Sliding Window Protocols

A One-Bit Sliding Window Protocol

A Protocol Using Go Back N
A Protocol Using Selective Repeat
 Stop-and-Wait ARQ(Automatic Repeat
reQuest) For noisy channel

Also called PAR(positive acknowledgement with retransmission)

1- bit Sequence numbers(distinguish frames)

Acknowledgement(reliability)

Timer(handle lost frames)

Normal operation
Stop-and-Wait ARQ, lost frame
Stop-and-Wait ARQ, lost ACK frame
 Note:

In Stop-and-Wait ARQ, numbering

frames prevents the retaining of
duplicate frames.
Stop-and-Wait ARQ, delayed ACK
 Note:

Numbered acknowledgments are

needed if an acknowledgment is
delayed and the next frame is lost.
 Piggybacking(temporarily delaying outgoing acknowledgements so that they can be
hooked onto the next outgoing data frame)

If packet is not arrived by the end of time period, dll sends a separate
acknowledgement frame.
Go-Back-N ARQ
Go-Back-N ARQ, normal operation
Go-Back-N ARQ, lost frame
Go-Back-N ARQ: sender window size
 Note:

In Go-Back-N ARQ, the size of the

sender window must be less than 2^m;
the size of the receiver window is
always 1.
Selective-Repeat ARQ
Selective Repeat ARQ, lost frame
 Note:

In Selective Repeat ARQ, the size of the

sender and receiver window must be at
most one-half of 2m.
Selective Repeat ARQ, sender window size
 WAN Data Link Protocols

HDLC High-Level Data Link Control

PPP-Point to point protocol
FR - Frame Relay
ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode
HDLC(bit oriented)

HDLC provides two transfer modes :

NRM (Normal Response Mode)&
ABM
(Asynchronous Balance Mode)
NRM
ABM
 HDLC frames

3 types of frames: Information frames(transport user data &

control
Information i.e. piggybacking), Supervisory frames(only
transport control information),
Unnumbered frames(reserved for system management)

Flag : 8 bit sequence 01111110

Address : address of secondary station.
Control : 1 or 2 byte used for flow & error control
FCS : frame check sequence, 2 or 4 byte, error detection(CRC)
HDLC frame types
I-frame(carry user data from network layer)

N(S) : sequence number of frame

N(R) : acknowledgment number(piggybacking)
P/F: poll / final(when set, poll: primary to secondary &
final : secondary to primary)
 S-frame control field in HDLC(flow
& error control)

N(R) : acknowledgement(ACK or NACK)

RR(00): Receive Ready

RNR (10): Receive not ready
REJ (01): Reject
SREJ (11): Selective reject
 U-frame control field in HDLC(to exchange
session management & control information)
 Example shows an exchange using
piggybacking where is no error
Example with error
 PPP Point to Point Protocol
The PPP full frame format (byte oriented)

Control field : connectionless so non sequenced frame