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ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 1 Issue 9, November- 2012
Removal of Sulphur Dioxide by Ferric Oxide In Packed Bed And Analyze Break
Through Curves And Mass Transfer Zone
Jeyapal Albert Selvakumar1, Ramaiah Thirumalaikumar2*
1
Department of Chemical Engineering, Eritrea Institute of Technology, Mai-Nefhi, Eritrea (E/A).
2*
Department of Oil and Gas engineering, All Nations University College, Koforidua, Ghana (W/A)
some characteristic parameters such as breakthrough studied influence of water vapor on the adsorption of
time T0.05 exhaustion time T0.95 length of mass transfer SO2 on activated carbon fiber (ACF). The Activated
zone LMTZ and adsorption rate constant K were derived carbon materials have been used commercially to
from these breakthrough curves. remove SO2 from coal combustion flue gases. Recent
Key words: adorbate, adsorbent, adsorption process, studies have showed that ACF may have potential in
sulphur dioxide removal that application due to their adsorption capacity.T A
1. INTRODUCTION Steriotis et al (1997) studied A novel experimental
Sulphur dioxide is a gas with a nasty, pungent sulfur technique for the measurement of the single-phase gas
smell. It is soluble in water, and has potent relative permeability of porous solids. A novel design
antimicrobial properties. Huge quantities of poisonous of a single-phase item of equipment, capable of
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) gasses are formed by the providing satisfactory relative permeability data at low
combustion of fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas in relative equilibrium pressures, was presented. T. T.
power plants, factories and homes. As a consequence, Suchecki et al (2004) studied fly ash Zeolites as Sulfur
SO2 is a major pollutant and its removal from Dioxide adsorbents. Air protection technologies
combustion gases is of great importance. The need to generate massive amounts of solid wastes, including fly
control SO2, emission from fossil fuel power plants has ash (FA). Zeolites synthesis from FA seems to be an
lead to the development of commercially proven effective method for FA utilization. In addition, Fly
adsorption technologies, best known method being Ash Zeolites (FAZs) could be used for sulfur dioxide
selective catalytic reduction adsorption. This high (SO2) adsorption.
surface area typically results in a higher adsorption 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
capacity which is usually defined as the pounds of Ferrous sulphate, Sodium Carbonate, Sodium
adsorbate that can be adsorbed per pound of adsorbent. Sulfite, Hydrogen Peroxide, Sodium Hydroxide,
Here we have selected Ferric Oxide as an adsorbent. It Hydrochloric acid and Methyl Red used in this study
is a polar type adsorbent. The ferric oxide cost is lesser are obtained from SRL (Mumbai). The experiments
than the other adsorbents. Kent S et al (2008) studied were conducted in three parts Preparation of adsorbent,
Adsorption. The journal Adsorption provides Preparation of adsorbate and Analysis of adsorbate.
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International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 1 Issue 9, November- 2012
The produced Sulphur Dioxide gas was determined color. The pink color solution was titrated with
by using acid-base titration. Sodium Hydroxide Sodium Hydroxide solution. The produced
solution (0.5N) was prepared by known quantity of Sulphuric acid acts as an acid and Sodium
Sodium Hydroxide pellets, which was added into Hydroxide solution acts as a base. The end point of
100 ml distilled water. Methyl red indicator titration was disappearance of pink color. From this
solution was added into the produced Sulphuric titration we came to know the normality of
acid which is colorless solution becomes light pink produced Sulphuric acid
The quantity of produced Sulphur Dioxide gas was calculated from the normality. The sequence of
calculation to find out the quantity of Sulphur Dioxide presented in the solution is given below.
Volume of H2SO4 present in the solution (V1, ml) = Normality of solution *
Volume of solution
Weight of H2SO4 present in the solution (W1, g) = V1 * Specific gravity of solution
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International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 1 Issue 9, November- 2012
HCL
Fe2O3 00.15
RRTT
PUMP
IIJJEE
NaHSO3
ABSORBER ADSORBER REACTOR
The concentration wave moves through the bed, zero to equilibrium is called the mass transfer zone
most of the mass transfer is occurring in a fairly (MTZ). As the saturated part of the bed increases,
small region. This mass transfer zone moves down the MTZ travels downstream and eventually exits
the bed until it "breaks through" and breakthrough the bed. (4) The length of the MTZ (LMTZ) may be
time is defined as the time when the outlet estimated as follows
concentration is five percentage of the inlet
concentration. Exhaustion time is defined as the LMTZ = (3)
time when the outlet concentration is ninety-five Where,
percentage of the inlet concentration. A packed bed
displays a gradient in adsorbate concentration from
L is the length of the packed bed (cm), and T 0.05 gas-phase adsorption in the packed bed, the
and T0.95 are the breakthrough and exhaustion time breakthrough time can be expressed using the
(min) respectively, which are normally defined as following semi-empiricalequation4
the times when the outlet concentrations are 5%
and 95% of the inlet concentration respectively. For
T 0.05= - (4)
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International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 1 Issue 9, November- 2012
Where
b is the bulk density of the packed bed (g/cm3), W
is the adsorption capacity, which is amount of gas Density = (5)
adsorbed per mass of adsorbent (g/g),U is the gas
superficial velocity (cm/min);C0 is the inlet Density of Fe2O3 was 5 g/cc. This value
concentration(g/cm3); C0.05 is the outlet was more or less same compare to theoretical value
concentration at breakthrough (g/cm3); and K is the of Ferric Oxide.
adsorption rate constant min-1. Accordingly, T0.05
plots versus bed length L should give a straight 3.2 AAS Analysis
line. The parameters K and W can be obtained from Total iron content present in the produced
the values of slope and intercept respectively. adsorbent was found by using Atomic Absorption
Spectroscopy (AAS). Standard solutions were
3. RESULTS prepared by known quantity of Ferric Oxide added
into one liter of distilled water. Samples were taken
3.1 Density of Adsorbent from the standard solution. Unknown solution was
5ml quantity of distilled water was taken in 10 prepared in the same way as prepared of standard
ml measuring jar. 1 gm of produced adsorbent solutions. The unknown concentration solution was
added into the measuring jar. Increased volume of determined by the following graph (Fig 4). The
water was measured and density is calculated by graph plotted between concentration and
the following formula. absorbance. AAS gives unknown solution
absorbance. The unknown solution concentration
was found from linearized equation
.
RRTT
0.01
0.008
Absorbance
IIJJEE
0.006 Absorbance
0.004 Linear(Absorbance)
e
0.002
0
0 2 4 6
Concentration (ppm)
Where
= wave length of X-ray (STD value =1.54), d = d-space, = position (Degree)
n = 1.
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International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 1 Issue 9, November- 2012
Counts/s
200 Albert Selvakumar, Ferric Oxide, Nov. 25, 09
100
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Position [2Theta]
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
pH 7 pH
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300
Volume (ml)
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International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 1 Issue 9, November- 2012
The main reaction for the Sulphur Dioxide production is given below.
Na2SO3 (s) + 2 HCl (l) SO2 (g) + H2O (l) + 2NaCl (l) ------------------- (7 )
Fig.6 shows the quantity of produced Sulphur quantity of Sulphur Dioxide gas. It tells reaction
Dioxide production with respect to time. The was completed between 10 and 15 minutes. The
experiments carried out for 10, 15, 30, 45 & 60 produced quantity of Sulphur Dioxide was
minutes. The graph plotted between quantity of calculated by using acid-base titration. The exact
Sulphur Dioxide produced and time taken for batch reaction time was found and is explained in section
wise process. After 15 minutes it gave constant 3.6.
500
Quantityty (ppm)
400
300
ppm
200
100
0
0 20 40 60 80
Time (min)
RRTT
Fig. 6: Reaction Time Analysis
IIJJEE
430
420
410
Quantity (ppm)
400
390 ppm
380
370
360
350
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Time (min)
3.6 Exact complete reaction time for SO2 15 minutes with incremental of 1 minute. This was
production done to assess the exact reaction time and also
calculates the amount of SO2 produced for a period
The reaction of Sodium Sulfite with of time. The graph (Fig.7) plotted between Sulphur
Hydrochloric acid was performed to produce Dioxide gas and time. From 12 minutes it gives
Sulphur Dioxide gas various reaction times 11 to constant quantity. So the reaction completes
at 12 minutes and the produced Sulphur Dioxide amount of SO2 gas at the inlet was calculated based
quantity was 422 ppm. During adsorption, the on the above finding.
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International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 1 Issue 9, November- 2012
3.7 Breakthrough Curves For SO2 in a slow mass transfer. However, finer particles
Adsorption process on Fe2O3 would cause a larger pressure drop through the
packed bed as the packing density of the bed
Breakthrough curves of 103.6, 89.54, 78.6 ppm increased. The characteristic parameters, including
SO2 adsorption with a 1, 2, 3cm long packed bed breakthrough time, exhaustion time and length of
and a gas superficial velocity of 0.25, 0.26, 0.22 the mass transfer zone (MTZ), derived from the
cm/s for ferric oxide prepared from ferrous sulphate breakthrough curves for various length of bed. The
heptahydrateare were shown in Fig.8, 9 and 10. It breakthrough time increased and the exhaustion
could be seen that the breakthrough time increased time also increased with increasing quantity of
as the adsorbent quantity increased. This ferric oxide, resulting in longer mass transfer zones.
phenomenon involved three parameters: the In general, the smaller the particle, the faster is the
intraparticle diffusion rate, the external surface per diffusion and thus, the shorter and sharper would be
unit particle volume and the porosity of the bed. As the mass transfer zone as well as a higher
the quantity increased, both the gas film resistance adsorption capacity at breakthrough
and the interior diffusion path increased, resulting
1.2
0.8 78.6ppm
C/Co
0.6 89.54ppm
0.4 103.6ppm
RRTT
0.2
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
IIJJEE
Time (min)
.
Fig. 8: Breakthrough curves for various concentration of SO 2 gas at 1cm long packed bed adsorption column
1.2
1
0.8
C/Co 78.6ppm
0.6
89.54ppm
0.4
103.6ppm
0.2
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
-0.2
Time (min)
Fig. 9: Breakthrough curves for various concentration of SO 2 gas at 2cm long packed bed adsorption column
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International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 1 Issue 9, November- 2012
1.2
1
0.8
C/Co0.6 103ppm
89.64ppm
0.4
78.6ppm
0.2
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
-0.2
Time (min)
Fig. 10: Breakthrough curves for various concentration of SO2 gas at 3cm long packed bed adsorption column
2 78.6 5 13 0.790698
RRTT
3 78.6 7 14 1.540541
IIJJEE
The breakthrough time versus bed length for the experimental runs. A smaller gradient implied a
packed bed operating at various SO2 superficial lesser amount of SO2 adsorbed at breakthrough.
velocities are shown in Fig.11. The slope of the This was as expected because the contact time
fitted lines decreased with increasing SO2 between SO2 gas and the adsorbents in the packed
superficial velocity. The superficial velocity was bed decreased with increasing superficial velocity,
proportional to the gas volumetric flow rate as the thereby reducing the amount of gas treated and
column cross-sectional area was constant in all the adsorbed at breakthrough
10
9
Breakthrough Time (min)
8
7
6 78.6 ppm
5 89.54ppm
4 103.6ppm
3
2
1
0
0 1 2 3 4
Bed length (cm)
Fig. 11: Breakthrough time versus bed length for the packed bed operating at various superficial velocities.
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International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 1 Issue 9, November- 2012
CONCLUSIONS
simple. Acid-base titration was one of the easiest
Thermal decomposition process was one of the analytical method. It took less time to find
easiest method for production of adsorbent (Ferric normality of produced Sulphuric acid. Basic
Oxide). The cost of production of Ferric Oxide by calculations were used to determine the Sulphur
thermal decomposition process was lower than Dioxide content presented in produced Sulphuric
other process. Maintaining the parameters was very acid. From the dynamic adsorption tests for SO2
simple for production of adsorbent. The thermal gas, the following conclusions can be drawn.
decomposition process easily achieved the Adsorbent quantity significantly affected the shape
theoretical quantity of adsorbent. The properties of of the breakthrough curve. Larger quantity resulted
adsorbent d-space, purity of adsorbent and relative in an earlier breakthrough and a longer mass
intensity were found by and XRD. The total iron transfer zone. SO2 concentration had significant
content presented in the adsorbent was found by influences on dynamic adsorption in a packed bed.
AAS.Sulphur dioxide adsorbate was prepared by SO2 superficial velocity was a critical factor to
using Sodium Sulfite and dilutes Hydrochloricacid. determine breakthrough time, exhaustion time,
An analytical method for Sulphur dioxide gas was length of MTZ and adsorption rate constant.
.
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RRTT
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