BEZIER SURFACE PATCH

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TENSOR PRODUCT BEZIER
SURFACE PATCH TOPOLOGICALLY
RECTANGULAR SURFACE
PATCH

(n+1) = 4
(m+1) = 5

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(n+1) = (m+1) = 4

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 AERO-FOIL MODEL USING TENSOR
PRODUCT BEZIER SURFACE PATCH

Delaunay triangulated net of Bezier curves

The control surface or polyhedron

The surface patch

EDGES
(BEZIER
CURVES)

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 PARAMETRIC EQUATION OF BEZIER SURFACE PATCH
n m
P(u, v) Pij Bi ,n (u )B j ,m (v), 0 u 1, 0 v 1
i 0 j 0
The surface interpolates the four corner control points. Verify by
substituting (u, v) as (0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 0) and (1, 1).
The surface is tangent to the corner segments of the control
polyhedron.
As is true for the Bezier curve segment, the tangent vectors at the corners
become specific values as below.
Notice the suffixing method. Caution. In HCC the suffixes could be taken
equal to either parameter value or number of control points at the corners
because there were only two control points in each direction. In case of
Bezier surface patch, the suffixes mean the number of control points only .
Pu 00 nP10 P00 Pun0 nPn 0 Pn 10 Along v 0 edge
Pu 0 m nP1m P0 m Punm nPnm Pn 1m Along v 1 edge
Pv 00 mP01 P00 Pv 0 m mP0 m P0m 1 Along u 0 edge
mPnm
Pvn 0 mPn1 Pn 0 PvnmI/C,Regalla Srinivasa
1
Pn mPrakash Along u 1 edge 5
A closed Bezier surface patch is obtained by closing either u=0 &
u=1 edges or v=0 & v=1 edges.

CLOSED BEZIER CURVE (CLOSED

ALONG THE V-EDGES)
CLOSED BEZIER CURVE (CLOSED
ALONG THE U-EDGES)

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The Bezier surface has convex hull property.
The convex hull is the polyhedron formed by connecting all
control points to all control points.
The shape of the Bezier patch can be modified by either
moving the control points or providing multiple control points at
the same coordinate location.

n m Bi ,n (u ) n m Bl ,m (v)
N (u, v) Pij B j ,m (v) Pkl Bk ,n (u )
i 0 j 0 u k 0 l 0 v
n m n m
Bi ,n (u ) Bl ,m (v)
B j ,m (v)Bk ,n (u ) Pij Pkl
i 0 j 0 k 0 l 0 u v

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 C0 CONTINUITY

C1 CONTINUITY

CONTINUITY
REQUIREMENTS OF
BEZIER PATCHES AT
BLENT EDGES

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It is possible to express the Bezier patch equation in matrix
form for generic situation of (n+1) by (m+1) control points.

P00 P01 P0 m B0,m (u )

P
P11 P1m B1,m (u )
P(u, v) B0,n (u ) B1,n (u ) Bn ,n (u ) 10


Pn 0 Pn1 Pnm Bm,m (u )
P (u, v) U M B P M B V
T T

Review question:

WHAT IS THE [B] MATRIX OF THE BICUBIC BEZIER PATCH

EQUIVALENT TO THE HERMITE BICUBIC PATCH?
Hint: use the tangent vector information required for Bicubic Hermite patch
from the control point information of the Bezier curve.

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 TRIANGULAR PATCHES
Necessary when:
The given surface data points form triangle
Given surface cannot be modeled entirely by
rectangular patches and may required some
triangular patches also
Three parameters u, v, and w are used, of which
only two are independent
The parametric domain is defined by a symmetric
unit triangle of 0u1, 0v1, 0w1
The parameters u, v and w are called barycentric
coordinates:
u+v+w=1 at any point on the patch
Thus, w is not independent; used only to maintain
the symmetry of barycentric coodinates
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 P(0,1,0)

w
u
(0,1,0)

u=0 w=0
u=0 w=0
P(ui, vj, wk)
v
v
(1,0,0)
v=0
w (0,0,1) v=0
u P(1,0,0)
P(0,0,1)

X
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Z
 Formulation of Triangular Patches
Similar to the tensor product rectangula r patches.
For example, a triangula r Bezier patch is defined as
P(u, v, w) Pijk Bi , j ,k ,n (u, v, w), 0 u 1, 0 v 1, 0 w 1
i , j ,k

where
i, j , k 0, and i j k n and n degree of the patch.
The Bi,j,k,n are the Bernstein polynomials
of degree n :
n! i j k
Bi , j ,k ,n uv w
i! j!k!
Pi , j ,k Control points or data points that form
the vertices of the control polygon.
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The number of control points required to define a
Bezier triangular surface patch of degree n is :
(n 1)(n 2)
2
The triangula r Bezier patch has same degree in all u, v and w
directions unlike a rectangula r patch which can have
n and m different degrees in different parametric directions .
Examples :
How many control points are required to define (a) quadratic,
(b) cubic and (c) quartic Bezier surface patches?
Solution :
(a) Quadratic : n 2; (n 1)(n 2)/2 (2 1)(2 2)/2 6
(b) Cubic : n 3; (3 1)(3 2)/2 10
(c) Quartic : n 4; (4 1)(4 2)/2 15
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 FINDING THE BASIS POLYNOMIAL
FUNCTIONS IN THE TRINGULAR BEZIER
PATCH BY MEANS OF PASCALS TRIANGLE

v4

4uv3
4v3w

12uv2w
6v2w2 6u2v2

12uvw2 12u2vw
QUARTIC PATCH 4vw3 4u3v

w4 6u2w2 4u3w u4
4uw3
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 B-SPLINE SURFACE PATCH
n m
P(u, v) Pij N i ,k (u )N j ,l (v),
i 0 j 0

0 u umax , 0 v vmax

LOCAL CONTROL IS POSSIBLE

ALL OTHER PROPERTIES OF B-SPLINE CURVES APPLY
KNOT VECTORS IN THE TWO PARAMETRIC DIRECTIONS CAN
DIFFER
COMPOSITE B-SPLINE SURFACES CAN BE OBTAINED BY
BLENDING PATCHES WITH C0 AND C1 CONTINUITY IN THE SAME
WAY AS BEZIER PATCHES

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COONS surface patch

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 Linear Coons Surface
The linear Coons surface is the simlest of all
Coons surfaces; a more general Coons surface
is possible

The linear Coons surface is obtained from four

boundary curves, P(u,0), P(u,1), P(0,w) and
P(1,w)

The above four boundary curves are blended by

a bilinear blending function for interior of surface
patch
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 The linear Coons surface is normally said
to be obtained by
* superimposing or by superposition
(summing up) of two ruled surfaces in the
u and v directions.

Is this correct?

NoWhy?
Let us see.
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Consider t he linear Coons surface patch being obtained by
simple summing up of two ruled surfaces obtained by using
the oppositeboundary curves as rails. Indeed,
P(u , v) P (u ,0)(1 v) P (u ,1)v P(0, v)(1 u ) P(1, v)u
if we substitute the boundary conditions , we should get
the corner points and boundary curves from this parametric
form.
Will we obtain P00 if we substituteu 0 and v 0?
P(0,0) P(0,0) P(0,0) 2 P00 ..........so No.
also at the edge u 0,
P(0, v) P (0,0)(1 v) P(0,1)v P (0, v)
which is not P(0, v).
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Neither result correspond s to the original data. Why?
 Because, the corner points are counted
twice, as P(0,0) is contained in both the
P(u,0) and P(0,v) boundary curves.

The correct result is obtained by

subtracting the excess contribution to the
surface due to duplication of the corner
points.
P(0,v)
Or
u=0

P00 P(u,0) Or v=0

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 The correct result is obtained by subtracting the
excess contribution to the surface due to duplicatio
of the corner points. Indeed, this yields,

P(u, v) P(u,0)(1 v) P(u,1)v P(0, v)(1 u ) P(1, v)u

P(0,0)(1 u )(1 v) P(0,1)(1 u )v
P(1,0)u (1 v) P(1,1)uv
Now, if we substitute the boundary conditions at the corner points
and boundary edges we get the original data.
At u 0 and v 0, P(0,0) P00 , etc.
At u 0 and v 1, the edges will become P(0, v) and P(u,1),
respectively.

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In matrix form,
P(0, v) 1 v
P(u , v) [1 u u ] P(u ,0) P(u ,1)
P (1, v ) v
P(0,0) P(0,1) 1 w
[1 u u ] w
P (1 , 0 ) P (1,1)
or more compactly as
P(0,0) P(0,1) P(0, v) 1 v

P(u , v) [1 u u 1] P(1,0) P(1,1) P(1, v) v
P(u ,0) P (u ,1) 0 1
The functions (1 - u), u, (1 - v) and v are called blending functions
because they blend the boundary curves to produce the internal
shape of the surface.
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 Example on Linear Coons Surface
Find the point a linear Coons surface at u=v=0.5 when
the four boundary curves P(u,0), P(u,1), P(0,v) and
P(1,v) are given by open quadratic (k=3) B-spline curves
defined as follows.
P(u,0): B1[ 0 0 0], B2[1 1 0], B3[2 1 0], B4[3 0 0], B5[3 0 3]
P(u,1): B1[0 0 3], B2[1 1 3], B3[2 1 3], B4[3 0 0]
P(0,v): C1[0 0 3], C2[0 1 2], C3[0 1 1], C4[0 0 0]
P(1,v): C1[3 0 3], C2[3 1 2], C3[3 1 2], C4[3 1 1], C5[3 0 0]

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Solution :
The knot vector for P(u,0) and P(1, v) is t [0 0 0 1 2 3 3 3]
The knot vector for P(u,1) and P(0, v) is s [0 0 0 1 2 2 2]
P(u ,0) P(t ) B1 N1,3 (t ) B2 N 2,3 (t ) B3 N 3,3 (t ) B4 N 4,3 (t ) B5 N 5,3 (t )
P(0.5,0) P(1.5) (0) B1 0.125 B2 0.75 B3 0.125 B4 (0) B5
0.1251 1 3 0.752 1 3 0.1252 1 3
[1.875 1 3]
P(u ,1) P ( s ) B1 N1,3 ( s ) B2 N 2,3 ( s ) B3 N 3,3 ( s ) B4 N 4,3 ( s )
P(0.5,1) P (1.0) (0) B1 0.5 B2 0.5 B3 (0) B4
0.51 1 0 0.52 1 0 1.5 1 0
P(0, v) P ( s ) C1 N1,3 ( s ) C2 N 2,3 ( s ) C3 N 3,3 ( s ) C4 N 4,3 ( s )
P(0,0.5) P(1.0) (0)C1 0.5C2 0.5C3 (0)C4
0.50 1 2 0.50 1 1 0 1 1.5
P(1, v) P(t ) C1 N1,3 (t ) C2 N 2,3 (t ) C3 N 3,3 (t ) C4 N 4,3 (t ) C5 N 5,3 (t )
P(1,0.5) P (1.5) (0)C1 0.125C2 0.75C3 0.125C4 (0)C5
0.1253 1 2 0.753 1 2 0.1253 1 1 3 1 1.875
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Now we can find the matrix form of linear Coons surface patch.
P(0,0) P(0,1) P(0, v) 1 v

P(u, v) [1 u u 1] P(1,0) P(1,1) P(1, v) v
P(u,0) P(u,1) 0 1
0 0 3 0 0 0 0 1 1.5 0.5

P(0.5,0.5) [0.5 0.5 1] 3 0 3 3 0 0
3 1 1.875 0.5
1.875 1 3 1.5 1 0 0 1
1.6375 2.25 1.6375

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 Sculptured surface
A single patch alone can not build the practically found
complex surfaces in design and manufacturing
These complex surfaces are called as sculptured or free-
form surfaces
Typical applications are automotive die and mold
making, aerospace, glass, cameras, shoes, appliance
industries
Sculptured surface is a colletion of interconnected and
bounded parametric patches together with blending and
interpolation formulas
The surfaces must be amenable to APT for NC m/c tools
The sculpturing surface can be divided into the proper
patches which can be created to produce a C0 or C1
continuous surface using the modeling techniques
described till now
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 Rational parametric surface
Just like the rational parametric curve, the
rational parametric surface is obtained by
algebraic ratio of two polynomials and using
weight functions. A rational tensor product
surface can be described as
n m

P h F (u) F (v)
i 0 j 0
ij ij i j

P(u, v) n m

h F (u) F (v)
i 0 j 0
ij i j

Rational bicubic, Bezier, and B - Spline surfaces are available

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 Surface Manipulations: Segmentation
The process is identical to that of the curve
Segmentation is essentially a problem of
reparametrization of the surface while keeping
the degree of its polynomial in u and v
unchanged.
Different requirements of segmentation of a
given surface defined for u=0 to u=um and v=0 to
v=vm exist:
Four patches at a point P1(u1, v1)
Two patches by segmentation along u=u1 curve
Two patches by segmentation along v=v1 curve

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Segmentation into four sub-patches
For sub-patch 1:
u1=u0+(u1-u0)u
v1=v0+(v1-v0)v

Similar equations can be written for other

sub patches also.
u1=0 to 1 and v1=0 to 1 correspond to the
proper values
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Segmentation into two sub-patches
Along the u=u1 curve, for the first sub
patch 1:
u1=u0+(u1-u0)u
v1=v0+(vm-v0)v

Along the v=v1 curve, for the first sub

patch 1:
u1=u0+(um-u0)u
v1=v0+(v1-v0)v
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 Intersection
Intersection of surface with curve:
P(u,v) P(w) = 0
Three scalar equations in three unknows u, v
and w
Intersection of surface with surface:

P(u, v) P(t, w) = 0
Three scalar equation with four unknowns, u, v, t
and w.
One parameter is kept constant and others are
found out.
Newton-Raphson iteration method is very useful.
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 Projection
This is projecting an entity onto a plane or
surface
When we project a point P0 along r on a
planar surface defined as
P(u,v) = a + ub + vc
We need to solve the above equation and
the equation of the projection line given by
P(w)=P0+wr. That is P(u,v) P(w) =0.
Further derivation takes the following form.
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P(u , v) P( w) 0
a ub vc P0 wr
Dot multiply both sides of the above equation by (b c) to get
(b c).a (b c).( P0 wr ), since (b c) is perpendicular to both b and c.
Therefore
(b c).(a - P0 )
w
(b c).r
Similarly, we can write for the other parameters,
(c r).(P0 - a)
u
(c r).b
(b r ).(P0 - a)
v
(b r ).c
Similarly, projection of curves and surfaces onto a given surface can also be solved.

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 Application of Intersection problem
Pipeline design needs the knowledge of
intersection of surfaces

Analytical Solution to find area and

perimeter after A and B are found:

Ellipse area a A B
A Half major axis
B Half minor axis
A 2 B2
Ellipse perimeter p 2 4aE
2
where
E the complete elliptic integral at k A 2 B 2 / A.
E can be obtained from the tables I/C,
of complete elliptic
Regalla Srinivasa integrals available
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in standard mathematical tables.