Acta Biomaterialia 7 (2011) 22642269

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Acta Biomaterialia
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/actabiomat

Predicting bioactive glass properties from the molecular chemical composition:

Glass transition temperature
Matthew D. ODonnell
RepRegen Ltd., London, UK

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The glass transition temperature (Tg) of inorganic glasses is an important parameter than can be used to
Received 29 September 2010 correlate with other glass properties, such as dissolution rate, which governs in vitro and in vivo bioac-
Received in revised form 11 January 2011 tivity. Seven bioactive glass compositional series reported in the literature (77 in total) were analysed
Accepted 13 January 2011
here with Tg values obtained by a number of different methods: differential thermal analysis, differential
Available online 20 January 2011
scanning calorimetry and dilatometry. An iterative least-squares tting method was used to correlate Tg
from thermal analysis of these compositions with the levels of individual oxide and uoride components
Keywords:
in the glasses. When all seven series were tted a reasonable correlation was found between calculated
Bioactive glass
Glass transition temperature
and experimental values (R2 = 0.89). When the two compositional series that were designed in weight
Thermal analysis percentages (the remaining ve were designed in molar percentage) were removed from the model an
Strontium improved t was achieved (R2 = 0.97). This study shows that Tg for a wide range in compositions (e.g.
Glass property modelling SiO2 content of 37.368.4 mol.%) can be predicted to reasonable accuracy enabling processing parameters
to be predicted such as annealing, bre-drawing and sintering temperatures.
2011 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction crystallization is unfavourable. Thermodynamically, Tg is repre-

Bioactive glasses have found application in orthopaedic (Stron-
Bone [1]), spinal (NovaBone [2]) cranio-maxillofacial (BonAlive
[3]) and periodontal (PerioGlas [4]) applications, as well as personal
care products such as toothpaste (NovaMin [5]). This widespread
use can be attributed to the ability of bioactive glasses to transform
at the surface to hydroxycarbonate apatite (HCA) when exposed to
physiological uids [6] and release ions such as silicon, calcium,
phosphorous and strontium, which stimulate cells to proliferate
and regenerate hard tissue [1,7]. Hupa and co-workers have
predicted a number of multicomponent bioactive glass properties
[811]; however, these were glasses fabricated from a single re-
search institute.
The glass transition temperature (Tg) is in reality a transforma-
tion range where, on heating, the amorphous solid transforms to a
supercooled liquid with an associated increase in the gradient of
the volumetemperature and entropytemperature curve [12
15]. On cooling from the melt, if the liquid is quenched rapidly en-
ough to avoid crystallization, again there will be a change in gradi-
ent of the VT curve, resulting in an non-crystalline solid. Below Tg
the viscosity of the glass is so high (>1012 Pa s) that the energy bar-
rier required for the glass network to rearrange into long-range
crystalline order by forming a critical sized nuclei is so large that
Tel.: +44 0 20 7594 8319.
E-mail address: mdo@repregen.com
sented by an apparent weak endothermic transition when glasses
are analysed using calorimetry, which is in fact a deviation from
baseline due to a change in the specic heat (Cp) of the material.
However, there is controversy as to the nature of the transition,
with some authors arguing that it is not a true phase transition
and others claiming that there is an underlying second-order phase
transition with an innitely long relaxation time [16,17].
The purpose of this study is to determine if an important
parameter such as Tg can be accurately calculated from the molar
glass composition of compositional series manufactured at multi-
ple research centres and analysed using a variety of thermal anal-
ysis techniques. The glass transition temperature is a widely
measured property of inorganic glass and bioactive glasses compo-
sitions. This is a suitable parameter to correlate from multiple re-
search institutes as properties such as dissolution rate and
bioactivity are not clearly dened and methodologies vary from
institute to institute. Determination of Tg is useful for correlation
to other properties such as dissolution rate and mechanical
strength, which are strongly dependent on network polymeriza-
tion. Accurate estimation of Tg can enable researchers to predict
other important processing temperatures, such as annealing, -
bre-drawing and viscous ow sintering, as well as correlation to
other glass properties dependent on network connectivity of the
glass [18], such as bioactivity and mechanical strength. For exam-
ple, there is a strong linear correlation between Tg and bioactive
glass hardness; hardndess decreases with Tg of the glass. 45S5 Bio-

1742-7061/$ - see front matter 2011 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2011.01.021
 M.D. ODonnell / Acta Biomaterialia 7 (2011) 22642269
glass is used in toothpaste as a remineralising agent (Novamin).
However, 45S5 is near the hardness limit for use in a toothpaste
and has a slightly higher harness (around 4.5 GPa) than enamel
(around 3.5 GPa). Tg models could therefore be used to design less
abrasive glass compositions with excellent bioactivity (apatite
forming ability).
2. Experimental methods
Tg data from thermal analysis was taken from the literature on
bioactive glasses from the following series: coating compositions
[1927], multicomponent systems [811,2831], uoride-contain-
ing glasses [32], an increasing phosphate series [33,34], a strontium
series [1,35] and magnesium-containing compositions [36]. The t-
ting was performed using Solver in OpenOfce using a DEPS Evolu-
tionary Algorithm and an iterative least-squares t was used to
generate parameters for each compositional component. Eq. (1)
shows those parameters (AJ) that are multiplied by the molar per-
centage of each component and summed to obtain the calculated Tg
similar to the method employed by Hupa and co-workers [811]:
T g  C A BSiO2  CNa2 O DCaO EP2 O5  FSrO
GMgO HK2 O IB2 O3  JCaF2 
Table 1 shows the techniques used in each study and the meth-
od used to determine Tg, if given. Typically, extrapolated onset of
the glass transition endotherm is taken as Tg for differential ther-
mal analysis (DTA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and
the inection (increase in gradient) in the thermal expansion coef-
cient dilatometry plot on heating.
3. Results and discussion
Table 2 shows the glass compositions in molar percentages and
the experimental Tg values. Calculated Tg values were generated by
correlating the compositional components in this table with exper-
imental Tg values. This gives a reasonable t (R2 = 0.89), as shown
in Fig. 1a, with the parameters listed in Table 3. As Fig. 1b shows,
the data from Lopez-Esteban et al. [19] and Arstila et al. [9] show
more scatter and outliers to the linear t. In the other series pre-
sented, only two components are varied on a molar basis [1,32
36]. With the Lopez-Esteban et al. [19] and Arstila et al. [9] data,
as the substitutions vary by weight percentage, the components
being substituted vary and so do the other components on a lesser
basis, resulting in wider scatter of the data due to the different mo-
lar masses of the cations in the glass. The scatter of the Lopez-Este-
ban et al. [19] data could also be due to the technique used to
measure Tg. Dilatometry is more sensitive than DSC and DTA for
sampling dimensions as the experiment is run on bulk cylindrical
samples rather than ne powder, and this could contribute to the
data scatter. The Arstila et al. [9] data, however, has greater scatter
and was measured by DTA. This scatter could be due to the com-
plex nature of the glasses, which contain up to seven oxide compo-
nents. This is also the only compositional series presented here to
Table 1
Techniques and methods of determination of Tg used in this analysis.
Ref. Technique Tg determination
[1] DTA Extrapolated onset
[33,34] DTA Extrapolated onset
[9] DTA Extrapolated onset
[19] Dilatometry Not given
[32] DSC Not given
[36] DTA Not given
[35] DTA Not given
2265
contain borate, which can be present as [BO3] and [BO4] units [37]
and formation of BOP bonds to charge balance [PO4]3 units.
This may result in anomalies in the glass transition behaviour
not easily predicted in this empirical analysis.
The compositions presented by Lopez-Esteban et al. [19] and
Arstila et al. [9] were designed in weight percentage. When these
are removed from the tting, using only the molar designed four-
and ve-component compositions [1,3236], a signicantly im-
proved t is obtained (R2 = 0.97). This t is shown in Fig. 2a using
the parameters displayed in Table 4, which generate the calculated
Tg values in Table 5. Fig. 2b clearly shows good linear correlation in
each series, as well as across the whole dataset. This improved t is
due to the lower number of components in the systems and also
the fact that in each series only two components are being varied
on the molecular level, all other components being kept constant;
an exception is the charge-balanced phosphate series, where en-
ough calcium and sodium ions are added to charge balance the
orthophosphate formed [33,34]; nevertheless, excellent correlation
is still seen in this series. This is opposed to a weight substitution,
where two components are varied and all other components in the
system also change due to the differing relative atomic masses of
cations in the composition.
The compositional model described above works for a number of
1 different ionic substitutions, which will be briey described here
with regard to their structural role and sometimes unexpected ef-
fects on glass properties, in particular Tg. When CaO is replaced with
SrO this results in a slight network expansion, which decreases Tg
due to the weaker network formed [1,35]. Ca and Sr are network
modiers and occupy similar ionic positions in the network weakly
cross-linking the Q2 silicate chains, as shown in Fig. 3. When phos-
phate is substituted for silicate the phosphate phases forms isolated
orthophosphate [PO4]3 units. These phosphate units are charge
balanced with alkali metal and alkaline earth cations, which will re-
move modiers from the silicate network and polymerize the net-
work, increasing the number of Q3 silicate and reducing the
number of Q2 silicate units as determined by solid state nuclear
magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy [33]. Interestingly, Tg de-
creases for both charge-balanced and non-balanced series as P2O5
is added to the glass [34]. It would appear that there is a composite
glass transition temperature due to the presence of both silicate and
phosphate phases, with the phosphate phase increasingly inuenc-
ing the composite Tg as P2O5 is added to the glass, and the phos-
phate phase size possibly grows. We have shown by NMR that,
when MgO is added to bioactive glasses in place of CaO, this results
in an increase in Q3 units [36]. We hypothesized that this was due to
the formation of [MgO4]2 units, as MgO can act as an intermediate
oxide, entering the glass network as well as disrupting the network
as a modier. These units would require charge balancing from Na
and Ca ions and remove them from the silicate network polymeriz-
ing the network, resulting in the increase in Q3 units and decrease in
Q2. From the NMR data, we estimated that approximately 14% of the
MgO entered the glass network and the remainder acted as a mod-
ier regardless of substitution level. Tg decreased as MgO was
added to the glass due to the lower bond strength of the [MgO4]2
units in the glass compared to the [SiO4]4 network. Finally, uoride
decreased Tg when added to bioactive glasses [32]. Fluoride is know
to be an effective network disrupter (e.g. forming terminating Si
OCaF linkages in the network), which results in a weaker glass
network as MFx is added to bioactive glasses, reducing the energy
barrier to Tg on heating.
4. Conclusions
Tg can be accurately calculated from molar compositions of bio-
active glasses containing up to seven components. More accurate
2266 M.D. ODonnell / Acta Biomaterialia 7 (2011) 22642269

Table 2
Glass compositions (mol.%) analysed with experimental and calculated Tg values.

Code SiO2 Na2O CaO P2O5 SrO MgO K2O B2O3 CaF2 Tg (exp) C Tg (calc) C Refs.
Sr0 46.1 24.4 26.9 2.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 538 532 [1]
Sr1 46.1 24.4 26.6 2.6 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 533 531
Sr2.5 46.1 24.4 26.2 2.6 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 532 530
Sr5 46.1 24.4 25.6 2.6 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 528 529
Sr7.5 46.1 24.4 24.9 2.6 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 529 528
Sr10 46.1 24.4 24.2 2.6 2.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 525 526
Sr25 46.1 24.4 20.2 2.6 6.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 517 518
Sr50 46.1 24.4 13.5 2.6 13.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 506 504
Sr75 46.1 24.4 6.7 2.6 20.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 487 490
Sr100 46.1 24.4 0.0 2.6 26.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 476 476
ICIE1 49.5 26.4 23.1 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 513 509 [33,34]
ICSW2 47.8 26.7 23.3 2.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 511 509
ICSW3 44.5 27.3 23.9 4.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 491 509
ICSW5 41.0 27.9 24.4 6.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 485 509
ICSW4 37.3 28.5 25.0 9.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 482 509
ICSW1 51.1 26.1 22.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 519 509
ICSW6 49.0 26.7 23.3 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 515 506
ICSW7 47.1 27.2 23.8 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 513 504
ICSW8 43.7 28.1 24.6 3.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 509 500
ICSW10 40.7 28.9 25.3 5.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 496 497
ICSW9 38.1 29.6 25.9 6.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 491 494
1 53.4 15.4 19.8 0.4 0.0 0.0 10.1 0.9 0.0 490 486 [9]
2 51.4 14.8 21.8 0.9 0.0 4.6 4.9 1.8 0.0 520 528
3 51.3 4.9 24.5 0.4 0.0 9.1 9.7 0.0 0.0 590 573
4 50.4 19.4 18.7 0.0 0.0 6.7 4.8 0.0 0.0 480 500
5 51.4 14.7 16.3 0.4 0.0 9.1 7.3 0.9 0.0 500 498
6 49.6 23.6 15.6 0.0 0.0 8.7 0.0 2.5 0.0 490 479
7 49.3 14.1 25.9 0.4 0.0 8.6 0.0 1.7 0.0 560 578
8 52.4 19.8 19.2 1.3 0.0 2.3 2.4 2.6 0.0 510 505
9 52.8 19.9 19.2 0.9 0.0 2.3 4.9 0.0 0.0 505 507
10 52.5 9.7 24.2 1.7 0.0 6.7 2.4 2.6 0.0 590 587
11 53.5 19.9 22.0 1.3 0.0 0.0 2.5 0.9 0.0 525 531
12 53.3 19.7 16.3 0.4 0.0 4.5 4.9 0.9 0.0 480 491
13 53.3 19.6 18.9 1.3 0.0 4.5 2.4 0.0 0.0 500 530
14 53.3 19.6 21.6 0.9 0.0 2.3 2.4 0.0 0.0 505 537
15 54.5 5.0 19.2 1.3 0.0 9.2 7.3 3.5 0.0 560 554
16 54.7 5.0 27.4 1.7 0.0 4.6 4.9 1.8 0.0 610 618
17 53.7 9.5 23.7 1.7 0.0 8.8 0.0 2.6 0.0 590 610
18 54.2 14.5 21.3 1.7 0.0 6.7 0.0 1.7 0.0 555 579
19 56.9 10.0 24.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.4 0.9 0.0 560 564
20 58.0 10.1 22.4 1.8 0.0 0.0 5.0 2.7 0.0 580 570
21 57.2 5.0 19.2 0.9 0.0 6.9 7.4 3.5 0.0 560 559
22 56.6 24.5 16.3 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.7 0.0 500 503
23 57.1 4.9 21.7 0.4 0.0 6.8 7.3 1.8 0.0 590 582
24 59.2 15.2 16.8 0.4 0.0 0.0 7.5 0.9 0.0 505 514
25 57.0 14.6 24.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.4 1.7 0.0 560 566
26 57.4 9.6 26.5 1.3 0.0 4.4 0.0 0.9 0.0 610 638
27 59.3 4.8 26.7 0.0 0.0 4.5 4.8 0.0 0.0 640 637
28 60.1 4.9 16.2 0.0 0.0 9.0 7.2 2.6 0.0 570 563
29 60.7 9.4 20.8 0.0 0.0 6.5 0.0 2.5 0.0 600 612
30 65.2 9.8 16.3 1.7 0.0 4.5 2.4 0.0 0.0 590 615
S53P4 53.9 22.7 21.8 1.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 600 542
1393 54.6 6.0 22.1 1.7 0.0 7.7 7.9 0.0 0.0 600 588
45S5 46.1 24.3 26.9 2.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 541 532
198 53.8 5.9 23.9 0.9 0.0 7.6 7.1 0.9 0.0 530 586
Bioglass 46.1 24.3 26.9 2.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 557 531 [19]
6P44-a 45.2 23.4 13.8 2.6 0.0 10.8 4.2 0.0 0.0 503 463
6P44-b 43.9 16.4 19.2 2.5 0.0 15.1 2.9 0.0 0.0 560 530
6P44-c 42.7 9.7 24.2 2.5 0.0 19.2 1.7 0.0 0.0 599 594
6P50 49.8 15.0 16.7 2.5 0.0 13.3 2.7 0.0 0.0 560 547
6P53-a 53.4 16.7 13.7 2.6 0.0 10.7 3.0 0.0 0.0 565 535
6P53-b 51.9 9.8 19.0 2.5 0.0 15.0 1.8 0.0 0.0 608 599
6P55 54.5 11.6 16.1 2.5 0.0 12.7 2.6 0.0 0.0 602 579
6P57 56.3 10.6 16.0 2.5 0.0 12.6 1.9 0.0 0.0 609 595
6P61 61.3 10.0 13.5 2.5 0.0 10.8 1.8 0.0 0.0 624 604
6PM 64.7 9.6 12.0 2.6 0.0 9.5 1.7 0.0 0.0 622 613
6P68 68.4 8.1 10.9 2.6 0.0 8.6 1.4 0.0 0.0 644 630
A 49.5 26.4 23.1 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 515 509 [32]
B 47.0 25.1 21.9 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.0 482 489
C 44.5 23.7 20.8 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.0 469 468
 M.D. ODonnell / Acta Biomaterialia 7 (2011) 22642269 2267

Table 2 (continued)

Code SiO2 Na2O CaO P2O5 SrO MgO K2O B2O3 CaF2 Tg (exp) C Tg (calc) C Refs.
D 42.1 22.4 19.6 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 15.0 448 448
E 39.6 21.1 18.5 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 20.0 430 428
ICIE1 49.5 26.4 23.1 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 517 509 [36]
25Mg 49.5 26.4 17.3 1.1 0.0 5.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 471 491
50Mg 49.5 26.4 11.5 1.1 0.0 11.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 449 474
75Mg 49.5 26.4 5.8 1.1 0.0 17.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 437 457
100Mg 49.5 26.4 0.0 1.1 0.0 23.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 412 439
ICIE1 49.5 26.4 23.1 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 515 509 [35]
2.5Sr 49.5 26.4 22.5 1.1 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 527 507
10Sr 49.5 26.4 20.8 1.1 2.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 515 504
50Sr 49.5 26.4 11.5 1.1 11.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 484 484
100Sr 49.5 26.4 0.0 1.1 23.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 459 460

(a) 700 (a) 550

f(x) = 0.89x + 58.03 f(x) = 0.97x + 14.17
650 R = 0.97
R = 0.89
600
500
Tg (calc)
Tg (calc)

550

500
450
450

400

350 400
350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540
Tg (exp) Tg (exp)

(b) 650 (b) 550

600
500
550
Tg (calc)

Tg (calc)

500
450
450

400 400
400 450 500 550 600 650 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540
Tg (exp) Tg (exp)

Fig. 1. Tg data from Table 2. (a) Linear t; (b) compositional series: blue [36], orange Fig. 2. Tg data from Table 4. (a) Linear t; (b) compositional series: blue [36], orange
[32], turquoise [35], green [9], yellow [34], maroon [1] and purple [19]. [32], turquoise [35], green [34] and maroon [1].

Table 3 Table 4
Parameters used in the t for Tg data in Table 2. Parameters used in the t for Tg data in Table 5.

Component Range (mol.%) Parameter Value Component Range (mol.%) Parameter Value
N/A N/A A 309.26 N/A N/A A 473.40
SiO2 37.368.4 B 10.34 SiO2 37.351.1 B 0.01
Na2O 4.829.6 C 1.58 Na2O 21.129.6 C 3.17
CaO 0.027.4 D 10.89 CaO 0.026.9 D 5.61
P2O5 0.09.3 E 12.56 P2O5 0.09.3 E 4.97
SrO 0.023.1 F 8.80 SrO 0.023.1 F 3.35
MgO 0.023.1 G 7.88 MgO 0.023.1 G 0.94
K2O 0.010.1 H 2.30 K2O 0.0 H 0.0
B2O3 0.03.5 I 0.09 B2O3 0.0 I 0.0
CaF2 0.020.0 J 4.16 CaF2 0.020.0 J 3.93
2268 M.D. ODonnell / Acta Biomaterialia 7 (2011) 22642269

Table 5
Glass compositions analysed with experimental and calculated Tg values (excluding compositions designed in wt.%).

Code Tg (exp) C Tg (calc) C Refs.

Sr0 538 534 [1]
Sr1 533 533
Sr2.5 532 532
Sr5 528 531
Sr7.5 529 529
Sr10 525 528
Sr25 517 519
Sr50 506 504
Sr75 487 488
Sr100 476 473
ICIE1 513 514 [33,34]
ICSW2 511 509
ICSW3 491 498
ICSW5 485 488
ICSW4 482 477
ICSW1 519 518
ICSW6 515 514
ICSW7 513 511
ICSW8 509 504
ICSW10 496 498
ICSW9 491 493
A 515 514 [32]
B 482 492
C 469 470
D 448 449
E 430 427
ICIE1 517 514 [36]
25Mg 471 487
50Mg 449 460
75Mg 437 433
100Mg 412 406
ICIE1 515 514 [35]
2.5Sr 527 512
10Sr 515 508
50Sr 484 487
100Sr 459 461

Fig. 3. Bioactive glass structure showing Q2 silicate chains with Na, Sr and Ca cations in network-modifying positions.

predications can be made when the thermal analysis data is pro-
vided on compositions designed on a molar basis and only one com-
ponent is substituted for another. This enables glass researchers to
predict the glass transition temperature for new compositions and
predict where these compositions can be processed, annealed and
sintered into bres (e.g. for bioactive glass-reinforced resorbable
composites) and scaffolds (e.g. for bone tissue engineering).
Acknowledgements
Dr. David Furniss from the University of Nottingham, UK for
useful discussions on least-squares tting of glass property data.
Prof. Robert Hill from Queen Mary, University of London, UK for
proof-reading the manuscript and useful discussions on bioactive
glass structure.
 M.D. ODonnell / Acta Biomaterialia 7 (2011) 22642269
Appendix A. Figures with essential colour discrimination
Certain gures in this article, particularly Figures 13, are dif-
cult to interpret in black and white. The full colour images can be
found in the on-line version, at doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2011.01.021.
References
[1] ODonnell MD, Candarlioglu PL, Miller CA, Gentleman E, Stevens MM. Materials
characterisation and cytotoxic assessment of strontium-substituted bioactive
glasses for bone regeneration. J Mater Chem 2010;20:893441.
[2] Ilharreborde B, Morel E, Fitoussi F, Presedo A, Souchet P, Penneot G, et al.
Bioactive glass as a bone substitute for spinal fusion in adolescent idiopathic
scoliosis: a comparative study with iliac crest autograft. J Pediatr Orthop
2008;28.
[3] Peltola M, Aitasalo K, Suonp J, Varpula M, Yli-Urpo A. Bioactive glass S53P4
in frontal sinus obliteration: a long-term clinical experience. Head Neck
2006;28:83441.
[4] Froum SJ, Weinberg MA, Tarnow D. Comparison of bioactive glass synthetic
bone graft particles and open debridement in the treatment of human
periodontal defects. A clinical study. J Periodontol 1998;69:698709.
[5] Tai BJ, Bian Z, Jiang H, Greenspan DC, Zhong J, Clark AE, et al. Anti-gingivitis
effect of a dentifrice containing bioactive glass (NovaMin) particulate. J Clin
Periodontol 2006;33:8691.
[6] Filgueiras MRT, La Torre G, Hench LL. Solution effects on the surface reactions
of three bioactive glass compositions. J Biomed Mater Res 1993;27:148593.
[7] Xynos ID, Edgar AJ, Buttery LD, Hench LL, Polak JM. Gene-expression proling
of human osteoblasts following treatment with the ionic products of Bioglass
45S5 dissolution. J Biomed Mater Res 2001;55:1517.
[8] Vedel E, Arstila H, Ylanen H, Hupa L, Hupa M. Predicting physical and chemical
properties of bioactive glasses from chemical composition. Part 1: Viscosity
characteristics. Glass Technol Eur J Glass Sci Technol Part A 2008;49:2519.
[9] Arstila H, Vedel E, Hupa L, Hupa M. Predicting physical and chemical properties
of bioactive glasses from chemical composition. Part 2: Devitrication
characteristics. Glass Technol Eur J Glass Sci Technol Part A 2008;49:2605.
[10] Zhang D, Vedel E, Hupa L, Aro HT, Hupa M. Predicting physical and chemical
properties of bioactive glasses from chemical composition. Part 3: In vitro
reactivity. Glass Technol Eur J Glass Sci Technol Part A 2009;50:18.
[11] Vedel E, Zhang D, Arstila H, Hupa L, Hupa M. Predicting physical and chemical
properties of bioactive glasses from chemical composition. Part 4: Tailoring
compositions with desired properties. Glass Technol Eur J Glass Sci Technol
Part A 2009;50:916.
[12] Varshneya A. Fundamentals of inorganic glasses. Shefeld: Society of Glass
Technology; 2006.
[13] Vogel W. Glass chemistry. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1994.
[14] Rawson H. Inorganic glass-forming systems. London: Academic Press; 1967.
[15] Shelby JE. Introduction to glass science and technology. Cambridge: The Royal
Society of Chemistry; 1997.
[16] Angell CA, Ngai KL, McKenna GB, McMillan PF, Martin SW. Relaxation in
glassforming liquids and amorphous solids. J Appl Phys 2000;88:3113.
[17] Debenedetti PG, Stillinger FH. Supercooled liquids and the glass transition.
Nature 2001;410:25967.
2269
[18] Hill R. An alternative view of the degradation of bioglass. J Mater Sci Lett
1996;15:11225.
[19] Lopez-Esteban S, Saiz E, Fujino S, Oku T, Suganuma K, Tomsia AP. Bioactive
glass coatings for orthopedic metallic implants. J Eur Ceram Soc
2003;23:292130.
[20] Bloyer DR, Gomez-Vega JM, Saiz E, McNaney JM, Cannon RM, Tomsia AP.
Fabrication and characterization of a bioactive glass coating on titanium
implant alloys. Acta Mater 1999;47:42214.
[21] Fujino S, Tokunaga H, Hata S, Saiz E, Tomsia A. Graded glass coatings for CoCr
implant alloys. J Mater Sci 2005;40:2499503.
[22] Gomez-Vega JM, Saiz E, Tomsia AP. Glass-based coatings for titanium implant
alloys. J Biomed Mater Res 1999;46:54959.
[23] Gomez-Vega JM, Saiz E, Tomsia AP, Oku T, Suganuma K, Marshall GW, et al.
Novel bioactive functionally graded coatings on Ti6Al4V. Adv Mater
2000;12:8948.
[24] Gomez-Vega JM, Saiz E, Tomsia AP, Marshall GW, Marshall SJ. Bioactive glass
coatings with hydroxyapatite and Bioglass particles on Ti-based implants. 1.
Processing. Biomaterials 2000;21:10511.
[25] Gomez-Vega JM, Hozumi A, Saiz E, Tomsia AP, Sugimura H, Takai O. Bioactive
glass-mesoporous silica coatings on Ti6Al4V through enameling and triblock-
copolymer-templated solgel processing. J Biomed Mater Res 2001;56:3829.
[26] Oku T, Suganuma K, Wallenberg LR, Tomsia AP, Gomez-Vega JM, Saiz E.
Structural characterization of the metal/glass interface in bioactive glass
coatings on Ti6Al4V. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2001;12:4137.
[27] Saiz E, Goldman M, Gomez-Vega J, Tomsia A, Marshall G, Marshall S. In vitro
behavior of silicate glass coatings on Ti6Al4V. Biomaterials 2002;23:374956.
[28] Brink M. The inuence of alkali and alkaline earths on the working range for
bioactive glasses. J Biomed Mater Res 1997;36:10917.
[29] Brink M, Turunen T, Happonen R, Yli-Urpo A. Compositional dependence of
bioactivity of glasses in the system Na2OK2OMgOCaOB2O3P2O5SiO2. J
Biomed Mater Res 1997;37:11421.
[30] Arstila H, Vedel E, Hupa L, Ylanen H, Hupa M. Measuring the devitrication of
bioactive glasses. In: Barbosa MA, Monteiro FJ, Correia R, Leon B, editors.
Bioceramics 16. Zurich: Trans Tech Publications Ltd.; 2004. p. 6770.
[31] Arstila H, Froberg L, Hupa L, Vedel E, Ylanen H, Hupa M. The sintering range of
porous bioactive glasses. Glass Technol 2005;46:13841.
[32] Brauer DS, Karpukhina N, Seah D, Law RV, Hill RG. Fluoride-containing
bioactive glasses. In: Liska M, Galusek D, Klement R, Petruskova V, editors.
Glass the challenge for the 21st century. Zurich: Trans Tech Publications Ltd.;
2008. p. 299304.
[33] ODonnell M, Watts S, Law R, Hill R. Effect of P2O5 content in two series of soda
lime phosphosilicate glasses on structure and properties Part I: NMR. J Non-
Cryst Solids 2008;354:355460.
[34] ODonnell M, Watts S, Law R, Hill R. Effect of P2O5 content in two series of soda
lime phosphosilicate glasses on structure and properties Part II: physical
properties. J Non-Cryst Solids 2008;354:35616.
[35] Fredholm YC, Karpukhina N, Law RV, Hill RG. Strontium containing bioactive
glasses: glass structure and physical properties. J Non-Cryst Solids
2010;356:254651.
[36] Watts S, Hill R, ODonnell M, Law R. Inuence of magnesia on the structure and
properties of bioactive glasses. J Non-Cryst Solids 2010;356:51724.
[37] Agathopoulos S, Tulyaganov D, Ventura J, Kannan S, Karakassides M, Ferreira J.
Formation of hydroxyapatite onto glasses of the CaOMgOSiO2 system with
B2O3, Na2O, CaF2 and P2O5 additives. Biomaterials 2006;27:183240.