ) where v=
A
Q2
For flat plate (90), Fy =
A
Q2
For 120 plate, Fy = 3
2A
Q2
For hemispherical target 180, Fy = 2
A
o
90
Experimental Setup
1. The impact of jet apparatus is placed above the regular Hydraulic Bench as shown in the
photographs.
2. A stopwatcher.
9
Cairo University Fluid Mechanics
Faculty of Engineering 2nd Year Civil Engineering
Irrigation and Hydraulics Department 2010 - 2011
Weight pan
Pointer Water
bubble
(spirit level)
level
Target Plate
From Glass
Pump housing Nozzle
Weights
Plates with
different shapes
10
Cairo University Fluid Mechanics
Faculty of Engineering 2nd Year Civil Engineering
Irrigation and Hydraulics Department 2010 - 2011
11. Repeat the previous steps with different shapes of plates (120 and the hemispherical
target).
From the analysis, verify that the slope of the graphs should be:
Flat plate =
gA
120 plate = 1.5
gA
Hemispherical target = 2
gA
Calculate the Coefficient of Impact = (Fact / Fcalculated)
11
Cairo University Fluid Mechanics
Faculty of Engineering 2nd Year Civil Engineering
Irrigation and Hydraulics Department 2010 - 2011
Q
2
m (gm) V (lit) T (sec) (cm3/s) Q
280 5 13 384.6154 147929
230 5 14 357.1429 127551
180 5 16 312.5 97656.25
130 5 20 250 62500
300
250
solpe = 0.0019
200
150
m
100
50
0
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 140000 160000
Q^2
=0.0202
gA
slope = 0.0019
12
Cairo University Fluid Mechanics
Faculty of Engineering 2nd Year Civil Engineering
Irrigation and Hydraulics Department 2010 - 2011
Theory
The coefficient of discharge Cd is the ratio of the actual discharge Q act to the theoretical discharge Qth.
The theoretical discharge is given by the following relationship where A is the area of the orifice and H
is the total head on the orifice centerline and the actual discharge can be measured.
Qa
Q th = A 2gH & Cd = < 1.0
Q th
The Path of the jet from the orifice is given by the following equation where x is the horizontal
distance, y is the vertical distance and v is the flow velocity from the orifice.
13
Cairo University Fluid Mechanics
Faculty of Engineering 2nd Year Civil Engineering
Irrigation and Hydraulics Department 2010 - 2011
Experimental Setup
Scale
Paper
Constant
head tank
Orifice
14
Cairo University Fluid Mechanics
Faculty of Engineering 2nd Year Civil Engineering
Irrigation and Hydraulics Department 2010 - 2011
15
Cairo University Fluid Mechanics
Faculty of Engineering 2nd Year Civil Engineering
Irrigation and Hydraulics Department 2010 - 2011
Initial Final
Point(1) Point(2) Point(3) Point(4) Point(5) Point(6) H (cm) volume volume
(liter) (liter)
X(cm)
Y(cm)
1. Calculate the theoretical flow rate using the measured head and the area of the orifice.
2. Calculate the actual flow using the volume and time recorded.
3. Calculate the coefficient of discharge Cd.
4. draw x2-y relationship and determine the coefficient of velocity
5. Repeat the above mentioned steps for various values of measured head
6. Plot Qa against (H)0.5
7. Comment on the graphs and on the slope of each graph.
8. Is the coefficients of the orifice is constant with change of water head
16
Cairo University Fluid Mechanics
Faculty of Engineering 2nd Year Civil Engineering
Irrigation and Hydraulics Department 2010 - 2011
Example
Dorifice = 6mm
Cd = Qact/Qth = 0.589
2 0.5
Cv = (X /4YH)
2=
SLOPE = 4HCv 158.28
Cv = 0.995
Cc = Cd/Cv = 0.592
1000
900
800
slope = 158.28
700
600
X^2
500
400
300
200
100
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Y
17
Cairo University Fluid Mechanics
Faculty of Engineering 2nd Year Civil Engineering
Irrigation and Hydraulics Department 2010 - 2011
Theory
v2 p
For ideal flow at any section on the pipe, + + Z = constant.
2 g g
In the experimental setup, the pipe is horizontal (i.e. Z = constant). Therefore along the pipe,
v2 p
+ = constant
2 g g
Experimental Setup
Air
inlet
Control
Water
Valve
Manometer
From the
Pump
To the
Venturi
Pitot
Air Glass Tube
bubble Venturimeter
The Bernoullis experimental setup is placed on the top of the regular Hydraulic Bench.
18
Cairo University Fluid Mechanics
Faculty of Engineering 2nd Year Civil Engineering
Irrigation and Hydraulics Department 2010 - 2011
Procedures
1. Level the Bernoullis experimental apparatus on the Hydraulic Bench by adjusting the
screw legs.
2. Switch on the pump and open the flow control valve to fill the entire apparatus and
manometers with water. Ensure that no air is entrapped in the apparatus or any of the
manometers by opening the air valve at the right end of the air chamber connecting the top
ends of the manometers. Make sure to close the air valve again.
3. Adjust the flow rate into the experiment by the flow control value in the apparatus.
4. To make visible the water levels in the manometers, connect and work the hand air pump at
the air inlet (shown in the photograph) to raise the air pressure in the air chamber, thus
pushing the manometer columns down into the glass tubes.
5. Carefully adjust both flow control valves in the apparatus and in the Hydraulic Bench to
provide the combination of flow rate and pressure within the pipe such that the pressure
difference between the highest and the lowest manometer levels is reasonable.
6. Observe the variation of the scale readings of the water levels in each manometer tube.
7. Push the stainless steel probe (pitot-tube) at the right end of the horizontal transparent
section of the pipe into the tapered portion of the pipe. Position its end at stations adjacent
to the manometer openings in the pipe one station at a time. For each position, observe the
corresponding scale reading of the manometer to the probe. Compare the pitot-tube reading
to the manometer reading connected to the same position.
8. Repeat the previous steps with different flow rates at high and low static pressure for
different combinations of valve opening.
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