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Introduction
Sunflower is widely distributed and adopted oil seed crop of the world. It is fourth
oil grain crop by area (Nasreen et al., 2015) Sunflower contains high oil contents of
(Nasim et al., 2011). It is widely adapted to a wide variety of soils and climatic conditions
but perform best when grown on good land and provided management practices.
(Potassium) plays a vital role in the growth and development of a crop and the
availability of these nutrients is more often restricted its yield (Shabbir et al., 2015).
approaches for the proper diagnosis and management of crop nutrition is often focused
on individual nutrients.
Nitrogen (N) is very essential for plant growth and makes up 14% of dry matter
of the plants. Its availability in sufficient quantity throughout the growing season is
essential for optimum plant growth (Shanti et al., 1997). According to Onasanya et al.,
(2009), Phosphorus (P) plays an important part in many physiological processes that
occur within a developing and maturing plant. Potassium is an essential nutrient and is
also the most abundant cation in plants. It plays essential roles in enzyme activation,
protein synthesis, photosynthesis, osmoregulation, stomatal movement, energy transfer,
phloem transport, cation-anion balance, and stress resistance (Maqsood et al., 2000).
This study aims to determine the effect of NPK nutrients in Sunflower (Helianthus
annuus L.) plant. Moreover, the purpose of this study is to test on what level of NPK
nutrients will give more influenced to the growth and development of Sunflower
Sunflower
Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is one of the most important oilseed that
originally belonged to subtropical and temperate zones crop and it is widely adaptable
and more drought tolerant than most other grain crops ( Ahmad,1992). It occupies the
fourth position among vegetable oilseeds after soybean, oil palm and canola in the
some countries in the humid tropical Africa because it is quite rustic and can perform will
under varying climatic and soil conditions (Seiler et al., 2008, Kaleem et al.,2011b).
Nitrogen
Nitrogen (N) is a vital plant nutrient and a major determining factor required for
sunflower production ( Shanti et al., 1997). It is very essential for plant growth and
makes up 14% of dry matter of the plants. Nitrogen is a component of protein and
nucleic acids and when N is suboptimal, growth is reduced ( Haque et al., 2001) . Its
availability in sufficient quantity throughout the growing season is essential for optimum
integral component of many other compounds essential for plant growth processes
including chlorophyll and many enzymes. It also mediates the utilization of phosphorus,
potassium, and other elements in plants ( Brady, 1984) . Optimal amount of these
elements in the soil cannot be utilized efficiently if nitrogen is deficient in plants.
Phosphorus
many physiological processes that occur within a developing and maturing plant. It is
involved in enzymatic reactions in the plant. Phosphorus is an essential factor for cell
seed and fruit formation and crop maturation. Phosphorus hastens the ripening of fruits
thus counteracting the effect of excess nitrogen application to the soil ( Jaggi, 1998). It
helps to strengthen the skeletal structure of the plant thereby preventing lodging. It also
affects the quality of the grains and it may increase the plant resistance to diseases.
However, the requirement and utilization of these nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) in
sunflower depend on environmental factors like rainfall, varieties, and expected yield.
Potassium
Potassium is an essential nutrient and is also the most abundant cation in plants.
balance, and stress resistance. A major limitation for plant growth and crop production
under rainfed condition is soil water availability. Plants that are continuously exposed to
drought stress can form reactive oxygen species (ROS), which leads to leaf damage
and, ultimately, decreases crop yield. During drought stress, root growth and the rates
of K+ diffusion in the soil towards the roots are both restricted, thus limiting K
acquisition. The resulting lower K concentrations can further depress the plant
therefore, critical for plant drought resistance. A close relationship between K nutritional
status and plant drought resistance has been demonstrated (Bashir ,2012) . Keeping in
view the above review, the present study was undertaken to determine the effect of
sowing methods fertility levels on growth, yield, and yield attributes of sunflower.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This field research will be conducted at Mindanao State University General Santos City,
College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics. A sub plot size of 4.5 m x 5 m, with six
will be used for four replications. Urea will be used as a source of N; single super
phosphate as P and Muriate of potash as of K in the trial. The experiment was set in a
randomized complete block design (factorial) having three replications. The soil was
clay loam in texture, non- saline (EC 0.96 dS m-1), alkaline in reaction (pH
8.4), calcareous (CaCO3 9.8%), low in organic matter (0.57%), available phosphorus
Treatments
Factor A
(0-0-0 NPK kg ha-1, 60-30-30 NPK kg ha-1 (N as broadcast), 60-30-30 NPK kg ha-1 (N
fertigation).
The sunflower variety Helianthus anuus will be sown in rows 75 cm apart. Plants will be
thinned to a spacing of 25 cm w/c rows. The crop will be cleared from weeds by one
hoeing with Spade before the 1st irrigation. All other cultural practices will be adopted
Broadcast
incorporated as urea on the surface of soil under three split applications i.e., at the
same time as the first, second and third irrigations. However, all the P from triple super
phosphate (TSP) and K from muriate of potash (MOP) will be applied as indicated
Fertigation
In this method urea was applied in three splits during first, second and third irrigations
as fertigation (application of fertilizer with irrigation water). The appropriate urea rate
was mixed with water in a tank. The tank was then placed on the head of channel which
Statistical Analysis
Data will be recorded individually for each parameter and will be subjected to the
ANOVA technique by using MSTATC computer software and the significant means will
be separated by using Fishers Protected LSD test (Steel and Torrie, 1980)