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I.

MORFOLOGIA (THE MORPHOLOGY)

(gr. morphe - form, logos - studiu)


Morfologia este partea gramaticii care cuprinde regulile de modificare a cuvintelor n procesul comunicrii. Ea
studiaz prile de vorbire sub aspect formal, semantic i funcional.

Prile de vorbire sunt:

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1. Articolul (The Article)

2. Substantivul (The Noun)

3. Adjectivul (The Adjective)

4. Pronumele (The Pronoun)

5. Numeralul (The Numeral)

6. Verbul (The Verb)

7. Adverbul (The Adverb)

8. Prepoziia (The Preposition)

9. Conjuncia (The Conjunction)

10. Interjecia (The interjection)

1. ARTICOLUL (THE ARTICLE)


Este un instrument gramatical care individualizeaz sau determin un substantiv. Prezena lui dovedete c
substantivul pe care-l nsoete este deja cunoscut de interlocutor.

Clasificare:

1. Articolul Hotrt (The Definite Article)


2. Articolul Nehotrt (The Indefinite Article)
3. Articolul Zero (The Zero Article)

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1. ARTICOLUL HOTRT (THE DEFINITE ARTICLE)

este the

- pronunat [z] - naintea cuvintelor care ncep cu o consoan sau semi-consoan


the ball [ z bO-l]
the window [z `wind\u ]

- pronunat [zi] - n faa cuvintelor care ncep cu o vocal


the eye [zi ai]
the apple [zi `Epl]

singular: plural:
the girl [z g|l] - fata the girls [z g|lz] - fetele
the boy [z Boi] - biatul the boys [z Boiz] - bieii
the tree [z trI] - copacul the trees [z trIz] - copacii
the cat [z kEt] - pisica the cats [z kEts] - pisicile

Articolul hotrt apare ntr-un mare numr de expresii:


on the one side/hand - pe de o parte
on the other side/hand - pe de alt parte
at the same time - n acelai timp etc

Articolul hotrt plasat n faa unor adjective d acestora sensul unor substantive la numrul plural:
adj. rich - bogat-bogat, bogai-bogate
the rich - cei bogai - cele bogate
adj. poor - srac-srac, sraci-srace
the poor - cei sraci - cele srace

Articolul hotrt apare la gradul superlativ relativ al adjectivelor:


the best - cel mai bun, cea mai bun, cei mai buni, cele mai bune
the least - cel mai puin, cea mai puin, cei mai puini, cele mai puine
the biggest - cel mai mare, cea mai mare, cei mai mari, cele mai mari
the most interesting - cel mai interesant, cea mai interesant, cei mai interesani, cele mai interesante etc

Articolul hotrt apare i n structura the..., the... - cu ct..., cu att... (dou comparative juxtapuse)
The earlier you come, the better it is. - Cu ct vii/venii mai devreme cu att e mai bine.
The more we are, the easier it is.- Cu ct suntem mai muli, cu att este mai uor.
The more interesting the book is, the more I like it. - Cu ct cartea este mai interesant, cu att mi place mai mult.

Articolul hotrt se intercaleaz de regul ntre un substantiv precedat de o prepoziie i prepoziia respectiv.
a house in the forest - o cas n pdure
a boat on the lake - o barc pe lac
across the road - peste drum
at the end - la sfrit
at the door - la u
in the end - n final
in the morning - dimineaa
in the village - n sat
in the shade - la umbr

Articolul hotrt poate fi ntlnit n unele denumiri geografice:


The Black Sea, The Danube, The Carpathians, The Alps, The Himalaya Mountains, The Thames, The United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, The Commonwealth of Australia States and Territories, The
United States of America, The Sahara Desert, The Atlantic Ocean, The Indian Ocean, The Pacific Ocean etc.

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Articolul hotrt nsoete, de obicei, substantivele cnd acestea sunt acompaniate/precedate de adjective.
in the first/second/third/etc. sentence - n prima/a doua/a treia/etc. propoziie
in the course of time - n decursul timpului, de-a lungul timpului
in the second half - n a doua jumtate
in the days/months that followed - n zilele/lunile care au urmat
Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world. - Muntele Everest este cel mai nalt munte din lume.

Articolul hotrt the se mai traduce n limba romn prin articolele adjectivale cel, cea, cei, cele sau articolele
posesive al, a, ai, ale.
Alfred the Great - Alfred cel Mare
Stephen the Great - tefan cel Mare
The Second World War - Cel de al doilea rzboi mondial.

2. ARTICOLUL NEHOTRT (THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE)

este :
- a pronunat [] - naintea cuvintelor care ncep cu consoan sau semiconsoan:
a dog [ `dog]- un cine a wall [ `wOl]- un zid/perete
a flower [ `flau\]- o floare a year [\ `ji\] - un an

- an pronunat [n] - naintea cuvintelor care ncep cu vocal:


an apple [n `Epl]- un mr an eye [n `ai] - un ochi
an ear [n `i\]- o ureche an idea [n ai`dia]- o idee

Articolul nehotrt introduce de obicei un element nou. El poate fi ntlnit :


- n faa substantivelor nsoite/precedate de adjective :
a good teacher - un profesor bun
a big house - o cas mare
a book of proverbs - o carte de proverbe
a house on fire - o cas n flcri
a little tea - puin/destul ceai
- n unele structuri :
a tobacconist's - o tutungerie a chemist 's - o farmacie
a baker's - o brutrie a stationer's - o papetrie
a greengrocer's - un aprozar once upon a time - a fost odat
a blue - eyed girl - o fat cu ochi albatri a grocer' s - o bcnie
a confectioner's - o cofetrie two/three at a time - cte doi/trei o dat
a jeweller's - un magazin de bijuterii

Articolul nehotrt are n unele cazuri funcie numeric:


a hundred - o sut
a thousand - o mie
two saucers and an ash-tray - dou farfurioare i o scrumier

3. ARTICOLUL ZERO (THE ZERO ARTICLE)

Articolul zero apare:


a) n nume de continente, ri, persoane, zilele sptmnii etc.
Exemple: Africa, Asia, America, Europe, England, France, Italy, Romania, Sunday, Alice, Bob, George, John, Mary,
Peter, Richard, William etc.

b) n faa subsantivelor folosite n sens general:


Children like sweets. - Copiilor le plac dulciurile.
Knowledge is power. - tiina nseamn putere.

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Oil is lighter than water. - Uleiul este mai uor dect apa.
Boys like toys and lots of noise.- Bieilor le plac jucriile i mult zgomot.
c) n faa subsantivelor nenumrabile (uncountables):
Gold is yellow.- Aurul este galben.
This house is made of wood.- Aceast cas este fcut din lemn.

d) naintea substantivelor abstracte sau nume de materie: care, death, hatred, honesty, hunger, love, sand, salt, tea,
water etc.
Salt seasons all things. (prov.) - Sarea d gust tuturor lucrurilor.
Multe substantive abstracte apar n proverbe.
Hunger is the best sauce. - Foamea este cel mai bun buctar.

e) nume de: culori (white, black, yellow, red, green, brown, pink, violet, orange, blue, black), sporturi i jocuri
sportive (football, volleyball, basketball, hockey, tennis etc.), limbi (English, Romanian, German, French etc.), mese
(breakfast, snack, lunch, tea, dinner, supper).

f) n unele expresii / structuri fixe, care trebuie memorate pentru evitarea greelilor.
after dark - dup lsarea ntunericului Just in time - chiar la timp/moment
after three o'clock - dup ora trei to leave for school - a pleca la coal
after dinner - dup cin to keep in mind - a ine minte
day by day - zi de zi to be on duty - a fi de serviciu
drop by drop - strop cu strop to go on foot - a merge pe jos
day after day - zi dup zi, zi de zi to put in order - a pune n ordine
from end to end - de la cap la cap to be in parliament - a fi n parlament
from first to last - de la primul la ultimul to go to bed - a merge la culcare
from place to place - din loc n loc from London - de la Londra
from time to time - din cnd n cnd to look for help/aid - a cuta ajutor
good for food - comestibil to pay on demand - a plti la cerere
goods on sale - mrfuri/bunuri de vnzare from morning to night - de dimineaa pn seara
in general - n general
from beginning to end - de la nceput la sfrit
to learn by heart - a nva pe de rost
on certain conditions - cu anumite condiii
piece by piece - bucat cu bucat

2. SUBSTANTIVUL (THE NOUN)

Substantivul (lat.: substantivus; substans - substan; sub - sub/dedesubt, stans - aezat) este partea de vorbire care
denumete fiine, obiecte, stri, noiuni, nsuiri etc.

Clasificare:

- comune (Common Nouns)


dog (cine), cat (pisic), bird (pasre), house (cas), apple (mr), girl (fat), boy (biat), water (ap).

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- proprii (Proper Nouns)
John, Alice, Romania, London, Europe, Asia, July, Sunday, Great Britain etc.

- abstracte (Abstract Nouns)


friendship (prietenie), joy (bucurie), wisdom (nelepciune), safety ( siguran), theory (teorie), gratitude (recunotin)
etc.

- inidividuale (Individual Nouns)


man (brbat), house (cas), stone (piatr), tree (copac) etc.

- colective (Collective Nouns)


team (echip), army (armat), family (familie), fleet (flot), crowd (mulime), flock (stol), swarm (roi), group (grup)
etc.

- nume de materie (Names of Matter)


water (ap), air (aer), fire (foc), beer (bere), milk (lapte), steel (oel), silver (argint), gold (aur), snow (zpad), wine
(vin), tea (ceai), salt (sare) etc.

- masculin
- Gen - feminine
- neutru
Substantivul are :
- singular
- Numar - plural

- Caz - Nominstiv
- Genitiv
- Dativ
- Acuzativ
- Vocativ

GENUL SUBSTANTIVELOR (THE GENDER OF THE NOUNS)

masculin (masculine) feminin (feminine)


(he - el) (she - ea)
actor - actor actress - actri
bachelor - celibatar spinster - celibatar
barman - barman barmaid - barmani
boy - biat girl - fat
bridegroom - ginere bride - mireas
brother - frate sister - sor
dad/daddy - tati/tticu mam/mammy - mami
earl - conte countess - contes
father - tat mother - mam
gentleman - domn gentlewoman - doamn
god - zeu goddess - zei
grandfather - grandpa - bunic grandmother - grandma - bunic
hero - erou heroine - eroin
husband - so wife - soie
king - rege queen - regin
lad - flcu lass - fat
landlord - proprietar landlady - proprietreas
man - brbat woman - femeie

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master - stpn mistress - stpn
monk - clugr nun - clugri
nephew - nepot niece - nepoat
papa/daddy - tata mamma/mammy - mama
policeman - poliist policewoman - poliist
prince - prin princess - prines
salesman - vnztor saleswoman - vnztoare
sir - domn madam - doamn
son - fiu daughter - fiic
tutor - tutore governess - guvernant
uncle - unchi aunt - mtu
neutru (neuter) comun (common)
(it - el/ea) (he/she - el/ea)
air - aer associate - asociat/asociat
ball - minge architect - arhitect/arhitect
book - carte artist - artist/artist
box - cutie beginner - nceptor/nceptoare
bread - pine author - autor/autoare
building - cldire child - copil/copil
bus - autobuz buyer - cumprtor/cumprtoare
crocodile - crocodil client - client/client
error - greeal companion - nsoitor/nsoitoare
fish - pete cook - buctar/buctreas
flag - drapel cousin - verior/verioar
flute - flaut customer - client/client
fork - furculi customs officer - vame/vame
glory - glorie dancer - dansator/dansatoare
helicopter - elicopter doctor - doctor/doctori
honour - onoare dreamer - vistor/vistoare
house - cas driver - ofer/oferi
impression - impresie dyer - vopsitor/vopsitoare
indifference - indiferen economist - economist/economist
kangaroo - cangur engineer - inginer/inginer
land - pmnt examiner-examinator/examinatoare
legend - legend fighter - lupttor/lupttoare
light - lumin friend - prieten/prieten
march - mar guest - musafir/musafir
medal - medalie interpreter - interpret/interpret
microbe - microb journalist - jurnalist/jurnalist
minaret - minaret owner - posesor/posesoare
monkey - maimu painter - pictor/pictori
mouse - oarece parent - printe
mushroom - ciuperc

masculin (masculine) feminin (feminine)


(he - el) (she - ea)
boy friend - prieten girl friend - prieten
brother - in - law - cumnat sister - in - law - cumnat
bull - taur cow - vac
cock - coco hen - gin
dog - cine bitch - cea
drake - roi duck - ra
father - in - law - socru mother - in - law - soacr
fisherman - pescar -

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fox - vulpoi vixen - vulpe
gipsy/gypsy - igan gipsy/gypsy woman - iganc
grandson - nepot granddaughter - nepoat
horse - cal mare - iap
host - gazd hostess - gazd
lion - leu lioness - leoaic
lord - domn lady - doamn
man-servant - servitor maid - servant - servitoare
Mr. - domnul Miss/Mrs. - domnioara/doamna
negro - negru negress - negres
ox - bou cow - vac
peasant - ran peasant woman - ranc
pirate - pirat -
postman - pota -
schoolboy - colar schoolgirl - colri
soldier - soldat -
son - in - law - ginere daughter - in - law - nor
steward - stevard stewardess - stevardes
tom cat - pisoi pussy cat - pisic
turkey cock - curcan turkey hen - curc
usher - plasator usherette - plasatoare
waiter - chelner waitress - chelneri
neutru (neuter) comun (common)
(it - el/ea) (he/she - el/ea)
net - plas photographer - fotograf/fotograf
novel - roman physician - doctor/doctori
number - numr physicist - fizician/fizician
occupation - ocupaie passenger - pasager/pasager
ocean - ocean manager - manager/manager, director/direc-
toare
oil - ulei philosopher - filozof
page - pagin physiologist - fiziolog
panic - panic pilot - pilot
part - parte player - juctor/juctoare
pear - par playwright - dramaturg
petal - petal printer - tipograf/tipograf
piano - pian prisoner - prizonier/prizonier
pig - porc purchaser - cumprtor/ cumprtoare
pot - oal supporter - suporter/suporter
root - rdcin reader - cititor/cititoare
scorpion - scorpion reporter - reporter/reporter
shark - rechin rival - rival/rival
sparrow - vrabie scholar - nvat/nvat
sphere - sfer scientist - savant/savant
stage - scen smoker - fumtor/fumtoare
stick - b spectator - spectator/spectatoare
sun - soare spouse - so/soie
tea - ceai successor - succesor/succesoare
telephone - telefon superintendent - supraveghetor/
supraveghetoare
etc. theorist - teoretician/teoretician
weaver - estor/estoare
welder - sudor/sudori
worker - muncitor/muncitoare
writer - scriitor/scriitoare

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PLURALUL SUBSTANTIVELOR

Clasificare:

1. Pluralul regulat al substantivelor


2. Pluralul neregulat al substantivelor
3. Plurale straine
4. Plurale asimilate in Limba Englez
5. Pluralul substantivelor compuse
6. Pluralul fraciilor zecimale
7. Pluralul unor abrevieri
8. Substantive numai cu forma de Plural
9. Substantive numai cu forma de Singular
10. Substantive cu aceeai forma pentru Singular i Plural

1. Pluralul regulat al substantivelor

Se formeaz prin adugarea literei s.


book - books - carte - cri
Litera s semn al pluralului substantivelor , al persoanei a III-a singular a verbelor i al genitivului saxon/sintetic al
substantivelor, se citete:

[ s ] - cnd este precedat de consoane nesonore/surde


book - books - carte - cri
to speak - he speaks - a vorbi - el vorbete
the economist's pen] - stiloul economistului
[ z ] - cnd este precedat de o consoan sonor
chair - chairs - scaun - scaune
to receive - he receives - a primi - el primete
the girl's flowers -florile fetei ;
[ iz ] - cnd este precedat de s, z, ch, sh sau consoane uiertoare/sibilante;
bench - benches - banc - bnci
bus - buses - autobuz - autobuze
fox - foxes - vulpoi - vulpoi
George' s books - crile lui George
to teach - he teaches - a preda/explica - el pred/explic
to wash - he washes - a (se) spla - el se spal
Unele substantive terminate n y, precedat de consoan primesc s la plural, dar pe y l transform n ie.
baby - babies - copila - copilai
beauty - beauties - frumusee - frumusei
city - cities - ora - orae etc.
Substantivele terminate n y formeaz pluralul prin simpla adugare la sfritul lor a literei s dac n faa lui y se afl
o vocal :
boy - boys - biat biei play - plays - pies - piese
day - days - zi - zile toy - toys - jucrie - jucrii etc
Substantivele care se termin n f sau ff formeaz pluralul prin adugarea lui s :
chief - chiefs - ef - efi
cliff - cliffs - stnc - stnci
grief - griefs - suprare/mhnire - suprri/mhniri
Dar iat i excepii:
calf - calves - viel - viei half - halves - jumtate - jumti

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knife - knives - cuit - cuite shelf - shelves - raft - rafturi
leaf - leaves - frunz - frunze thief - thieves - ho - hoi
life - lives - via - viei wife - wives - soie - soii
loaf - loaves - franzel - franzele wolf - wolves - lup - lupi

Substantivele terminate n o formeaz pluralul astfel:


a) - unele adaug terminaia es :
hero - heroes - erou - eroi potato - potatoes - cartof - cartofi
mosquito - mosquitoes - nar - nari tomato - tomatoes - tomat - tomate
negro - negroes - negru - negri volcano - volcanoes - vulcan - vulcani
b) - altele adaug doar litera s :
casino - casinos - cazino - cazinouri piano - pianos - pian - piane
cuckoo - cuckoos - cuc - cuci radio - radios - radio - radiouri
embryo - embryos - embrion- embrioni photo - photos - fotografie - fotografii
kangaroo - kangaroos - cangur - canguri studio - studios - studio - studiouri

2. Pluralul neregulat al substantivelor

businessman - businessmen - om / oameni de afaceri goose - geese - gsc - gte


child - children - copil - copii louse - lice - pduche - pduchi
die - dice - zar - zaruri man - men - brbat - brbai
Englishman - Englishmen - englez - englezi mouse - mice - oarece - oareci
fireman - firemen - pompier - pompieri postman - postmen - posta - postai
fisherman - fishermen - pescar - pescari sportsman - sportsmen - sportiv - sportivi
foot - feet - lab - labe tooth - teeth - dinte/msea - dini/msele
gentleman - gentlemen - domn - domni woman - women - femeie - femei
gentlewoman - gentlewomen - doamn - doamne

3. Plurale strine
Greceti:
analysis - analyses - analiz - analize diagnosis - diagnoses - diagnostic - diagnostice
axis - axes - ax - axe metropolis - metropolises - metropol - metropole
basis - bases - baz - baze sphinx - sphinxes - sfinx - sfinci
crisis - crises - criz - crize octopus - octopuses/octopi - caracati - caracatie
Latineti:
agendum - agenda - agend - agende erratum - errata - erat - erate
alga - algae - alg - alge gymnasium - gymnasiums - gimnaziu- gimnazii
aquarium / aquariums - acvariu - acvarii mausoleum - mausoleums - mausoleu - mausolee
bacillus - bacilli - bacil - bacili stimulus - stimuli - stimul - stimuli
candelabrum - candelabra - candelabru - candelabre stratum - strata - strat - straturi

4. Plurale asimilate n limba englez

arena - arenas - aren - arene genius - geniuses - geniu - genii


circus - circuses - circ - circuri idea - ideas - idee - idei
dilemma - dilemmas - dilem - dileme minus - minuses - minus - minusuri
diploma - diplomas - diplom - diplome opera - operas - oper - opere
drama - dramas - dram - drame umbrella - umbrellas - umbrel - umbrele

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5. Pluralul substantivelor compuse

blackboard - blackboards - tabl - table passer - by - passers - by - pieton - pietoni


motel - motels - motel - moteluri son - in - law - sons - in - law - ginere - gineri
mother - in - law - mothers - in - law - soacr - soacre

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6. Pluralul fraciilor zecimale

one quarter - three quarters - un sfert - trei sferturi


one third - two thirds - o treime - dou treimi
one fifth - two fifths - o cincime - dou cincimi
one seventh - two sevenths - o eptime - dou eptimi

7. Pluralul unor abrevieri

Member of Parliament (M.P.) - Members of Parliament (M.P.s) - membru al parlamentului, membri ai


parlamentului
Mountain (Mt. ) - Mountains (Mts) - munte - muni
Post - Office (P.O.) - Post - Offices (P.O.s) - oficiu potal - oficii potale.

8. Substantive numai cu form de plural

spectacles - glasses - ochelari, trousers - pantaloni, clothes - haine, scissors - foarfeci

9. Substantive numai cu form de singular

advice - sfat, equipment - echipament/utilaj, furniture - mobil, information - informaie/informaii, knowledge -


cunotine, news - tiri, money - bani

10.Substantive cu aceeai form pentru singular i plural

sheep - oaie - oi, fish - pete - peti, deer - cprioar - cprioare,


Portughese - portughez - portughezi, Chinese - chinez chinezi

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