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1. Articolul (The Article)
Clasificare:
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1. ARTICOLUL HOTRT (THE DEFINITE ARTICLE)
este the
singular: plural:
the girl [z g|l] - fata the girls [z g|lz] - fetele
the boy [z Boi] - biatul the boys [z Boiz] - bieii
the tree [z trI] - copacul the trees [z trIz] - copacii
the cat [z kEt] - pisica the cats [z kEts] - pisicile
Articolul hotrt plasat n faa unor adjective d acestora sensul unor substantive la numrul plural:
adj. rich - bogat-bogat, bogai-bogate
the rich - cei bogai - cele bogate
adj. poor - srac-srac, sraci-srace
the poor - cei sraci - cele srace
Articolul hotrt apare i n structura the..., the... - cu ct..., cu att... (dou comparative juxtapuse)
The earlier you come, the better it is. - Cu ct vii/venii mai devreme cu att e mai bine.
The more we are, the easier it is.- Cu ct suntem mai muli, cu att este mai uor.
The more interesting the book is, the more I like it. - Cu ct cartea este mai interesant, cu att mi place mai mult.
Articolul hotrt se intercaleaz de regul ntre un substantiv precedat de o prepoziie i prepoziia respectiv.
a house in the forest - o cas n pdure
a boat on the lake - o barc pe lac
across the road - peste drum
at the end - la sfrit
at the door - la u
in the end - n final
in the morning - dimineaa
in the village - n sat
in the shade - la umbr
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Articolul hotrt nsoete, de obicei, substantivele cnd acestea sunt acompaniate/precedate de adjective.
in the first/second/third/etc. sentence - n prima/a doua/a treia/etc. propoziie
in the course of time - n decursul timpului, de-a lungul timpului
in the second half - n a doua jumtate
in the days/months that followed - n zilele/lunile care au urmat
Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world. - Muntele Everest este cel mai nalt munte din lume.
Articolul hotrt the se mai traduce n limba romn prin articolele adjectivale cel, cea, cei, cele sau articolele
posesive al, a, ai, ale.
Alfred the Great - Alfred cel Mare
Stephen the Great - tefan cel Mare
The Second World War - Cel de al doilea rzboi mondial.
este :
- a pronunat [] - naintea cuvintelor care ncep cu consoan sau semiconsoan:
a dog [ `dog]- un cine a wall [ `wOl]- un zid/perete
a flower [ `flau\]- o floare a year [\ `ji\] - un an
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Oil is lighter than water. - Uleiul este mai uor dect apa.
Boys like toys and lots of noise.- Bieilor le plac jucriile i mult zgomot.
c) n faa subsantivelor nenumrabile (uncountables):
Gold is yellow.- Aurul este galben.
This house is made of wood.- Aceast cas este fcut din lemn.
d) naintea substantivelor abstracte sau nume de materie: care, death, hatred, honesty, hunger, love, sand, salt, tea,
water etc.
Salt seasons all things. (prov.) - Sarea d gust tuturor lucrurilor.
Multe substantive abstracte apar n proverbe.
Hunger is the best sauce. - Foamea este cel mai bun buctar.
e) nume de: culori (white, black, yellow, red, green, brown, pink, violet, orange, blue, black), sporturi i jocuri
sportive (football, volleyball, basketball, hockey, tennis etc.), limbi (English, Romanian, German, French etc.), mese
(breakfast, snack, lunch, tea, dinner, supper).
f) n unele expresii / structuri fixe, care trebuie memorate pentru evitarea greelilor.
after dark - dup lsarea ntunericului Just in time - chiar la timp/moment
after three o'clock - dup ora trei to leave for school - a pleca la coal
after dinner - dup cin to keep in mind - a ine minte
day by day - zi de zi to be on duty - a fi de serviciu
drop by drop - strop cu strop to go on foot - a merge pe jos
day after day - zi dup zi, zi de zi to put in order - a pune n ordine
from end to end - de la cap la cap to be in parliament - a fi n parlament
from first to last - de la primul la ultimul to go to bed - a merge la culcare
from place to place - din loc n loc from London - de la Londra
from time to time - din cnd n cnd to look for help/aid - a cuta ajutor
good for food - comestibil to pay on demand - a plti la cerere
goods on sale - mrfuri/bunuri de vnzare from morning to night - de dimineaa pn seara
in general - n general
from beginning to end - de la nceput la sfrit
to learn by heart - a nva pe de rost
on certain conditions - cu anumite condiii
piece by piece - bucat cu bucat
Substantivul (lat.: substantivus; substans - substan; sub - sub/dedesubt, stans - aezat) este partea de vorbire care
denumete fiine, obiecte, stri, noiuni, nsuiri etc.
Clasificare:
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- proprii (Proper Nouns)
John, Alice, Romania, London, Europe, Asia, July, Sunday, Great Britain etc.
- masculin
- Gen - feminine
- neutru
Substantivul are :
- singular
- Numar - plural
- Caz - Nominstiv
- Genitiv
- Dativ
- Acuzativ
- Vocativ
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master - stpn mistress - stpn
monk - clugr nun - clugri
nephew - nepot niece - nepoat
papa/daddy - tata mamma/mammy - mama
policeman - poliist policewoman - poliist
prince - prin princess - prines
salesman - vnztor saleswoman - vnztoare
sir - domn madam - doamn
son - fiu daughter - fiic
tutor - tutore governess - guvernant
uncle - unchi aunt - mtu
neutru (neuter) comun (common)
(it - el/ea) (he/she - el/ea)
air - aer associate - asociat/asociat
ball - minge architect - arhitect/arhitect
book - carte artist - artist/artist
box - cutie beginner - nceptor/nceptoare
bread - pine author - autor/autoare
building - cldire child - copil/copil
bus - autobuz buyer - cumprtor/cumprtoare
crocodile - crocodil client - client/client
error - greeal companion - nsoitor/nsoitoare
fish - pete cook - buctar/buctreas
flag - drapel cousin - verior/verioar
flute - flaut customer - client/client
fork - furculi customs officer - vame/vame
glory - glorie dancer - dansator/dansatoare
helicopter - elicopter doctor - doctor/doctori
honour - onoare dreamer - vistor/vistoare
house - cas driver - ofer/oferi
impression - impresie dyer - vopsitor/vopsitoare
indifference - indiferen economist - economist/economist
kangaroo - cangur engineer - inginer/inginer
land - pmnt examiner-examinator/examinatoare
legend - legend fighter - lupttor/lupttoare
light - lumin friend - prieten/prieten
march - mar guest - musafir/musafir
medal - medalie interpreter - interpret/interpret
microbe - microb journalist - jurnalist/jurnalist
minaret - minaret owner - posesor/posesoare
monkey - maimu painter - pictor/pictori
mouse - oarece parent - printe
mushroom - ciuperc
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fox - vulpoi vixen - vulpe
gipsy/gypsy - igan gipsy/gypsy woman - iganc
grandson - nepot granddaughter - nepoat
horse - cal mare - iap
host - gazd hostess - gazd
lion - leu lioness - leoaic
lord - domn lady - doamn
man-servant - servitor maid - servant - servitoare
Mr. - domnul Miss/Mrs. - domnioara/doamna
negro - negru negress - negres
ox - bou cow - vac
peasant - ran peasant woman - ranc
pirate - pirat -
postman - pota -
schoolboy - colar schoolgirl - colri
soldier - soldat -
son - in - law - ginere daughter - in - law - nor
steward - stevard stewardess - stevardes
tom cat - pisoi pussy cat - pisic
turkey cock - curcan turkey hen - curc
usher - plasator usherette - plasatoare
waiter - chelner waitress - chelneri
neutru (neuter) comun (common)
(it - el/ea) (he/she - el/ea)
net - plas photographer - fotograf/fotograf
novel - roman physician - doctor/doctori
number - numr physicist - fizician/fizician
occupation - ocupaie passenger - pasager/pasager
ocean - ocean manager - manager/manager, director/direc-
toare
oil - ulei philosopher - filozof
page - pagin physiologist - fiziolog
panic - panic pilot - pilot
part - parte player - juctor/juctoare
pear - par playwright - dramaturg
petal - petal printer - tipograf/tipograf
piano - pian prisoner - prizonier/prizonier
pig - porc purchaser - cumprtor/ cumprtoare
pot - oal supporter - suporter/suporter
root - rdcin reader - cititor/cititoare
scorpion - scorpion reporter - reporter/reporter
shark - rechin rival - rival/rival
sparrow - vrabie scholar - nvat/nvat
sphere - sfer scientist - savant/savant
stage - scen smoker - fumtor/fumtoare
stick - b spectator - spectator/spectatoare
sun - soare spouse - so/soie
tea - ceai successor - succesor/succesoare
telephone - telefon superintendent - supraveghetor/
supraveghetoare
etc. theorist - teoretician/teoretician
weaver - estor/estoare
welder - sudor/sudori
worker - muncitor/muncitoare
writer - scriitor/scriitoare
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PLURALUL SUBSTANTIVELOR
Clasificare:
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knife - knives - cuit - cuite shelf - shelves - raft - rafturi
leaf - leaves - frunz - frunze thief - thieves - ho - hoi
life - lives - via - viei wife - wives - soie - soii
loaf - loaves - franzel - franzele wolf - wolves - lup - lupi
3. Plurale strine
Greceti:
analysis - analyses - analiz - analize diagnosis - diagnoses - diagnostic - diagnostice
axis - axes - ax - axe metropolis - metropolises - metropol - metropole
basis - bases - baz - baze sphinx - sphinxes - sfinx - sfinci
crisis - crises - criz - crize octopus - octopuses/octopi - caracati - caracatie
Latineti:
agendum - agenda - agend - agende erratum - errata - erat - erate
alga - algae - alg - alge gymnasium - gymnasiums - gimnaziu- gimnazii
aquarium / aquariums - acvariu - acvarii mausoleum - mausoleums - mausoleu - mausolee
bacillus - bacilli - bacil - bacili stimulus - stimuli - stimul - stimuli
candelabrum - candelabra - candelabru - candelabre stratum - strata - strat - straturi
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5. Pluralul substantivelor compuse
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6. Pluralul fraciilor zecimale