13.

021 Marine Hydrodynamics, Fall 2004

Lecture 17

c 2004 MIT - Department of Ocean Engineering, All rights reserved.

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13.021 - Marine Hydrodynamics

Lecture 17

4.7 Turbulent Flow Reynolds Stress

u = u + u0 (1)
By definition:

u
u0 = u u = u u = 0, also u = etc.
x x
Substitute Eq. (1) into governing equations and take ( ):

ui ui u0i ui
continuity : = + = 0, =0
xi xi xi xi
|{z}

0
ui ui u0i u0i
but =0= + , =0
xi x xi xi
|{z}i

0 just shown

Momentum Equation:
ui ui 1 ij 1 p
+ uj = = + 2 ui
t xj xj xi
We write ui = ui + ui and we apply ( ) then:

1
 2
ui ui u0i 2 ui = ui
= + ; similarly
t t t
|{z} p p
xi
= xi
(
p+ p0 ) = xi
etc.
0

ui ui ui u0 0
uj = uj + uj0 ui + u0i ) = uj
( + u0j + uj i +u0j u
xj xj xj xj xj xj i
| {z } | {z }
0 0

From continuity:

0 0 0 u0j
u0j ui = u u u0i
xj xj j i xj
|{z}
0by continuity

Finally:
ui ui 1 p 0 0
+ uj = + 2 ui uu
t xj xi xj i j
| {z }
1

xj ij

Reynolds averaged N-S equation:

ui ui 1
+ uj = ij u0i u0j
t xj xj
Reynolds stress:

Rij u0i u0j

2
4.8 Turbulent Boundary Layer over a Smooth Flat Plate.

u
y log
Uo

1/7

U y
Uo u log
o

(1/7)th power velocity profile law:

u y 1
7
= , (2)
Uo
where = (x) to be determined. From equation (2):

= 8

= 7

= 0.0972
72
o
1
Uo2
= 0.0227 Uo 4 using another empirical formula for friction
(Blasius law of friction) for pipes
Von Karmans moment equation:

1
o d Uo 4 7 d
2
= () 0.0227 = ODE for
Uo dx 72 dx
1

= 0.373Rx 5
x
1
U x 5
(x)
o
= 0.373x

For (0) = 0 and assuming turbulent boundary layer at x = 0, i.e., tripped at x = 0 or Rx >> 1,

3
 1

= 0.373Rx 5
x
Then,

(x) x laminar
4
(x) x /5 turbulent (grows much faster)

Laminar Turbulent
p 1
x /5 . . . 71 th power law
5 4
Blasius 1.72 Uo x

0.047
Uo

1/
D = 0.036 Uo2 BL RL 5

D - 1/
Cf = = 0.073RL 5 for RL > 5 105
1 U 2 BL
2 o

Logarithmic Velocity Profile Law.

0.242
p = log10 (RL Cf ) Schoenherrs formula
Cf

Summary of Boundary Layer over a Flat Plate.

Laminar (Blasius) Turbulent (1/7 power law)

1/2 1/5
x
R x x
Rx
1/ 1/ 4

= 1.72 Rx 2 x =
8

= 0.047xRx 5 x /5
1/
1/ o
= 0.0227Uo2 R 4
o
= 0.332Uo2 Rx 2 1/

= 0.029U 2 Rx 5
o
1/ 1/
D
= 0.664Uo2 (BL)RL 2 D
= 0.03625Uo2 (BL)RL 5
D
Cf = Uo2 (BL)
1/2 1/5
Cf = 1.328RL Cf = 0.0725RL

4
 Cf

C f L ~ RL
1
2

C fT ~ RL
1
5

~ 0.01

ln (RL)

RL ~ 1.6 x 104

For o , the cross-over is at Rx 3.4 x 103 , i.e.,

(o )laminar > (o )turbulent for Rx < 3.4 103

(o )laminar (o )turbulent for Rx 3.4 103
(o )laminar < (o )turbulent for Rx > 3.4 103

Therefore, for most prototype scales:

(Cf )turbulent > (Cf )laminar

(o )turbulent > (o )laminar