After completing this chapter you should be able to 1 estimate the gradient of a curve 2. calculate the gradient function, Yor simple functions * 3. calculate the gradient of a curve at any point 4 find the equation of the tangent and normal to a curve at a specified point 2 5 calculate the second differential oy. Differentiation Sir saac Newton who, along with Gottfried LUebniz, devised the ulus ee A Did you know? Differential calculus is an important part of A level Mathematics and is widely used in many branches of Science, Engineering and Business. Understanding it will help you to sketch a function by finding the maximum and minimum values. Volume of box against tab size nev i $ oo. Differentiation enables us to 5 \ find the exact value where the 2 40 volume of the box described in 2 \ Chapter 4 is maximised. S20. i Oo Vee 1 3 4 5 Successful businesses maximise profits and minimise costs. A:simple example to explain this might be a drinks manufacturer using cans that hold 330 ml. If the surface area of the can is as small as possible, then profits are maximised as the amount of aluminium used is minimised.Differentiation 7.) You can calculate an estimate of the gradient of a tangent. In Section 5.1, you found the gradient of a straight line by calculation and by inspection of its, equation. ‘The gradient of a curve changes as you move along it, and so: I The gradient of a curve at a specific point is defined as being the same as the gra the tangent to the curve at that point. The tangent is a straight line, which touches, but does not cut, the curve. You cannot calculate the gradient of the tangent directly, as you know only one point on the tangent and you require two points to calculate the gradient of a line. B Tangent to the curve at B. To find the gradient of the tangent at a point B on a curve with a known equation, you can find the gradient of chords joining B to other points close to B on the curve. You can then investigate the values of these gradients as the other points become closer to B. You should find the values become very close to a limiting value, which is the value of the gradient of the tangent, and is, also the gradient of the curve at the point B. ‘The points shown on the curve with equation y = x°, are O(0, 0), A(Z, 3), BL, 1), C(L.S, 2.25) and D@, 4). a Calculate the gradients of: i OB ii AB iii BC iv BD b What do you deduce about the gradient of the tangent at the point B? 2 ?a_i Gradient of the chord OB = Bow 2% . 1-0 1-0 fi Gradient of the chord AB lit Gradient of the chord BC _ 225 128 05 =25 lv Gradient of the chord BD b The gradient of the tangent at the point Bis between 15 and 25. You can now ‘zoom in’ on to the section of the curve near to the point B(1, 1). This section, shown below, is almost a straight line and is close in gradient to the tangent at the point B. _____._ The formula for the gradient of a straight line is used. [Gv 4h) is ©, 0) and (xy, Ya) is (1, 1). The same formula is used with (2, 93) as ) and (a, Ya) a8 (1, 1). Pedxtadels. G, a This time (x, ys) is (1, 1) and (xz, ya) Is (1.5, 2.25). sass wae Note that the chords are steeper and the gradients are larger as you move along the curve. ‘The gradient of the tangent at 8 is less than the gradient of the chord 8C, but is greater than the gradient of the chord AB. os. 05.Differentiation a For the same curve as Example 1, find the gradient of the chord BP when P has coordinates: i (11,121) ii (1.01, 1.0201) iii (1.001, 1.002001) iv (1+h, (1+hy) b What do you deduce about the gradient of the tangent at the point B? a 1 Gradient of the chord joining (1, 1) to (M4, 1.21) _ 121 Il Gradient of the chord joining (1, 1) ‘to (1.01, 1.0201) _ 0201-1 at 0.0201 “001 =2.01 Gradient of the chord joining (', 1) to (1.001, 1.002.001) _ 002.001 1 ~~ 1003 _ 0.002.001 ~~ 0.001 = 2001 lv Gradient of the chord joining (1, 1) to (Ith (1+ hy) _ th? (Fh)-1 _ t+ 2h b When his email the gradient of the chord is close to the gradient of the tangent, and 2+ his close to the value 2. So we deduce that the gradient of the tangent at the point (1,1) is 2. When x= 1.1, y= 1.12 The gradient is 01 01x10 1 This point is closer to (1, 1) than .1,1.21). This gradient is closer to 2. ‘The point (1.001, 1.0012) is very close to av. ‘The gradient is very close to 2. this a constant. (LE RP= (+ AY + A) 14 Dh Tas becomes M2 You can apply this formula to the chords in and (1.11.21) = 0 +01), (1+0.1). = 0.1 and the gradient of chord BP is 21, I you let h become very close to zero, the gradient is very close to 2.Questions like these will not appear in the examination papers. 1 Fis the point with co-ordinates (3, 9) on the curve with equation y = 2”. a Find the gradients of the chords joining the point F to the points with coordinates i (4,16) ii (3.5, 12.25) iii (3.1,9.61) iv (3.01, 9.0601) v 3+h@+h) b What do you deduce about the gradient of the tangent at the point (3, 9)? 2 Gis the point with coordinates (4, 16) on the curve with equation y = x2, a Find the gradients of the chords joining the point G to the points with coordinates: i (5,25) Hi (4.5, 20.25) iii (4.1, 16.81) iv (4.01, 16.0801) v G+h(4+h?) b What do you deduce about the gradient of the tangent at the point (4, 16)? 7.2 You can find the formula for the gradient of the function f(x) = x? and other functions of the form f(x) =x", nER. Examples 2 to 4 show you how to derive the y formulae and will not be tested. Hh, HMAC In the following sketch, the gradient of the tangent y = f(e) at a point B is found by starting with the gradient of a chord BC. I The gradient of the tangent at any particular point is the rate of change of y with respect to x. ‘The point B is the point with coordinates (x, x”) and the point C is the point near to B with coordinates G@ +h, @ +H) . wine Hint: The gradient of the chord BC is, “*"2 == Use the gradient formula (&wth)—x for a straight line. (22 + 2h +H) — 22 This can be written as ‘ ) Expand (+ h)¢e +h). xthox hex + he which simplifies to give 7 teen Factorise the numerator. h Cancel the factor h. s2eth.Differentiation As kt becomes smaller the gradient of the chord becomes closer to the gradient of the tangent to = the curve at the point B. S ‘The gradient of the tangent at the point B to the curve with equation y = x? is therefore given by the formula: gradient = 2x. In general you will find that the gradients of the tangents to a given curve can be expressed by @ formula related to the equation of the curve. I The gradient formula for y = f(x) is given by the equation: gradient = f'(x), where f'(x) is called the derived function. £"(x) is defined as the gradient of the curve y = f(x) at the general point (x, f(2)). It is also the gradient of the tangent to the curve at that point. So far you have seen that when f(x) = 22, f(x) = 2x. You can use this result to determine the gradient of the curve y ~ x? at any specified point on the curve You can also use a similar approach to establish a gradient formula for the graph of y = f(x), where f(x) is a power of x, ie. f(x) = x", where m is any real number. +h fe +me Gx, 69) B, Again you need to consider the gradient of a chord joining two points which are close together on the curve and determine what happens when the points become very close together. This time the point B has coordinates (x, f(x)) and the point C is the point near to B with coordinates ( +h, fl + 1). The gradient of BC is +h) - fe) @+h-x So as h becomes small and the gradient of the chord becomes close to the gradient of the tangent, the definition of f'() is given as in [® + 4 = fx) Using this definition you can differentiate a function of the form f(x) = 2"ey fet hy — fx) OF ho Geax = jim SAM a we {x-+ h) =x x2 + Sxth + Sxt? + HP x? aso \d, from the definition of the derived function, an expression for {"(x) when (x) = x* tha (rt Aye me = (0+ A)? + Dh + FP) ‘which expands to give (+x Sxth + Suk? + FP amo b (Bx? + Suh + H) = lim x84 Bx2h + Buh + hi [— Factorise the numerator. mi hh = jim Ba? + xh + He h=90 the limiting value is 3x2, So when f(x) = x*, f(x) = 3x’ Jd @th) ox eo (a h)— x Zar hy _ x(x + hy io e+ A) — x (+h) ——— =h Find, from the definition of the derived function, an expression for f'(x) when f(x) — The 3xh term and the #? term become zero. Use a common denominator. [— A fraction over a denominator h is the same. as the fraction divided by h, and the h then =li +h wo xe Hi) As h—-¥0 the limiting value Is —: So when f(x) = x71, (x) = (—1)x-% cancels. —— The xh term becomes zero.Differentiation You have found that: § ; Hint: Notice the pattem = fie) = x* gives f(x) = 2x? in these results is the f(a) = 2° gives f() = 3x3-) same each time. f(x) =x-? gives £"¢¢) = <1x-#-? Also, you know that the gradient of the straight line y ~x is 1, and that the gradient of the straight line y = 1 is 0. y ” So f(x) = 2x! gives f(x) = Ix!" Hint: Notice the same and f(x) = x° gives f(a) = Ox°~! pattern for these linear functions I In general it can be shown that if f(x) =x", mER then f(x) = me"? So the original power multiplies the expression and the power of x is reduced by 1. Find the derived function when f(x) equals: x ax bx? ex? de xxat a 6x ‘The power 6 is reduced to power 5 and the 6 multiplies the answer. b fx)= x ae The power + is reduced to} 1 = —4, and faa ? the 7 multiplies the answer. Ths is then rewritten in an alternative form. e f(z) ‘The power ~2 is reduced to ~3 and the -2 F(x) = —2x7%_ | mtiptios the answer. This is also rewritten in an alternative form using knowledge of 2 negative powers.Simplify using rules of powers to give one simple power, ie. subtract 1 ~ 5 Reduce the power ~4 to give ~5, then multiply your answer by =4. ‘Add the powers this time to give 2+ 3=5. Reduce the power 5 to 4 and multiply your answer by 5. Find the derived function, given that f(x) equals: lv 28 3 x 1 1 - 4x 5 xt 6 iz 7 xs Bot 9 1 1 w + ut wt x e Ve 2 3 6 Be ue 5 x 2 Y 16 xx 7 2x2 1B xxx? 7.3. You can find the gradient formula for a function such as f(x) = 4x2 — 8x + 3 and other functions of the form f(x) = ax? + bx + c where a, b and care constants. You can use an alternative notation when finding the gradient function. y (+ dbz,y +) Again, you find the gradient of the tangent at a point B by starting with the gradient of a chord BC. This time the point B is the point with coordinates (x, y) and the point C is the point near to B with coordinates (x + ax, y + y). 6 is called delta x and is a single symbol which stands for a small change in the value of x. This was denoted by hin Section 7.2. Also dy is called ‘delta y’ and is a single symbol which stands for a small change in the value of y.Differentiation y ‘The gradient of the chord BC is then yey-y_ xtiox it But both B and C lie on the curve with equat the point (% + a, fa + ax) in y = f(t) and so B is the point (x, f(x)) and Cis So the gradient of BC can also be written as fice + 6x) ~ f(x) _ fe + Bx) - fe) @+ ax ax You can make the value of x very small and you will find that the smaller the value of &, the smaller the value of y will be. The limiting value of the gradient of the chord is the gradient of the tangent at B, which is also the gradient of the curve at B. This is called the rate of change of y with respect to x at the point B and is denoted by # ® tim (2%) ae Tae fe + ax) ~ fe) = lim as ax # is called the derivative of y with respect to x wy Also 2 = Fa, so FFG) on a gy oe , . The process of finding £ when y is given is called differentiation, / When y =x", S# nx" for all real values of n. You can also differentiate the general quadratic equation y = ax? + bx +c. - f(x) Using the definition that = fe) Then 2 =o Err eee = jim _2@8Be + ald)? + bax Hint: = Jim, 2008 po bee Hint: a0 & ~ Factorise the numerator to give. ax(Qar + ube +) ‘then simplify the fraction as a is 4 common factor. = Dax tb oy 1 ° = axt+ bx +6, = 20x + ~ Therefore when y = ax? + br + c, <= 2ax +b. eeeConsider the three sketches below: yas? yee gradient = a(2x) gradient = b gradient = 0 Combining these functions gives y = ax? + bx + c, with gradient given by 2 = 2ax +b. Find = whe ls: ind Sy when y equals axe b4 © 12r43 dv-6r-4 ee 3-52? The line y ~ 4 has zero gradient. Using y = mx +c, the gradient is the value of m. Use the result given above with a= 1, b=-6,c=-4, a= ~5, b=Oand c= 3. Let f(x) = 4x? — 8x +3. a Find the gradient of y = f(x) at the point (, 0). b Find the coordinates of the point on the graph of y = f(x) where the gradient is 8. ¢ Find the gradient of y = f(x) at the points where the curve meets the line y = 4x - 5. a Aey=4x?- Bx +3 dy First find f'(x), the derived function, then & = (x) = 8x-8 +0 substitute the x-coordinate value to obtain dx the gradient. So #(2)Differentiation b Yo) =0x-8+0=8 Put the gradient function equal to 8. Then solve the equation you have obtained to give the value of x. Substitute this value for x into f(x) to give the value of y and interpret your answer in words. Put f(x) = 4x — 5, then rearrange and collect, terms to give a quadratic equation. Divide by the common factor 4. Solve the quadratic equation by factorising, or by using the quadratic formula —b* V(b - 4ac) Atx=t dient is 9a | Atx=2 the gradient is 8, asin part b. | Substitute the values of x into f'(x) = 8x - 8 to give the gradients at the specified points. ay Find = whe vt ind “J when y equals: a 2x? 6x +3 b dx? + 12r © 47-6 80? + 7x +12 e St 4x— Sx? Find the gradient of the curve whose equation is a y= 3x? at the point (2, 12) b y =x? = 4x at the point (1, 5) © y= 2x? 1at the point (2, 5) dy = 4x? + 3x at the point (1, 2) y=3—x? at the point (1,2) f y=4~2x* at the point (-1,2) Find the y-coordinate and the value of the gradient at the point P with x-coordinate 1 on the curve with equation y ~ 3 + 2x - x2 Find the coordinates of the point on the curve with equation y = x? + Sx ~ 4 where the gradient is 3. Find the gradients of the curve y = x? - 5x + 10 at the points A and B where the curve meets the line y = 4 Find the gradients of the curve y = 2x? at the points C and D where the curve meets the line yexti 7.4 You can find the gradient formula for a function such as f(x) = x? + x? — x? where the powers of x are real numbers a,x"+ dy 1X"~ "+... + dg, WRETE Ay Ay, «or 4p are constants, a,# 0 and nER. You know that ify = x", then 2 = met. ‘This is true for all real values of 1. It can also be shown that Hint: Note that you again 4 reduce the power by 1 I if y = ax". where ais a constant then — = anx"~!. and the original power dx multiplies the expression. Also I ify = f(x) + g(@) then & ix FQa)=g'Q). ‘These standard results can be assumed without proof at A Level Use standard results to differentiate: ; \ = b 2x3 c 3x? + ax? axis Differentiate each term as you come to it. First x3, then x2, then —x2, Differentiate x-?, then multiply the answer by2. Take each term as you come to it, and treat each term as a multiple. 1 Use standard results to differentiate: - _ “ ~Differentiation 2 Find the gradient of the curve with equation y = f(x) at the point A where: a f(t) =x? - 3x +2 and A isat (-1,4) b fx) = 3x? + 2-1 and A is at (2, 13) 3. Find the point or points on the curve with equation y ~ f(x), where the gradient is zero: a fit) =x? - Sx b f(x) =29 - 927 + 24x - 20 3 © fa) =x" - 6x + di f(x) x x 3x48 4 (Gxt 4)(3x-2) 5 7.7 You can find the rate of change of a function f at a particular point by using f(x) and substituting in the value of x. ‘The variables in the relationship y = f(x) are such that x is the independent variable and y is the dependent variable. ‘These variables often stand for quantities, where it is more meaningful to use letters, other than x and y, to suggest what these quantities are. For example, it is usual to substitute f for time, V for volume, P for population, A for area, r for radius, s for displacement, h for height, v for velocity, @ for temperature, etc. a So “Gp might represent the gradient in a graph of volume against time. It therefore would represent the rate of change of volume with respect to time. da Also, might represent the gradient in a graph of area against radius. It therefore would represent the rate of change of area with respect to radius. You should know that the rate of change of velocity with respect to time is acceleration, and that the rate of change of displacement with respect to time is velocity.Given that the volume (Vcm:) of an expanding sphere is related to its radius (rem) by the formula V = $27’, find the rate of change of volume with respect to radius at the instant when the radius is § em |____. Differentiate V with respect to vonpze amet [— Substitute r= 5. coat ial Interpret the answer with units. = 314 So the rate of change lo 314 om? per cm 1 Find 22 where o= f= 3¢ 2 Find “A where A= 2ar ar or 3. Find “where 12 4 Find * where v- 9.86 dt t ar Find 8 where R= r+ 6 where x=3-12t+ 42 a r it A 7, vind A where A=x(10-x) 7.8 You can use differentiation to find the gradient of a tangent to a curve and you can then find the equation of the tangent and normal to that curve at a specified point. ‘The tangent at the point A (a, f(a)) has gradient f(a). You can use the formula for the equation of a straight line, y—91 = m(x ~ x), to obtain the equation of the tangent at (a, f(a), I The equation of the tangent to a curve at a point (a, f(a) is y — f(a) =F (a)(x 0). ‘A (a, f(a)) ‘The normal to the curve at the point A is defined as being the straight line through A which is perpendicular to the tangent at A (see sketch alongside).Differentiation <1, because the product of the gradients of lines which are at The gradient of the normal is — 7/5 right angles is — I The equation of the normal at point A is y— f(a) = Be Find the equation of the tangent to the curve y @-a). 8 — 3x? + 2x — 1 at the point (3,5). y= x? — Bx? + 2¥-1 Y _ 52 Gx 42 First differentiate to determine the gradient ax of the curve and therefore the gradient of the tangent. When x = 5, the gradient is 11, Then substitute for x to calculate the value So the equation of the tangert at (3.5) gitar erin tinamocnGito rs tangent when x = 3. ‘You can now use the line equation and simply. y—5=1(x—3) ——>_ y= tix - 28 Find the equation of the normal to the curve with equation y = 8 - 3Vx at the point where x = 4. Express the function simply as powers of x, and differentiate to obtain the gradient. function. You find the y-coordinate when x= 4 by substuting int the equation of the curve and calculating 8 ~ 314 ‘Then find the gradient ofthe curve, by Where x= 4, y= 2 and gradient: of —-—_aaleulating Bay 4 wy Bayt dr 2 3 2xz curve and of tangent: = So gradient: of normal is $. —————-__ Equation of normal is y-2=40-4) Use normal gradient 1 -~6=41- -- ia ‘gradient of curve By-4x+10=0 ‘Then simplify by multiplying both sides by 3 and collecting terms.1 Find the equation of the tangent to the curve: 1 a y=x"— 7x + 10 at the point (2,0) b y=x+~ at the point (2, 2) © y=4Vz at the point (9, 12) d 1 at the point (1, 1) © y= 2x3 + 6x + 10 at the point (-1, 2) f£ yaat+ 2 at the point (1, -6) 2) Find the equation of the normal to the curves: 8 = x2 Sx at the point (6,6) = x2 > at the point (4, 12) a y~x?— Sx at the point (6,6) b y-x?~ Fp at the point (4,12) 3 Find the coordinates of the point where the tangent to the curve y = x? + 1 at the point (2, 5) meets the normal to the same curve at the point (1,2). 4 Find the equations of the normals to the curve y =x + x at the points (0,0) and (1,2), and find the coordinates of the point where these normals meet. a For f(x) = 12 — 4x + 2x2, find an equation of the tangent and normal at the point where x = —1 on the curve with equation y = f(). oe 1 1 Accurve is given by the equation y= 3x" ~ 3+ =, where x>0. At the points A, B and Con the curve, x=1, 2 and 3 respectively. Find the gradients at 4, B and C. N ‘Taking f(x) = 4x‘ - 4x? + 25, find the values of x for which f'(z) = 0. 3) Acurve is drawn with equation y = 3 + Sx +x?— x3. Find the coordinates of the two points on the curve where the gradient of the curve is zero, 4 Calculate the x-coordinates of the points on the curve with equation y = 7x? — 2° at which the gradient is equal to 16. 5 Find the x-coordinates of the two points on the curve with equation y = 2° — 11x +1 where the gradient is 1. Find the corresponding y-coordinates. 6 The function fis defined by f(x) =x + 2 xER, x40, afindf(@). b Solve fw) =0. © 8 08 8 Oe 7 Given that 3, 48 =x7+8 x>0, yore x find the value of x and the value of y when, & =0. Given that y= 3x? —4y find 2 eo » 220,10 rt 12 13 “4 15 16 7 Differentiation A curve has equation y = 12x? — 3 2 b Find the coordinates of the point on the curve where the gradient is zero. a Expand (x? — 1)(x? +1). a Show that & 74-2) x ‘b A curve has equation y = (x? — 1)@? +1), x>0. Find & © Use your answer to b to calculate the gradient of the curve at the point where x ~ 4. Differentiate with respect to x: ant 4 Vee RE 2 ‘The volume, Vem’, of a tin of radius rem is av iven by the formula V = m(40r- P= r9) 0, and find the value of V which Find the positive value of r for which ar corresponds to this value of r @ @ @ ‘The total surface area of a cylinder A cm? with a fixed volume of 1000 cubic cm is given by 2000 the formula A = 2ax? + —, where x cm is the radius. Show that when the rate of change x 500 of the area with respect to the radius is zero, x ‘The curve with equation y = ax? + br + ¢ passes through the point (1, 2). The gradient of the curve is zero at the point (2, 1). Find the values of a, b and c. A Sxt + Sx +2. A curve C has equation y = a. a Find > in terms of x. de @ b The points P and Q lie on C. The gradient of C at both P and Qis 2. The x-coordinate of P is 3. i Find the x-coordinate of Q ii Find an equation for the tangent to C at P, giving your answer in the form y = mx + ¢, where m and are constants. iii If this tangent intersects the coordinate axes at the points R and 5, find the length of RS, giving your answer as a surd. \d an equation of the tangent and the normal at the point where x = 2 on the curve 8 2 with equation y =" —x + 32%, x>0 The normals to the curve 2y = 3x ~ 7x2 + 4x, at the points 0(0, 0) and A(1,0), meet at the point N, a Find the coordinates of N. b Calculate the area of triangle OAN. @S Summary of key points 1 The gradient of a curve y = f(x) at a specific point is equal to the gradient of the tangent to the curve at that point. 2 The gradient of the tangent at any particular point is the rate of change of y with respect to x. 3 The gradient formula for y = f(z) is given by the equation gradient =f (x) where f'(t) is called the derived function. Hint: You reduce the 4 If f(x) =x", then £'(@) = me"-}. power by 1 and the original power multiplies Fs the expression. iy 5 The gradient of a curve can also be represented by is called the derivative of y with respect to x and the process of finding © when y is given is called differentiation. ¥ 7 y=f(e), 2 =f y= fe), (@) By=2", 2 nx" for all real values of n. Hint: You again reduce 9 It can also be shown that if y = ax" where a is a constant, the power by 1 and the Fe original povwer multiplies then a = nax"—3, the expression. 10 ify = f(@) = g(x) then o (a) + 8°). @ 11 A second order derivative is written as ae or f(t), using function notation. 12 You find the rate of change of a function f at a particular point by using f'(x) and substituting in the value of x. 13 The equation of the tangent to the curve y= f(x) at point A, (a, {(@)) isy—f(@) =f(@@ - a). 14 The equation of the normal to the curve y = f(x) at point A, (a, f(@)) isy- fla) =After completing this chapter you should be able to 1 _ integrate simple functions 2. understand the symbol /dx 3. find the constant of integration by substituting in a given point (x, y). S Qe you know? ...that understanding integration will help you find the area and volume of most standard shapes. For example, the volume of a sphere v= ine can be proved by integration. You will integrate more complex functions in Core 2, 3 and 4. Integration can be used to solve many real life problems from the world of Science and Economics.8.1 You can integrate functions of the form f(x) = ax" where n€R and ais a constant. In Chapter 7 you saw that if y x? then © ~ 25 cn Also ify =x? +1 » then $o= 2x So ify =x? +c where c is some constant wy th 2x, en Integration is the process of finding y when you know np ing ae then y =a? + ¢ where c is some constant, 7 nt 2", then y= n+1 Find y for the following: x leone 1. Hint: This is called indefinite integration because you cannot find the constant, ay ye wheren= 4. ax So use y= =x" + efor n= net Raise the power by 1 Divide by the new power and don’t forget, to add c. Remember raising the power by 1 gives -St1=-4, Divide by the new power (4) and add c.Integration Find y for the following: Use the formula first with n= 3. Then simplify the 3 to 3. dy _ 40 check 2 = 9 = 233, eck Ge = = 2x Itis always worth writing down this line as sometimes marks are given for unsimplified expressions, Remember 3+ 7=3x$=2. Itis always worth simplifying your answers as you may need to use this expression in a later part of the question. Notice that you treat © integrating. w "and G7 = kx" in the same way. You only consider the x" term when So in general dy mi ext, then 3 tone -1. n+l y Find an expression fory when a is the following: 1x 2° 10x* 3 3x? nae} 6a st 8 -2x% 9 3x 2 sr? 13-207? 15 36x"! 16 —14x-8 17 -3x 5 18 -s 19 6x 20 24-048.2 You can apply the principle of integration separately to each term of Given & 6x + 2x3 — 3x7, find y. Apply the rule from Section 8.1 to each term of the expression. Then simplify each term and don’t forget to add c. In Chapter 7 you saw that if y = f(x), then Toc beu onaet notation are used in the next exercise. Sometimes we say that the integral of oc telnet f(x) is f(@). a 1. Find y when a is given by the following expressions. In each case simpli a dex? + 6 b 15x? + 6x3 — 39 3 Poa cx 5x d43t¢x ¢-x? © 4-12 + £ Sx? —10x* +273 4- 2 : Bye 3 + Be P= 124-5 2 Find {(x) when {"(x) is given by the following expressions. In each case simplify yourIntegration 8,3. You need to be able to use the integral sign. ‘The integral of x" is denoted by |x" dx and the formula you met in Section 8.1 is: xa / fara +6 04-1 “nt This dr tells you The clongated $ which letter is the means integrate. variable to integrate The expression to with respect to. See be integrated. example 4. Find: a foc? + aver b fer? + 2x cfavtpetsgir a far+ou a fot + axe +o ——— First apply the rule term by term. _ Then simplify each term. Remember: Ft 1= Zand the integral of a constant like 2 is 2%. axte ‘The dx tells you to integrate with respect to the variable x, so any other letters must be treated as constants. M d fee +6) . The dt tells you that this time you must dt ____________________ integrate with respect to t. +6tteFind the following integrals. 1 (3+ 2x)dx 3 (Sx? — 3x°)de 5 {4x3 — 3x74 + dx 7 {ae-3r? + nae 9 (pet + 2t4 3x-%)de 10 (2x? + 3)dx f(x? = 2x7? + 4)dx [QP - tae fear? +x?) dx fp + ge + pede 8.4 You need to simplify an expression into separate terms of the form x, nER, before you integrate. Find the following integrals: = |(2x-® — 3x)4x ———___ First write each term in the form 2” or ‘Apply the rule term by term, Then simplify each term. Sometimes itis helpful to write the answer in the same form as the question. First multiply out the bracket. ‘Then apply the rule to each term.Simpify (22)? and write VE as 2. 2 5 = sl ie zi vty 2 = [arte 2 + 5x~2)dx Write each term in the x" form. Apply the rule term by term, [— Finally simplify the answer. a 1. Find the following integrals: a fees aytax vp [Ha © [e+ 3)2ae Ve 4 [e+ 3)@- 1dr e [e+ 3edr 2. Find {flx)de when f(x) is given by the following: a (+27 (Vx+2)? fe Lope Vx +2 £ (Lav weed) (e+) 3 Find the following integrals a f(a aoe (3,4 © flea) © fa?+3)a- dae g [e-3Par VE + 6x? Lm i (3+ St ae j [vee 3Par J x! Integration8.5 You can find the constant of integration, c, when you are given any point (x, y) that the curve of the function passes through. # ‘The curve C with equation y = f(x) passes through the point (4, 5). Given that f'(x) = find the equation of C. #@) First write f'(x) in a form suitable for integration. So f(x) Integrate as normal and don’t forget the +. te [— Use the fact that the curve passes through 4,5). But (4) = 5 Remember 47= 2, So B==xXB-4x2+e So Solve for c. Finally write down the equation of the curve. 1 Find the equation of the curve with the given derivative of y with respect to x that passes through the given point 3x? + 2x; point (2, 10) point (1, 4)Integration <2 point 10) a 2 point (4, 0) e * point (1, 7) f 2 point (0, 1) 2. The curve C, with equation y ~ f(x), passes through the point (1, 2) and f(t) = 2x? Find the equation of C in the form y = f(x). 3. The gradient of a particular curve is given by 2 Given that the curve passes 2 through the point (9, 0), find an equation of the curve. 4 Aset of curves, that each pass through the origin, have equations y = f,(x), y = fy), y= f(a) ... where fy(x) = fy — (8) and f(x) = x7 a Find f(x), f,(2) bb Suggest an expression for f,(t) 5 Aset of curves, with equations y = f,(x), y = fy(8), y = f(x) ... al pass through the point (0, 1) and they are related by the property f(x) =f, - (2) and f,(x) = 1 Find f(x), f4(x), f4(&). 1. Find: : a Jo ne@e-syax b Je +a *)dx. 2 2. The gradient of a curve is given by f(2) = x” ~ 3x ~ <5, Given that the curve passes through the point (1, 1), find the equation of the curve in the form y ~ f(x) 3 Find: a [exs- 6x? + 5)dx b [ox+ 2)x? dx. 0, find [yde. o ox 7 Given that (t+ 1)? and that x = 0 when f= 2, find the value of x when t= 3.8 Given that y? =x? +3: a show that y=" + Ax? +B, where A and B are constants to be found bb henee find force. rE) 9 Given that y= 3x7 - 4x"? (> 0): ay a find de b find f [yae. e 40 Find for = 4)? = ax. eo